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Making Sense of Sanctions: An Agent-Based Model of Sanction Recognition. 制裁的意义:一个基于主体的制裁识别模型。
IF 0.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, MATHEMATICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01
Martin Neumann, Ulf Lotzmann

Theories of norm emergence are a central building block for comprehending the emergence of society. The article investigates a central terminus in theories of norms, in particular rational choice theory: The notion of sanctions. Sanctions are an unexplained theoretical term for securing norm conformity. Agent-based models inspired by evolutionary game theory show that the evolution of cooperation can be enforced by sanctions. However, in behavioral terms, sanctions are a form of aggression. An empirical investigation of the violent collapse of a criminal group reveals that interpretation is necessary for recognizing aggression as sanction. Whereas theories of norms attempt to explain the emergence of social structure, successful sanction recognition imposes the existence of social structure in the form of normative authorities. In the absence of social structure for securing social order such as the state monopoly of violence this interpretation remains ambiguous and error prone. Simulation experiments with an agent-based model investigate the conditions for the emergence of a normative authority.

规范出现理论是理解社会出现的核心基石。本文探讨了规范理论,特别是理性选择理论的一个中心终点:制裁的概念。制裁是确保规范一致性的一个未解释的理论术语。受进化博弈论启发的基于主体的模型表明,合作的进化可以通过制裁来强制执行。然而,就行为而言,制裁是一种侵略。对犯罪集团暴力瓦解的实证研究表明,要将侵略视为制裁,解释是必要的。规范理论试图解释社会结构的出现,而成功的制裁承认以规范权威的形式强加了社会结构的存在。在缺乏保障社会秩序的社会结构(如国家对暴力的垄断)的情况下,这种解释仍然含糊不清,容易出错。用基于主体的模型进行模拟实验,研究规范权威产生的条件。
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引用次数: 0
Identifying Rivals Among Clustered and Isolated Firms: An Empirical Investigation and a Computational Model. 在集群和孤立企业中识别竞争对手:一个实证调查和计算模型。
IF 0.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, MATHEMATICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01
Cristina Boari, Guido Fioretti, Vincenza Odorici

We carried out an empirical investigation among producers of packaging machines collecting information about their rivals, i.e., those few competitors which they closely monitor. We found interesting regularities that take geographically clustered firms apart from isolated firms, that existing theories left unexplained. By constructing an agent-based model we were able to formulate a simple and plausible heuristic for rival selection which is able to generate the empirically observed facts. We submit that this case is exemplary in showing what agent-based models can do, namely, providing sufficiency proofs that help theory-building.

我们对包装机生产商进行了一项实证调查,收集了他们的竞争对手的信息,即那些他们密切关注的少数竞争对手。我们发现了一些有趣的规律,这些规律将地理上聚集的公司与孤立的公司区分开来,而现有的理论无法解释这些规律。通过构建一个基于主体的模型,我们能够为竞争对手选择制定一个简单而可信的启发式,它能够产生经验观察到的事实。我们认为,这个案例在展示基于主体的模型可以做什么方面是典型的,即提供有助于理论构建的充分证据。
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引用次数: 0
The Garbage Can Model: A Study in (Non)Reproducible Research. 垃圾桶模型:一个(非)可重复研究的研究。
IF 0.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, MATHEMATICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01
Stewart A Levin

The classic paper 'A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice' by Cohen, March and Olsen (1972) both heralded a significant expansion of the study of organizational decision making to non-industrial settings, in particular universities, and served as a very early example of reproducible computational research, incorporating a Fortran 66 program in its appendix to permit others to reproduce their results and run further examples. In this work my extensive attempts to perfectly reproduce the original results show the inherent challenge of reproducing computational research in the presence of ever-changing computing platforms and technology. Indeed, exact values could not be reproduced in this study, nor any other published study, because of hypersensitivity. Despite this, additional statistics allowed by modern computer capabilities almost completely agree with the qualitative observations and conclusions in the original work. Finally, in light of the need for high precision, it will be worthwhile to retest and reevaluate later studies of the internal dynamics of the model that faulted the code for behavior at odds with the theory.

