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Cultural Conventions as Group-Makers 作为群体创造者的文化公约
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340132
M. Slors
In most literature on human cultural evolution and the emergence of large-scale cooperation, the main function of cultural conventions is described as providing group-markers. This paper argues that cultural conventions serve another purpose as well that is at least as important. Large-scale cooperation is characterized by complex division of labour and by a diversity of social roles associated with cultural institutions. This requires ubiquitous ‘role-interaction coordination’ – as it will be labelled. It is argued that without cultural conventions this type of coordination would be cognitively intractable. Thus, apart from functioning as group markers, they are first and foremost important group-makers.
在大多数关于人类文化进化和大规模合作出现的文献中,文化习俗的主要功能被描述为提供群体标记。本文认为,文化习俗还有另一个目的,至少同样重要。大规模合作的特点是劳动分工复杂,与文化机构有关的社会角色多样化。这需要无处不在的“角色互动协调”——正如它将被标记的那样。有人认为,如果没有文化习俗,这种类型的协调在认知上是难以处理的。因此,除了作为群体标记的功能,他们首先是最重要的群体制造者。
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引用次数: 1
Forty-Eight Classical Moral Dilemmas in Persian Language: A Validation and Cultural Adaptation Study 48个经典波斯语道德困境:验证与文化适应研究
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340139
Sajad Sojoudi, Azra Jahanitabesh, J. Hatami, J. Christensen
Moral dilemmas are a useful tool to investigate empirically, which parameters of a given situation modulate participants’ moral judgment, and in what way.In an effort to provide moral judgment data from a non-WEIRD culture, we provide the translation and validation of 48 classical moral dilemmas in Persian language. The translated dilemma set was submitted to a validation experiment with N = 82 Iranian participants. The four-factor structure of this dilemma set was confirmed; including Personal Force (Personal, Impersonal), Benefit Recipient (Self, Other), Evitability (Avoidable, Inevitable), and Intentionality (Accidental, Instrumental). When comparing moral judgments of Iranian participants to those of Spanish and Italian participants’ from previous research with the same dilemma set, differences emerged. Iranian participants’ moral judgments were more deontological (i.e., they refrained from harm), than Spanish and Italian participants. Religiosity made participants’ moral judgments more deontological, and also dysphoric mood resulted in a more deontological response style.
道德困境是一个有用的工具,可以从经验上研究给定情境的哪些参数调节参与者的道德判断,以及以什么方式调节。为了提供来自非魏德文化的道德判断数据,我们提供了48个经典波斯语道德困境的翻译和验证。翻译后的难题集被提交给了一个由N=82名伊朗参与者参与的验证实验。这一困境集合的四要素结构得到了证实;包括个人力量(个人的、非个人的)、利益接受者(自我的、其他的)、驱逐性(可避免的、不可避免的)和故意性(偶然的、工具性的)。当将伊朗参与者的道德判断与西班牙和意大利参与者在相同困境下的先前研究中的道德判断进行比较时,出现了差异。伊朗参与者的道德判断比西班牙和意大利参与者更符合道义(即他们避免伤害)。宗教信仰使参与者的道德判断更具义务论色彩,焦虑情绪也导致了更具义务主义色彩的反应风格。
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引用次数: 0
The Dead May Kill You 死人可能会杀了你
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340135
Claire White, Maya Marin, D. Fessler
There is considerable evidence that beliefs in supernatural punishment decrease self-interested behavior and increase cooperation amongst group members. To date, research has largely focused on beliefs concerning omniscient moralistic gods in large-scale societies. While there is an abundance of ethnographic accounts documenting fear of supernatural punishment, there is a dearth of systematic cross-cultural comparative quantitative evidence as to whether belief in supernatural agents with limited powers in small-scale societies also exert these effects. Here, we examine information extracted from the Human Relations Area Files on cultural discourse about the recently deceased, local ancestor spirits, and mortuary practices across 57 representative cultures. We find evidence that in traditional small-scale societies ancestor spirits are commonly believed to be capable of inflicting harm, with many attendant practices aimed at mitigating this danger. However, such beliefs do not appear to promote cooperation, as ancestor spirits seem to be concerned with interactions between themselves and the living, and to prioritize their own welfare. Many attendant practices are inconsistent even with bipartite cooperation with ancestors that could be viewed as a model for other relationships. The broader implications of this research for the cultural evolution of religion are discussed.
