Theories of norm emergence are a central building block for comprehending the emergence of society. The article investigates a central terminus in theories of norms, in particular rational choice theory: The notion of sanctions. Sanctions are an unexplained theoretical term for securing norm conformity. Agent-based models inspired by evolutionary game theory show that the evolution of cooperation can be enforced by sanctions. However, in behavioral terms, sanctions are a form of aggression. An empirical investigation of the violent collapse of a criminal group reveals that interpretation is necessary for recognizing aggression as sanction. Whereas theories of norms attempt to explain the emergence of social structure, successful sanction recognition imposes the existence of social structure in the form of normative authorities. In the absence of social structure for securing social order such as the state monopoly of violence this interpretation remains ambiguous and error prone. Simulation experiments with an agent-based model investigate the conditions for the emergence of a normative authority.
{"title":"Making Sense of Sanctions: An Agent-Based Model of Sanction Recognition.","authors":"Martin Neumann, Ulf Lotzmann","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Theories of norm emergence are a central building block for comprehending the emergence of society. The article investigates a central terminus in theories of norms, in particular rational choice theory: The notion of sanctions. Sanctions are an unexplained theoretical term for securing norm conformity. Agent-based models inspired by evolutionary game theory show that the evolution of cooperation can be enforced by sanctions. However, in behavioral terms, sanctions are a form of aggression. An empirical investigation of the violent collapse of a criminal group reveals that interpretation is necessary for recognizing aggression as sanction. Whereas theories of norms attempt to explain the emergence of social structure, successful sanction recognition imposes the existence of social structure in the form of normative authorities. In the absence of social structure for securing social order such as the state monopoly of violence this interpretation remains ambiguous and error prone. Simulation experiments with an agent-based model investigate the conditions for the emergence of a normative authority.</p>","PeriodicalId":46218,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences","volume":"25 4","pages":"427-453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39412242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We carried out an empirical investigation among producers of packaging machines collecting information about their rivals, i.e., those few competitors which they closely monitor. We found interesting regularities that take geographically clustered firms apart from isolated firms, that existing theories left unexplained. By constructing an agent-based model we were able to formulate a simple and plausible heuristic for rival selection which is able to generate the empirically observed facts. We submit that this case is exemplary in showing what agent-based models can do, namely, providing sufficiency proofs that help theory-building.
{"title":"Identifying Rivals Among Clustered and Isolated Firms: An Empirical Investigation and a Computational Model.","authors":"Cristina Boari, Guido Fioretti, Vincenza Odorici","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We carried out an empirical investigation among producers of packaging machines collecting information about their rivals, i.e., those few competitors which they closely monitor. We found interesting regularities that take geographically clustered firms apart from isolated firms, that existing theories left unexplained. By constructing an agent-based model we were able to formulate a simple and plausible heuristic for rival selection which is able to generate the empirically observed facts. We submit that this case is exemplary in showing what agent-based models can do, namely, providing sufficiency proofs that help theory-building.</p>","PeriodicalId":46218,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences","volume":"25 4","pages":"507-522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39412245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The classic paper 'A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice' by Cohen, March and Olsen (1972) both heralded a significant expansion of the study of organizational decision making to non-industrial settings, in particular universities, and served as a very early example of reproducible computational research, incorporating a Fortran 66 program in its appendix to permit others to reproduce their results and run further examples. In this work my extensive attempts to perfectly reproduce the original results show the inherent challenge of reproducing computational research in the presence of ever-changing computing platforms and technology. Indeed, exact values could not be reproduced in this study, nor any other published study, because of hypersensitivity. Despite this, additional statistics allowed by modern computer capabilities almost completely agree with the qualitative observations and conclusions in the original work. Finally, in light of the need for high precision, it will be worthwhile to retest and reevaluate later studies of the internal dynamics of the model that faulted the code for behavior at odds with the theory.