科恩、马奇和奥尔森(1972)的经典论文《组织选择的垃圾桶模型》(A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice)都预示着组织决策研究在非工业环境(特别是大学)中的重大扩展,并作为可重复计算研究的一个非常早期的例子,在其附录中纳入了Fortran 66程序,允许其他人复制他们的结果并运行进一步的例子。在这项工作中,我广泛地尝试完美地再现原始结果,这表明在不断变化的计算平台和技术的存在下再现计算研究的内在挑战。事实上,由于过度敏感,准确的数值不能在这项研究中重现,也不能在任何其他已发表的研究中重现。尽管如此,现代计算机能力允许的额外统计数据几乎完全符合原始工作中的定性观察和结论。最后,鉴于对高精度的需要,重新测试和重新评估后来对模型内部动力学的研究是值得的,这些研究错误地认为行为代码与理论不一致。
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引用次数: 0
From Bounded Rationality to Collective Behavior. 从有限理性到集体行为。
IF 0.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, MATHEMATICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01
Andrea Ceschi, Guido Fioretti

Since the pioneering work of Herbert A. Simon, bounded rationality (BR) constitutes a viable alternative to utility maximization in settings characterized by uncertainty about the possible emergence of novel events, missing information, and limitations to human reasoning. Because of its realism, BR gained consensus in organization and management studies. However, BR is a theory of individual decision-making. Substantial extensions are required in order to turn it into a tool to analyze collective decision processes. Following an intuition by the late Simon himself, we submit that organizations channel information flows in ways that alleviate human BR. Thus, analysis and reconstruction of their structure as well as differential degrees and qualities of individual BR within organizations is key to extend this concept to collective decision-making. In this special issue we collected contributions where instances of BR couple with interaction structures to yield collective behavior. Tools range from mathematical models to experimental settings to computational models, testifying to the value of multiple approaches and perspectives.

自从赫伯特·a·西蒙(Herbert a . Simon)的开创性工作以来,有限理性(BR)在不确定可能出现的新事件、信息缺失和人类推理局限性的环境中构成了效用最大化的可行替代方案。BR的现实性使其在组织管理研究中获得了共识。然而,BR是一种个人决策理论。为了将其转化为分析集体决策过程的工具,需要大量的扩展。根据已故的西蒙本人的直觉,我们认为组织以减轻人类BR的方式引导信息流。因此,分析和重建它们的结构以及组织内个体BR的不同程度和质量是将这一概念扩展到集体决策的关键。在本期特刊中,我们收集了有关BR实例与交互结构耦合以产生集体行为的文章。工具范围从数学模型到实验设置到计算模型,证明了多种方法和观点的价值。
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引用次数: 0
Individual Rationality and Market Efficiency. 个人理性与市场效率。
IF 0.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, MATHEMATICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01
Steven Gjerstad, Jason Shachat

Smith's (1962) demonstration that prices and allocations quickly converge to the competitive equilibrium in the continuous double auction (CDA) remains one of the most important results in experimental economics. Market experiments and exchange models have added considerably to our knowledge of how markets reach equilibrium, and how they respond to disruptions. Perhaps the best-known model of exchange in CDA market experiments is the random behavior 'zero-intelligence' (ZI) model by Gode and Sunder (1993). They argue that the CDA generates efficient allocations and 'convergence of transaction prices to the proximity of the theoretical equilibrium price,' provided only that agents meet their budget constraints. We demonstrate that prices do not converge in their simulations. Their budget constraint requires that a buyer's currency never exceeds her commodity value, which is an unnatural restriction. Their conclusion that market efficiency results from the structure of the CDA independent of traders' profit seeking behavior rests on their claim that the constraints that they impose are a part of the market institution. We show that actually they impose individual rationality. Misinterpretation of this behavioral constraint has led to unproductive debate on market adjustment processes.