有相当多的证据表明,对超自然惩罚的信仰会减少自利行为,增加群体成员之间的合作。到目前为止,研究主要集中在大规模社会中关于无所不知的道德神的信仰上。虽然有大量的人种学描述记录了对超自然惩罚的恐惧,但缺乏系统的跨文化比较定量证据来证明在小规模社会中对权力有限的超自然力量的信仰是否也会产生这些影响。在这里,我们研究了从人际关系领域文件中提取的信息,这些信息涉及57种代表性文化中关于最近去世的人的文化话语、当地祖先的精神和太平间习俗。我们发现有证据表明,在传统的小规模社会中,祖先的灵魂通常被认为能够造成伤害,随之而来的许多做法旨在减轻这种危险。然而,这种信仰似乎并不能促进合作,因为祖先精神似乎关心自己和活人之间的互动,并优先考虑自己的福利。许多随之而来的做法是不一致的,即使是与祖先的双方合作,也可以被视为其他关系的典范。讨论了这项研究对宗教文化演变的更广泛影响。
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引用次数: 0
Merit Is Not Meritorious Everywhere: Fairness in First and Third Party Tasks among Kogi Children 并非所有地方都有优点:科吉族儿童在第一方和第三方任务中的公平性
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340134
Rafael G. Angarita, H. Viciana
Experimental research has studied the emergence of fairness criteria such as merit and equality at increasingly younger ages. How much does the recognition and practice of these principles depend on the influence of central aspects of Western educated and industrialized societies? In an attempt to answer these questions, this article provides evidence regarding the choices of children in the Kogi indigenous community of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a traditional society living in the mountains of Northern Colombia that practices swidden agriculture, cattle-raising, and enjoys a special cultural status granted by the Colombian Constitution. Two groups of 6–7 and 10–11 year olds (N = 104) were tested on a modified dictator game and several scenarios from a resource distribution task including different fairness criteria. Our results point to the lack of focality of the idea of merit among Kogi children at these ages when deciding on third-party allocation tasks, even when the design prevented equal distribution.
实验研究研究了在越来越年轻的年龄出现的公平标准,如功绩和平等。这些原则的承认和实践在多大程度上取决于西方教育和工业化社会的核心方面的影响?为了回答这些问题,本文提供了关于圣玛尔塔内华达山脉科吉土著社区儿童选择的证据。圣玛尔塔是一个生活在哥伦比亚北部山区的传统社会,从事水草农业、养牛,并享有哥伦比亚宪法赋予的特殊文化地位。两组6-7岁和10-11岁的儿童(N=104)在一个修改的独裁者游戏和资源分配任务的几个场景中进行了测试,包括不同的公平标准。我们的研究结果表明,在决定第三方分配任务时,即使设计阻止了平等分配,在这些年龄段的Kogi儿童中,优点的想法也缺乏针对性。
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引用次数: 0
Counterfactual Thinking Made in a Relevant Choice and Negative Consequences 相关选择中的反事实思维及其负面后果
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340136
Juan F. Muñoz-Olano, Glenys J. Ruiz-Zapata
The counterfactual thinking cannot be only developed in early childhood, but it also could be a requirement for the causal reasoning. In this research a replica of German (1999) was made using counterfactual stories with Latin American kids between three and four years, demonstrating the possible main role counterfactual reasoning, by using computer animations. This was a different approach to the most recent made by Nyhout and Ganea (2020). Nonetheless, the participants of the study evidenced counterfactual reasoning to the relevant choice and the negative consequence conditions shown on the stories that represented the choices made by a starting role (McNemar, N = 40, k = 11.53, p = .001). Although some of the results were not totally conclusive under the analyzed conditions. Lastly, some possible not controlled effects are discussed from stories shown to the children, that could have motivated the counterfactual thinking.