科恩、马奇和奥尔森(1972)的经典论文《组织选择的垃圾桶模型》(A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice)都预示着组织决策研究在非工业环境(特别是大学)中的重大扩展,并作为可重复计算研究的一个非常早期的例子,在其附录中纳入了Fortran 66程序,允许其他人复制他们的结果并运行进一步的例子。在这项工作中,我广泛地尝试完美地再现原始结果,这表明在不断变化的计算平台和技术的存在下再现计算研究的内在挑战。事实上,由于过度敏感,准确的数值不能在这项研究中重现,也不能在任何其他已发表的研究中重现。尽管如此,现代计算机能力允许的额外统计数据几乎完全符合原始工作中的定性观察和结论。最后,鉴于对高精度的需要,重新测试和重新评估后来对模型内部动力学的研究是值得的,这些研究错误地认为行为代码与理论不一致。
{"title":"The Garbage Can Model: A Study in (Non)Reproducible Research.","authors":"Stewart A Levin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The classic paper 'A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice' by Cohen, March and Olsen (1972) both heralded a significant expansion of the study of organizational decision making to non-industrial settings, in particular universities, and served as a very early example of reproducible computational research, incorporating a Fortran 66 program in its appendix to permit others to reproduce their results and run further examples. In this work my extensive attempts to perfectly reproduce the original results show the inherent challenge of reproducing computational research in the presence of ever-changing computing platforms and technology. Indeed, exact values could not be reproduced in this study, nor any other published study, because of hypersensitivity. Despite this, additional statistics allowed by modern computer capabilities almost completely agree with the qualitative observations and conclusions in the original work. Finally, in light of the need for high precision, it will be worthwhile to retest and reevaluate later studies of the internal dynamics of the model that faulted the code for behavior at odds with the theory.</p>","PeriodicalId":46218,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences","volume":"25 4","pages":"455-465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39412243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the pioneering work of Herbert A. Simon, bounded rationality (BR) constitutes a viable alternative to utility maximization in settings characterized by uncertainty about the possible emergence of novel events, missing information, and limitations to human reasoning. Because of its realism, BR gained consensus in organization and management studies. However, BR is a theory of individual decision-making. Substantial extensions are required in order to turn it into a tool to analyze collective decision processes. Following an intuition by the late Simon himself, we submit that organizations channel information flows in ways that alleviate human BR. Thus, analysis and reconstruction of their structure as well as differential degrees and qualities of individual BR within organizations is key to extend this concept to collective decision-making. In this special issue we collected contributions where instances of BR couple with interaction structures to yield collective behavior. Tools range from mathematical models to experimental settings to computational models, testifying to the value of multiple approaches and perspectives.
自从赫伯特·a·西蒙(Herbert a . Simon)的开创性工作以来,有限理性(BR)在不确定可能出现的新事件、信息缺失和人类推理局限性的环境中构成了效用最大化的可行替代方案。BR的现实性使其在组织管理研究中获得了共识。然而,BR是一种个人决策理论。为了将其转化为分析集体决策过程的工具,需要大量的扩展。根据已故的西蒙本人的直觉,我们认为组织以减轻人类BR的方式引导信息流。因此,分析和重建它们的结构以及组织内个体BR的不同程度和质量是将这一概念扩展到集体决策的关键。在本期特刊中,我们收集了有关BR实例与交互结构耦合以产生集体行为的文章。工具范围从数学模型到实验设置到计算模型,证明了多种方法和观点的价值。
{"title":"From Bounded Rationality to Collective Behavior.","authors":"Andrea Ceschi, Guido Fioretti","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the pioneering work of Herbert A. Simon, bounded rationality (BR) constitutes a viable alternative to utility maximization in settings characterized by uncertainty about the possible emergence of novel events, missing information, and limitations to human reasoning. Because of its realism, BR gained consensus in organization and management studies. However, BR is a theory of individual decision-making. Substantial extensions are required in order to turn it into a tool to analyze collective decision processes. Following an intuition by the late Simon himself, we submit that organizations channel information flows in ways that alleviate human BR. Thus, analysis and reconstruction of their structure as well as differential degrees and qualities of individual BR within organizations is key to extend this concept to collective decision-making. In this special issue we collected contributions where instances of BR couple with interaction structures to yield collective behavior. Tools range from mathematical models to experimental settings to computational models, testifying to the value of multiple approaches and perspectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":46218,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences","volume":"25 4","pages":"385-394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39413303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smith's (1962) demonstration that prices and allocations quickly converge to the competitive equilibrium in the continuous double auction (CDA) remains one of the most important results in experimental economics. Market experiments and exchange models have added considerably to our knowledge of how markets reach equilibrium, and how they respond to disruptions. Perhaps the best-known model of exchange in CDA market experiments is the random behavior 'zero-intelligence' (ZI) model by Gode and Sunder (1993). They argue that the CDA generates efficient allocations and 'convergence of transaction prices to the proximity of the theoretical equilibrium price,' provided only that agents meet their budget constraints. We demonstrate that prices do not converge in their simulations. Their budget constraint requires that a buyer's currency never exceeds her commodity value, which is an unnatural restriction. Their conclusion that market efficiency results from the structure of the CDA independent of traders' profit seeking behavior rests on their claim that the constraints that they impose are a part of the market institution. We show that actually they impose individual rationality. Misinterpretation of this behavioral constraint has led to unproductive debate on market adjustment processes.