Smith(1962)关于连续双重拍卖(CDA)中价格和分配迅速收敛于竞争均衡的论证仍然是实验经济学中最重要的结果之一。市场实验和交易模型大大增加了我们对市场如何达到平衡以及市场如何应对中断的认识。也许在CDA市场实验中最著名的交换模型是Gode和Sunder(1993)的随机行为“零智能”(ZI)模型。他们认为,只有在代理人满足预算约束的情况下,CDA才能产生有效的分配,并使“交易价格趋同于接近理论均衡价格”。我们在模拟中证明了价格不收敛。他们的预算约束要求买方的货币永远不会超过其商品价值,这是一种不自然的限制。他们的结论是,市场效率是由CDA结构决定的,与交易者的利润追求行为无关,这一结论是基于他们所施加的约束是市场制度的一部分。我们展示了他们实际上强加了个人理性。对这种行为约束的误解导致了关于市场调整过程的无益辩论。
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引用次数: 0
To Enter or Not to Enter: Multiple Markets, Heterogeneous Customer and Exogenous Quality. 进入还是不进入:多元市场、异质客户、外生质量。
IF 0.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, MATHEMATICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01
Ann van Ackere, Erik R Larsen

We consider a stylized model of competition between two firms who provide a local service, for instance coffee-shops or hamburger chains. These firms are characterised by their quality of service, with one firm being high quality and the other being low quality. Quality impacts both the fixed and variable costs of the firms. The firms compete for customers in two areas, which are characterised by a different customer density. Firms decide in which area(s) to locate, and what price to charge. A firm entering both areas must charge the same price in both, i.e., price-discrimination is not allowed. We analyse the impact of cost levels and quality and density differences on the resulting market structure, prices, profits, customer surplus and social welfare. We show how the balance between fixed and variable cost determine the competitive conditions ranging from highly competitive markets to local monopolies under the same regulatory environment. Furthermore, in some areas with multiple equilibria the profitability of the firms is highly dependent on which of the possible equilibria is realised. The results can help explain some of the patterns observed in the location of chain outlets.

我们考虑两家提供本地服务的公司之间的竞争的一个程式化模型,例如咖啡店或汉堡包连锁店。这些公司的特点是他们的服务质量,一个公司是高质量的,另一个是低质量的。质量对企业的固定成本和可变成本都有影响。两家公司在两个领域争夺客户,这两个领域的特点是客户密度不同。公司决定在哪个地区设厂,以及收取什么价格。进入两个地区的企业必须在两个地区收取相同的价格,即不允许价格歧视。我们分析了成本水平、质量和密度差异对最终市场结构、价格、利润、客户剩余和社会福利的影响。我们展示了在相同的监管环境下,固定成本和可变成本之间的平衡如何决定从高度竞争市场到地方垄断的竞争条件。此外,在一些具有多重均衡的领域,企业的盈利能力高度依赖于哪一种可能的均衡得以实现。研究结果可以帮助解释连锁商店选址中观察到的一些模式。
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引用次数: 0
Computational Modeling Approaches to OrganizationalChange. 组织变革的计算建模方法。
IF 0.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, MATHEMATICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01
Claudia P Estevez-Mujica, Cesar Garcia-Diaz

Change is ubiquitous in the study of organizations. Organizational change is characterized by multiple perspectives, both conceptually and methodologically. Computational modeling efforts are not the exception. In this work, we aim to provide an analysis of computational modeling approaches to organizational change. For that, we first review published works that directly connect to developing knowledge in organizational change from a computational lens. Second, we offer an account of unexplored topics in computational organizational change. Last, we highlight the potentialities of computer simulation models based on agent interactions in regard to how they could contribute to the understanding of central issues in this organizational research subfield.