反事实思维不仅在儿童早期发展起来,而且可能是因果推理的要求。在这项研究中,使用反事实故事制作了德语(1999)的复制品,对象是三到四岁的拉丁美洲儿童,通过使用计算机动画展示了反事实推理的可能主要作用。这与Nyhout和Ganea(2020)最近提出的方法不同。尽管如此,该研究的参与者证明了对相关选择的反事实推理,以及代表起始角色所做选择的故事上显示的负面后果条件(McNemar,N=40,k=11.53,p=0.001)。尽管在分析的条件下,一些结果并不完全是决定性的。最后,从向孩子们展示的故事中讨论了一些可能不受控制的影响,这些影响可能会激发反事实思维。
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引用次数: 0
Human-Animal Similarity and the Imageability of Mental State Concepts for Mentalizing Animals 人与动物的相似性与动物心理状态概念的可象性
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340133
Esmeralda G. Urquiza-Haas, K. Kotrschal
The attribution of mental states (MS) to other species typically follows a scala naturae pattern. However, “simple” mental states, including emotions, sensing, and feelings are attributed to a wider range of animals as compared to the so-called “higher” cognitive abilities. We propose that such attributions are based on the perceptual quality (i.e. imageability) of mental representations related to MS concepts. We hypothesized that the attribution of highly imaginable MS is more dependent on the familiarity of participants with animals when compared to the attribution of MS low in imageability. In addition, we also assessed how animal agreeableness, familiarity with animals, and the type of human-animal interaction related to the judged similarity of animals to humans. Sixty-one participants (19 females, 42 males) with a rural (n = 20) and urban (n = 41) background rated twenty-six wild and domestic animals for their perceived similarity with humans and ability to experience a set of MS: (1) Highly imageable MS: joy, anger, and fear, and (2) MS low in imageability: capacity to plan and deceive. Results show that more agreeable and familiar animals were considered more human-like. Primates, followed by carnivores, suines, ungulates, and rodents were rated more human-like than xenarthrans, birds, arthropods, and reptiles. Higher MS ratings were given to more similar animals and more so if the MS attributed were high in imageability. Familiarity with animals was only relevant for the attribution of the MS high in imageability.
精神状态(MS)对其他物种的归因通常遵循自然尺度模式。然而,与所谓的“高级”认知能力相比,包括情绪、感觉和感觉在内的“简单”精神状态被归因于更广泛的动物。我们提出,这种归因是基于与MS概念相关的心理表征的感知质量(即可想象性)。我们假设,与可想象性低的MS归因相比,高可想象MS的归因更依赖于参与者对动物的熟悉程度。此外,我们还评估了动物的亲和性、对动物的熟悉程度以及人与动物互动的类型与判断动物与人类的相似性之间的关系。来自农村(n = 20)和城市(n = 41)背景的61名参与者(19名女性,42名男性)对26种野生和家养动物与人类的感知相似性和体验一系列MS的能力进行了评分:(1)高度可想象的MS:喜悦、愤怒和恐惧;(2)低可想象的MS:计划和欺骗的能力。结果显示,人们认为更讨人喜欢、更熟悉的动物更像人类。灵长类动物比异种动物、鸟类、节肢动物和爬行动物更像人类,其次是食肉动物、鼠类、有蹄类和啮齿动物。相似度越高的动物的MS评分越高,如果MS的可想象性越高,MS的评分就越高。对动物的熟悉程度只与高可想象性MS的归因有关。
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引用次数: 1
“Black CNN”: Cultural Transmission of Moral Norms through Narrative Art “黑色CNN”:叙事艺术对道德规范的文化传递
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340130
Jan Horský
In recent debates in moral psychology and literary Darwinism, several authors suggested that narrative art plays a significant role in the process of the social learning of moral norms, functioning as storage of locally salient moral information. However, an integrative view, which would help explain the inner workings of this morally educative function of narrative art, is still lacking. This paper provides such a unifying theoretical account by bringing together insights from moral psychology (concerning the non-reflective nature of moral cognition), educational sciences (concerning different types of settings and methods of moral learning), cognitive/evolutionary narratology (concerning how easy narrative art lends itself to the transmission of moral information), and cultural evolution (concerning different types of learning strategies/biases in relation to narrative art). A study of contemporary American rap music is included to showcase the benefits of this integrative approach in the context of one particular type of narrative art.
