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Statement of Removal 搬迁声明书
IF 0.7 2区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.1080/02757206.2023.2164928
Salvatore Giusto
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to premodern war and religions: comparison, issues and results 前现代战争与宗教导论:比较、问题与结果
IF 0.7 2区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-11-04 DOI: 10.1080/02757206.2022.2060217
P. Buc
ABSTRACT Building and elaborating on the dossier’s five articles on East Africa, the Maghreb and Islamic Spain, Western Europe, the Aztec Mesoamerica, and the native American Northeast (plus Japanese and Byzantine history), this introduction discusses quandaries about comparison in the intertwined disciplines of History and Anthropology and suggests some hypotheses as to the relation between premodern warfare and religions. Side-switching was demonized (and punished as a quasi-religious sin) in Western Christianity, not so as a rule in the other societies here compared. It was ‘treason’. Sexual violence and rape was inhibited by religious conceptions in the same society, and among the natives of the American Northeast. Non-human powers might help or intervene in warfare, but there is no general pattern. As for the presence or absence of holy war, there may be correlation with the type of polity concerned. Established empires may be averse to the emergence of charismatic figures and sacral practices, as one sees with China and Byzantium. Central imperial elites may also dislike miracles, especially in offensive warfare. Evidently, while religion might shape this or that aspect of warfare, it was not the sole provider of ‘conditions of possibility’.
摘要:本引言建立并阐述了档案中关于东非、马格里布和伊斯兰西班牙、西欧、阿兹特克中美洲和美洲土著东北部(加上日本和拜占庭历史)的五篇文章,讨论了历史和人类学相互交织的学科中关于比较的困境,并就前现代战争与宗教之间的关系提出了一些假设。在西方基督教中,侧换被妖魔化(并作为一种准宗教罪而受到惩罚),而在其他社会中则不是这样。这是“叛国”。在同一社会中,性暴力和强奸受到宗教观念的抑制,在美国东北部的原住民中也是如此。非人类的力量可能会帮助或干预战争,但没有普遍的模式。至于圣战的存在与否,可能与所涉及的政体类型有关。成熟的帝国可能会反对有魅力的人物和神圣习俗的出现,就像人们在中国和拜占庭看到的那样。中央帝国的精英们可能也不喜欢奇迹,尤其是在进攻战争中。显然,虽然宗教可能影响战争的这方面或那方面,但它并不是唯一提供"可能性条件"的。
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引用次数: 1
US Social scientists of the 1950s in the Mezzogiorno and Ernesto de Martino: Two divergent approaches to history and development 20世纪50年代的美国社会科学家在Mezzogiorno和Ernesto de Martino:两种不同的历史和发展方法
IF 0.7 2区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1080/02757206.2022.2139252
L. Solivetti
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引用次数: 1
‘Everywhere’ and ‘on the spot’: locality and attachments to the fallen ‘out of place’ in contemporary rural Germany “无处不在”和“在现场”:当代德国农村对堕落的“不合时宜”的地方性和依恋
IF 0.7 2区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-28 DOI: 10.1080/02757206.2022.2139251
Laura Tradii
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引用次数: 0
Religion and war: A synthesis 宗教与战争:一个综合
IF 0.7 2区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/02757206.2022.2060212
A. Strathern
ABSTRACT This chapter draws on the papers in this volume to help develop a global comparative perspective on religion and war. It proceeds by establishing two forms of religiosity: immanentism, versions of which may be found in every society; and transcendentalism, which captures what is distinctive about salvific, expansionary religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. This chapter does not suggest that either immanentism or transcendentalism enhance the likelihood of collective violence in themselves. It does, however, argue that these types of religiosity are distinctive in how they drive war, allow enemies to be identified, and rationalize or legitimize collective violence. Some of the paths by which societies may become more bellicose (prone to war) or martial (heavily shaped by a military ethos) are sketched out and certain elective affinities between imperial expansion and transcendentalist systems are proposed. The place of Confucianism in this interpretative schema is discussed towards the end. Many scales of comparison are considered throughout, especially whether the categories of ‘transcendentalism’, ‘monotheism’ or ‘Christianity’/‘Islam’ afford the most comparative insight in understanding patterns of violence.