{"title":"Individual Rationality and Market Efficiency.","authors":"Steven Gjerstad, Jason Shachat","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Smith's (1962) demonstration that prices and allocations quickly converge to the competitive equilibrium in the continuous double auction (CDA) remains one of the most important results in experimental economics. Market experiments and exchange models have added considerably to our knowledge of how markets reach equilibrium, and how they respond to disruptions. Perhaps the best-known model of exchange in CDA market experiments is the random behavior 'zero-intelligence' (ZI) model by Gode and Sunder (1993). They argue that the CDA generates efficient allocations and 'convergence of transaction prices to the proximity of the theoretical equilibrium price,' provided only that agents meet their budget constraints. We demonstrate that prices do not converge in their simulations. Their budget constraint requires that a buyer's currency never exceeds her commodity value, which is an unnatural restriction. Their conclusion that market efficiency results from the structure of the CDA independent of traders' profit seeking behavior rests on their claim that the constraints that they impose are a part of the market institution. We show that actually they impose individual rationality. Misinterpretation of this behavioral constraint has led to unproductive debate on market adjustment processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":46218,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences","volume":"25 4","pages":"395-406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39413304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We consider a stylized model of competition between two firms who provide a local service, for instance coffee-shops or hamburger chains. These firms are characterised by their quality of service, with one firm being high quality and the other being low quality. Quality impacts both the fixed and variable costs of the firms. The firms compete for customers in two areas, which are characterised by a different customer density. Firms decide in which area(s) to locate, and what price to charge. A firm entering both areas must charge the same price in both, i.e., price-discrimination is not allowed. We analyse the impact of cost levels and quality and density differences on the resulting market structure, prices, profits, customer surplus and social welfare. We show how the balance between fixed and variable cost determine the competitive conditions ranging from highly competitive markets to local monopolies under the same regulatory environment. Furthermore, in some areas with multiple equilibria the profitability of the firms is highly dependent on which of the possible equilibria is realised. The results can help explain some of the patterns observed in the location of chain outlets.
{"title":"To Enter or Not to Enter: Multiple Markets, Heterogeneous Customer and Exogenous Quality.","authors":"Ann van Ackere, Erik R Larsen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We consider a stylized model of competition between two firms who provide a local service, for instance coffee-shops or hamburger chains. These firms are characterised by their quality of service, with one firm being high quality and the other being low quality. Quality impacts both the fixed and variable costs of the firms. The firms compete for customers in two areas, which are characterised by a different customer density. Firms decide in which area(s) to locate, and what price to charge. A firm entering both areas must charge the same price in both, i.e., price-discrimination is not allowed. We analyse the impact of cost levels and quality and density differences on the resulting market structure, prices, profits, customer surplus and social welfare. We show how the balance between fixed and variable cost determine the competitive conditions ranging from highly competitive markets to local monopolies under the same regulatory environment. Furthermore, in some areas with multiple equilibria the profitability of the firms is highly dependent on which of the possible equilibria is realised. The results can help explain some of the patterns observed in the location of chain outlets.</p>","PeriodicalId":46218,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences","volume":"25 4","pages":"407-425"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39412241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Change is ubiquitous in the study of organizations. Organizational change is characterized by multiple perspectives, both conceptually and methodologically. Computational modeling efforts are not the exception. In this work, we aim to provide an analysis of computational modeling approaches to organizational change. For that, we first review published works that directly connect to developing knowledge in organizational change from a computational lens. Second, we offer an account of unexplored topics in computational organizational change. Last, we highlight the potentialities of computer simulation models based on agent interactions in regard to how they could contribute to the understanding of central issues in this organizational research subfield.