在最近关于道德心理学和文学达尔文主义的争论中,几位作者提出,叙事艺术在道德规范的社会学习过程中起着重要作用,其功能是储存局部显著的道德信息。然而,一个综合的观点,将有助于解释这种道德教育功能的叙事艺术的内部运作,仍然缺乏。本文通过汇集道德心理学(关于道德认知的非反思性)、教育科学(关于道德学习的不同类型的设置和方法)、认知/进化叙事学(关于叙事艺术如何容易地促进道德信息的传播)和文化进化(关于与叙事艺术有关的不同类型的学习策略/偏见)的见解,提供了这样一个统一的理论解释。对当代美国说唱音乐的研究包括展示这种综合方法在一种特殊类型的叙事艺术背景下的好处。
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引用次数: 0
Front matter 前页
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-02201-02000
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Philosophy of Mind: Free Will and a Scientific Conception of the World 心灵的实验哲学:自由意志和科学的世界观
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340124
Morteza Izadifar
Experimental philosophy has been engaged in many fields of philosophy and has tried to challenge philosophy from a new horizon. In this article, I have tried to examine what the role of sciences are (especially neuroscience) in altering people’s intuition about free will. Could science educate people’s philosophical intuitions? If yes, should we still rely on their intuition as a rational instrument for our philosophical questions? Do science plus cultural and social differences effect on folks’ view? In this cross-cultural research, the emphasis is mostly on recent breakthroughs on neuroscience and its impact on people’s perspective to free will. I have asked some questions about free will and determinism from two groups of Iranian and European participants. The results of this study revealed an interesting amount of cross-cultural similarities. The findings showed that people have a relatively independent view to free will and determinism. It seems that manipulating laymen’s opinion by either the idea of scientific determinism or living under pressure and challenging social conditions cannot touch their perspective. I tried to indicate that the techniques of experimental philosophy and the data offered might help us to learn more and more about the psychological processes, in the mind of the folks, that engender philosophical problems.
实验哲学已经涉足哲学的许多领域,并试图从一个新的视野挑战哲学。在这篇文章中,我试图研究科学(尤其是神经科学)在改变人们对自由意志的直觉方面的作用。科学能教育人们的哲学直觉吗?如果是的话,我们是否仍然应该依靠他们的直觉作为我们哲学问题的理性工具?科学加上文化和社会差异会影响人们的观点吗?在这项跨文化研究中,重点主要是神经科学的最新突破及其对人们自由意志观的影响。我向伊朗和欧洲两组与会者提出了一些关于自由意志和决定论的问题。这项研究的结果揭示了大量有趣的跨文化相似性。研究结果表明,人们对自由意志和决定论有着相对独立的看法。用科学决定论的思想操纵外行的意见,或者生活在压力和挑战性的社会条件下,似乎都无法触及他们的观点。我试图表明,实验哲学的技术和所提供的数据可能会帮助我们越来越多地了解人们心中产生哲学问题的心理过程。
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引用次数: 0
Buckets of Steam and Left-handed Hammers. The Fool’s Errand as Signal of Epistemic and Coalitional Dominance 蒸汽桶和左手锤。作为认识论和联盟优势信号的愚人错误
IF 0.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340122
R. Umbreș
In various professional groups, experts send rookies on absurd tasks as a joke. The fool’s errand appears in factories and hospitals, in elite schools and scout camps, among soldiers, sailors, and airmen. Why are newcomers deceived and humiliated, and why are pranks relatively similar and remarkably persistent over time? I propose that the cultural success and the recurrent features of the fool’s errand are based on evolved cognitive mechanisms activated by apprenticeship as social learning and group induction. Epistemic vigilance explains how novices are reliably deceived by experts using opaque statements erroneously perceived as pedagogical. Furthermore, coalitional psychology explains why insiders use the prank as strategic signalling of hierarchies based on epistemic asymmetry. The intersection of cognitive mechanisms and patterns of professional recruitment maintains a tradition of ritualised pranking in which insiders coordinate to humiliate newcomers to assert epistemic and coalitional dominance.
在各种专业团体中,专家们会把一些荒谬的任务作为笑话派给新人。愚蠢的差事出现在工厂和医院,精英学校和童子军营地,在士兵,水手和飞行员中。为什么新来者会受到欺骗和羞辱?为什么恶作剧相对相似,而且经久不衰?我认为,文化上的成功和愚人的差事的反复出现的特征是基于由学徒作为社会学习和群体归纳激活的进化的认知机制。认知警惕性解释了新手是如何被专家用不透明的陈述欺骗的,这些陈述被错误地认为是教学性的。此外,联合心理学解释了为什么内部人士使用恶作剧作为基于认知不对称的等级制度的战略信号。认知机制和专业招聘模式的交集保持着一种仪式化的恶作剧传统,在这种恶作剧中,内部人员协调起来羞辱新来者,以维护认知和联盟优势。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Journal of Cognition and Culture
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