本章借鉴了本卷中的论文,以帮助发展对宗教与战争的全球比较视角。它通过建立两种形式的宗教虔诚:内在主义,其版本可以在每个社会中找到;以及超验主义,它抓住了救赎主义、扩张性宗教(如基督教、伊斯兰教和佛教)的独特之处。本章并没有暗示内在主义或先验主义本身会增加集体暴力的可能性。然而,它确实认为,这些类型的宗教信仰在如何推动战争、允许识别敌人、使集体暴力合理化或合法化方面是独特的。一些社会可能会变得更加好战(倾向于战争)或好战(严重受到军事精神的影响)的道路被勾画出来,并提出了帝国扩张和先验主义体系之间的某些选择性联系。最后讨论了儒家思想在这一解释图式中的地位。在整个过程中考虑了许多比较尺度,特别是“先验主义”、“一神论”或“基督教”/“伊斯兰教”的类别是否在理解暴力模式方面提供了最具对比性的洞察力。
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引用次数: 2
The Martial Temple in the Song 宋朝的武庙
IF 0.7 2区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/02757206.2022.2060965
Peter A. Lorge
ABSTRACT The Martial Temple during China's Song dynasty (960–1279) was the locus of the government's efforts to define the scope of correct martial activity with the entire empire. Correct martial behaviour was defined by the selection of 72 martial exemplars, generals and strategists from history, as well as men who helped found the dynasty. These exemplars were the counterpoint to the Civil Temple that faced it, where Confucius and his 72 close disciples were worshipped. Although the Civil and Martial Temples were sites for worship by the emperor, there is some evidence that there were branch temples around the empire. While the civil exemplars were historically fixed, the martial exemplars were fluid and the subject of regular debate. The martial exemplars, unlike the civil exemplars, were often men from non-elite backgrounds who were far more accessible to the non-elite population of the Song. As such, they were paradigmatic models of non-elite, male service to the state. The Martial Temple was a ritual site that established universal guidelines for legitimate martial practice. Exemplary figures would receive sacrifices not only from the Song state but also quite possibly from subsequent dynastic governments. Some of the chosen exemplars were later absorbed into popular culture through theatre and novels because of that ritual status. Others proceeded in the opposite direction, raised to prominence in literature, and then moved into the Martial Temple.
中国宋朝(960-1279)时期的武庙是政府努力界定整个帝国正确的军事活动范围的场所。正确的军事行为是通过挑选历史上的72名军事模范、将军和战略家以及帮助建立王朝的人来定义的。这些典范与它对面的民庙形成对比,孔子和他的72个亲密弟子被供奉在那里。虽然文庙和武庙是皇帝崇拜的场所,但有证据表明,在帝国各地还有分支寺庙。虽然民事模范在历史上是固定的,但军事模范是不断变化的,是经常辩论的主题。与文官不同的是,武官通常是非精英背景的人他们更容易接近宋朝的非精英人群。因此,他们是非精英男性为国家服务的典范。武庙是一个仪式场所,为合法的军事实践建立了普遍的指导方针。模范人物不仅会受到宋朝政府的祭品,很可能还会受到后来的朝代政府的祭品。由于这种仪式地位,一些被选中的典范后来通过戏剧和小说被吸收到流行文化中。另一些人则走向相反的方向,在文学上崭露头角,然后搬进了武庙。
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引用次数: 1
Through a peephole: Vladimír Karbusický, the secret police and the scholarly ethos in socialist Czechoslovakia 透过窥视孔:Vladimír Karbusický,社会主义捷克斯洛伐克的秘密警察和学术风气
IF 0.7 2区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/02757206.2022.2060218
Nikola Balaš
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引用次数: 0
Violence and warfare in Medieval Western Islam 中世纪西方伊斯兰教中的暴力和战争
IF 0.7 2区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-19 DOI: 10.1080/02757206.2022.2060214
Pascal Buresi
ABSTRACT Studies bearing on the relationship between religion and violence in Islam are numerous. So are those on Ibn Khaldūn’s theory of the State, which bases the latter’s emergence on the ‘natural’ violence of peripheral tribes. This contribution aims to put the general theory that can be drawn from these studies into perspective by confronting it with some local examples: the Andalusian Taifas, the Almoravid emirate and the Almohad caliphate. These case studies highlight the diversity of forms taken by state violence and warfare in Islamic contexts. The integration of ´seculaŕ or profane patterns in the killing of enemies or in warfare, and the justification of violence sometimes by religion, sometimes by popular wisdom or common sense, contradict the fairly widespread essentialist discourses on the congenital relationship that Islam and violence maintained from the beginning. On the contrary, these processes highlight the complexity and diversity of the discursive justification of physical violence.