{"title":"Computational Modeling Approaches to OrganizationalChange.","authors":"Claudia P Estevez-Mujica, Cesar Garcia-Diaz","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Change is ubiquitous in the study of organizations. Organizational change is characterized by multiple perspectives, both conceptually and methodologically. Computational modeling efforts are not the exception. In this work, we aim to provide an analysis of computational modeling approaches to organizational change. For that, we first review published works that directly connect to developing knowledge in organizational change from a computational lens. Second, we offer an account of unexplored topics in computational organizational change. Last, we highlight the potentialities of computer simulation models based on agent interactions in regard to how they could contribute to the understanding of central issues in this organizational research subfield.</p>","PeriodicalId":46218,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences","volume":"25 4","pages":"467-505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39412244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since its inception the science of physiology, like many other non-physical disciplines, has been guided in its development by the mechanical models of physics. That strategy has proven to be extraordinarily successful, even surviving the introduction of fractals into the modeling strategy. That is until quite recently. The true complexity of physiologic networks has been revealed with the development and implementation of ever more sensitive sensors and mathematically sophisticated data processing techniques. These developments have led to a divergence of the modeling strategies appropriate for the physical sciences from those for the life sciences. Therefore, we review how far the fractal concept has taken us into the non-mechanical interpretation of physiology. What emerges in this brief review of fractal physiology is the increasing importance of criticality, the cooperative nature of networks in physiologic behavior, and the importance of the fractional calculus in characterizing the dynamics of living systems. We draw some further inferences from the review and speculate as to what research directions might be most productive for continuing future success.
{"title":"The Fractal Tapestry of Life: A Review of Fractal Physiology.","authors":"Bruce J West","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since its inception the science of physiology, like many other non-physical disciplines, has been guided in its development by the mechanical models of physics. That strategy has proven to be extraordinarily successful, even surviving the introduction of fractals into the modeling strategy. That is until quite recently. The true complexity of physiologic networks has been revealed with the development and implementation of ever more sensitive sensors and mathematically sophisticated data processing techniques. These developments have led to a divergence of the modeling strategies appropriate for the physical sciences from those for the life sciences. Therefore, we review how far the fractal concept has taken us into the non-mechanical interpretation of physiology. What emerges in this brief review of fractal physiology is the increasing importance of criticality, the cooperative nature of networks in physiologic behavior, and the importance of the fractional calculus in characterizing the dynamics of living systems. We draw some further inferences from the review and speculate as to what research directions might be most productive for continuing future success.</p>","PeriodicalId":46218,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences","volume":"25 3","pages":"261-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39109195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Willy Govaerts, Yuri A Kuznetsov, Hil G E Meijer, Niels Neirynck, Richard van Wezel
We discuss a computational model that describes stabilization of percept choices under intermittent viewing of an ambiguous visual stimulus at long stimulus intervals. Let T_off and T_on be the time that the stimulus is off and on, respectively. The behavior was studied by direct numerical simulation in a grid of (T_off, T_on) values in a 2007 paper of Noest, van Ee, Nijs, and van Wezel. They found that both alternating and repetitive sequences of percepts can appear stably, sometimes even for the same values of T_off and T_on. Longer T_off, however, always leads to a situation where, after transients, only repetitive sequences of percepts exist. We incorporate T_off and T_on explicitly as bifurcation parameters of an extended mathematical model of the perceptual choices. We elucidate the bifurcations of periodic orbits responsible for switching between alternating and repetitive sequences. We show that the stability borders of the alternating and repeating sequences in the (T_off, T_on) -parameter plane consist of curves of limit point and period-doubling bifurcations of periodic orbits. The stability regions overlap, resulting in a wedge with bistability of both sequences. We conclude by comparing our modeling results with the experimental results obtained by Noest, van Ee, Nijs, and van Wezel.