关于伊斯兰教中宗教与暴力之间关系的研究很多。伊本Khaldūn的国家理论也是如此,后者的出现是基于外围部落的“自然”暴力。这篇文章的目的是通过与一些当地的例子:安达卢西亚的塔法斯、阿尔摩拉维德酋长国和阿尔莫哈德哈里发国进行比较,把从这些研究中得出的一般理论放在正确的角度上。这些案例研究突出了伊斯兰背景下国家暴力和战争形式的多样性。在杀害敌人或战争中,世俗或世俗模式的整合,以及有时通过宗教,有时通过大众智慧或常识为暴力辩护,与伊斯兰教和暴力从一开始就维持的先天关系的相当广泛的本质主义论述相矛盾。相反,这些过程凸显了为身体暴力辩护的话语的复杂性和多样性。
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引用次数: 2
Christianity's stamp: Of hybrids, traitors, false peace, massacres and other horrors 基督教的印记:混血、叛徒、虚假的和平、屠杀和其他恐怖
IF 0.7 2区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-19 DOI: 10.1080/02757206.2022.2060216
P. Buc
ABSTRACT The contribution focuses on the ways in which medieval Catholic religion influenced warfare, not in terms of causality but in terms of conditions of possibility. After having looked at (1) the way in which the crusades, in particular, opened up the possibility to transfer attributes from monastic asceticism (the monks were spiritual ‘warriors of God’) to warriors (fighting as ‘warriors of God’), the article examines two examples. (2) Theology provided to the Western European culture of war the figure of the ‘false brother’, which, translated, yielded a script for the internal enemy, the political traitor and adversary in civil wars. Around this figure enormous fantasies crystallized themselves, arguably without equivalent in non-monotheistic cultures. One sees in the late medieval French civil wars the semi-secularized mobilization of this figure, with fantasies and execution of violent purge. (3) The ascetic values activated for warfare with the First Crusade meant that while in reality (as one would expect) sexual did transgressions occur, rape in war by one’s own side was hardly ever admitted, and arguably was in reality also inhibited.
这篇文章的重点是中世纪天主教影响战争的方式,不是从因果关系的角度,而是从可能性的角度。在考察了(1)十字军东征开辟了从修士禁欲主义(僧侣是精神上的“上帝战士”)到战士(以“上帝战士”的身份战斗)的属性转移的可能性之后,本文考察了两个例子。(2)神学为西欧战争文化提供了“假兄弟”的形象,这一形象被翻译成内部敌人、政治叛徒和内战对手的剧本。围绕着这个人物产生了大量的幻想,可以说在非一神论文化中没有类似的幻想。在中世纪晚期的法国内战中,我们可以看到这个人物的半世俗化动员,伴随着幻想和暴力清洗的执行。(3)在与第一次十字军东征的战争中激活的禁欲主义价值观意味着,尽管在现实中(正如人们所预料的),性侵犯确实会发生,但在战争中,自己一方的强奸几乎不被承认,而且可以说在现实中也是被禁止的。
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引用次数: 2
A warlike culture? Religion and war in the Aztec world 好战的文化?阿兹特克世界的宗教与战争
IF 0.7 2区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-18 DOI: 10.1080/02757206.2022.2060215
C. Pennock
ABSTRACT The Aztec-Mexica people of Tenochtitlan were, by their own definition, a ‘warlike’ culture, their collective identity closely tied to military ideals and behaviours. The values of war were dramatized and re-enacted at every level of society, and their shared warrior identity was widely understood by both men and women. This was also a culture in which religion and the supernatural were so deeply embedded in belief and behaviour that it is almost impossible to distinguish religious practice from everyday activities. Attempts to ‘rationalize’ Mesoamerican approaches to warfare often stem from a laudable desire to demystify Indigenous cultures, to recognize their sophistication, and to refute accusations of superstition and savagery. But any attempt to disentangle religion from practice deprives Aztec structures of the very logic scholars seek to instil. For the Indigenous peoples of Mexico, religion was rational: it provided explanations, motivations, structures and identities. One did not go to war solely for religious reasons, but the process of reasoning, of decision making, occurred within a universe in which the physical and metaphysical were interwoven. For the Aztecs, warfare was a sacred act performed in the service of the gods. They framed themselves as warriors, not only in tangible terms, but historically, mythically and metaphorically. Warfare was inextricable from belief in Tenochtitlan, and only by seeing the Aztecs within their own frame of reference, giving value and meaning to their rituals and histories, can we understand the conjunction of religion and war in their embracing and active vision of the cosmos.
特诺奇蒂特兰的阿兹特克-墨西哥人,按照他们自己的定义,是一个“好战”的文化,他们的集体身份与军事理想和行为密切相关。战争的价值在社会的每一个层面都被戏剧化和重演,他们共同的战士身份被男人和女人广泛理解。这也是一种宗教和超自然现象深深植根于信仰和行为的文化,几乎不可能将宗教活动与日常活动区分开来。试图“合理化”中美洲人的战争方式,往往源于一种值得称赞的愿望,即揭开土著文化的神秘面纱,认识到他们的复杂性,驳斥对迷信和野蛮的指责。但是,任何将宗教与实践分离的尝试都会剥夺阿兹特克结构中学者们试图灌输的逻辑。对墨西哥的土著人民来说,宗教是理性的:它提供了解释、动机、结构和身份。一个人不会仅仅因为宗教原因而去打仗,而是在一个物理和形而上学交织在一起的宇宙中进行推理和决策的过程。对阿兹特克人来说,战争是为神服务的神圣行为。他们把自己塑造成战士,不仅是有形的,而且是历史的、神话的和隐喻的。战争与特诺奇蒂特兰的信仰密不可分,只有在阿兹特克人自己的参照系中看待他们,赋予他们的仪式和历史价值和意义,我们才能理解宗教与战争在他们对宇宙的拥抱和积极愿景中的结合。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
History and Anthropology
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