我们讨论了一个计算模型,该模型描述了在长刺激间隔的模糊视觉刺激间歇观看下知觉选择的稳定化。设T_off和T_on分别为刺激关闭和打开的时间。Noest, van Ee, Nijs和van Wezel在2007年的一篇论文中通过(T_off, T_on)值网格中的直接数值模拟研究了这种行为。他们发现交替和重复的感知序列都可以稳定地出现,有时甚至对于相同的T_off和T_on值也是如此。然而,较长的T_off总是导致这样一种情况,即在瞬态之后,只存在重复的感知序列。我们明确地将T_off和T_on合并为感知选择的扩展数学模型的分岔参数。我们阐明了负责在交替序列和重复序列之间切换的周期轨道的分岔。我们证明了交替和重复序列在(T_off, T_on)参数平面上的稳定性边界由极限点曲线和周期轨道的倍周期分岔曲线组成。稳定区重叠,形成两个序列双稳定的楔形。最后,我们将模拟结果与Noest、van Ee、Nijs和van Wezel的实验结果进行了比较。
{"title":"Bistability and Stabilization of Human Visual Perception under Ambiguous Stimulation.","authors":"Willy Govaerts, Yuri A Kuznetsov, Hil G E Meijer, Niels Neirynck, Richard van Wezel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We discuss a computational model that describes stabilization of percept choices under intermittent viewing of an ambiguous visual stimulus at long stimulus intervals. Let T_off and T_on be the time that the stimulus is off and on, respectively. The behavior was studied by direct numerical simulation in a grid of (T_off, T_on) values in a 2007 paper of Noest, van Ee, Nijs, and van Wezel. They found that both alternating and repetitive sequences of percepts can appear stably, sometimes even for the same values of T_off and T_on. Longer T_off, however, always leads to a situation where, after transients, only repetitive sequences of percepts exist. We incorporate T_off and T_on explicitly as bifurcation parameters of an extended mathematical model of the perceptual choices. We elucidate the bifurcations of periodic orbits responsible for switching between alternating and repetitive sequences. We show that the stability borders of the alternating and repeating sequences in the (T_off, T_on) -parameter plane consist of curves of limit point and period-doubling bifurcations of periodic orbits. The stability regions overlap, resulting in a wedge with bistability of both sequences. We conclude by comparing our modeling results with the experimental results obtained by Noest, van Ee, Nijs, and van Wezel.</p>","PeriodicalId":46218,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences","volume":"25 3","pages":"297-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39109197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wolfgang Tschacher, Nikolai Tschacher, Anja Stukenbrock
Gaze behavior represents a complex phenomenon in social inter-action. We focus here on dyadic face-to-face interaction during naturally occurring verbal exchanges, where shared attention can be operationalized by joint gazes and eye contact. A multi-step methodology for the analysis of eye synchrony is presented, exemplified by a single case. The dynamics of face-to-face interaction allows estimating the degree of interlocutors' synchrony. While there is growing evidence for interpersonal synchrony of various behavioral and physiological signals, eye synchrony has not yet been studied outside the laboratory. The method presented is based on time series of gaze behavior acquired by mobile eye tracking devices. We applied windowed cross-correlations to the data and used surrogate testing to attain effect sizes even for single interactions (Surrogate Synchrony, SUSY). SUSY thus integrates nomo-thetic with idiographic research goals: The nomothetic interest is to test hypotheses that gaze behavior may be generally synchronized and linked with psychological variables. The idiographic aspect is that effect sizes can be determined even in single-case studies owing to the surrogate analyses, which supports qualitative research. Results of the exemplary dataset suggested that proof-of-concept of this approach was attained. We describe what prerequisites are needed of a setting and technical setup for use in future studies of psychotherapy, counseling, negotiations, or work-related interactions.
{"title":"Eye Synchrony: A Method to Capture Mutual and Joint Attention in Social Eye Movements.","authors":"Wolfgang Tschacher, Nikolai Tschacher, Anja Stukenbrock","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gaze behavior represents a complex phenomenon in social inter-action. We focus here on dyadic face-to-face interaction during naturally occurring verbal exchanges, where shared attention can be operationalized by joint gazes and eye contact. A multi-step methodology for the analysis of eye synchrony is presented, exemplified by a single case. The dynamics of face-to-face interaction allows estimating the degree of interlocutors' synchrony. While there is growing evidence for interpersonal synchrony of various behavioral and physiological signals, eye synchrony has not yet been studied outside the laboratory. The method presented is based on time series of gaze behavior acquired by mobile eye tracking devices. We applied windowed cross-correlations to the data and used surrogate testing to attain effect sizes even for single interactions (Surrogate Synchrony, SUSY). SUSY thus integrates nomo-thetic with idiographic research goals: The nomothetic interest is to test hypotheses that gaze behavior may be generally synchronized and linked with psychological variables. The idiographic aspect is that effect sizes can be determined even in single-case studies owing to the surrogate analyses, which supports qualitative research. Results of the exemplary dataset suggested that proof-of-concept of this approach was attained. We describe what prerequisites are needed of a setting and technical setup for use in future studies of psychotherapy, counseling, negotiations, or work-related interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":46218,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences","volume":"25 3","pages":"309-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39109198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}