在组织研究中,变化是无处不在的。组织变革的特点是在概念上和方法上都具有多重视角。计算建模工作也不例外。在这项工作中,我们的目标是对组织变革的计算建模方法进行分析。为此,我们首先回顾了从计算角度直接与组织变革中发展知识相关的已发表作品。其次,我们提供了计算组织变革中未探索主题的说明。最后,我们强调了基于智能体相互作用的计算机模拟模型的潜力,即它们如何有助于理解这一组织研究子领域的核心问题。
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引用次数: 0
The Fractal Tapestry of Life: A Review of Fractal Physiology. 生命的分形织锦:分形生理学综述。
IF 0.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, MATHEMATICAL Pub Date : 2021-07-01
Bruce J West

Since its inception the science of physiology, like many other non-physical disciplines, has been guided in its development by the mechanical models of physics. That strategy has proven to be extraordinarily successful, even surviving the introduction of fractals into the modeling strategy. That is until quite recently. The true complexity of physiologic networks has been revealed with the development and implementation of ever more sensitive sensors and mathematically sophisticated data processing techniques. These developments have led to a divergence of the modeling strategies appropriate for the physical sciences from those for the life sciences. Therefore, we review how far the fractal concept has taken us into the non-mechanical interpretation of physiology. What emerges in this brief review of fractal physiology is the increasing importance of criticality, the cooperative nature of networks in physiologic behavior, and the importance of the fractional calculus in characterizing the dynamics of living systems. We draw some further inferences from the review and speculate as to what research directions might be most productive for continuing future success.

生理学自成立以来,就像许多其他非物理学科一样,在物理学的机械模型的指导下发展。该策略已被证明是非常成功的,甚至在将分形引入建模策略后仍然存在。直到最近才有所改变。随着越来越灵敏的传感器和数学上复杂的数据处理技术的发展和实现,生理网络的真正复杂性已经被揭示出来。这些发展导致了适合物理科学和生命科学的建模策略的分歧。因此,我们回顾了分形概念将我们带入生理学的非机械解释的程度。在这篇关于分形生理学的简短回顾中,出现了临界性的重要性,生理行为中网络的合作性质,以及分数微积分在描述生命系统动力学方面的重要性。我们从回顾中得出一些进一步的推论,并推测哪些研究方向可能对未来的持续成功最有成效。
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引用次数: 0
Bistability and Stabilization of Human Visual Perception under Ambiguous Stimulation. 模糊刺激下人类视觉感知的双稳态与稳定化。
IF 0.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, MATHEMATICAL Pub Date : 2021-07-01
Willy Govaerts, Yuri A Kuznetsov, Hil G E Meijer, Niels Neirynck, Richard van Wezel

We discuss a computational model that describes stabilization of percept choices under intermittent viewing of an ambiguous visual stimulus at long stimulus intervals. Let T_off and T_on be the time that the stimulus is off and on, respectively. The behavior was studied by direct numerical simulation in a grid of (T_off, T_on) values in a 2007 paper of Noest, van Ee, Nijs, and van Wezel. They found that both alternating and repetitive sequences of percepts can appear stably, sometimes even for the same values of T_off and T_on. Longer T_off, however, always leads to a situation where, after transients, only repetitive sequences of percepts exist. We incorporate T_off and T_on explicitly as bifurcation parameters of an extended mathematical model of the perceptual choices. We elucidate the bifurcations of periodic orbits responsible for switching between alternating and repetitive sequences. We show that the stability borders of the alternating and repeating sequences in the (T_off, T_on) -parameter plane consist of curves of limit point and period-doubling bifurcations of periodic orbits. The stability regions overlap, resulting in a wedge with bistability of both sequences. We conclude by comparing our modeling results with the experimental results obtained by Noest, van Ee, Nijs, and van Wezel.

我们讨论了一个计算模型,该模型描述了在长刺激间隔的模糊视觉刺激间歇观看下知觉选择的稳定化。设T_off和T_on分别为刺激关闭和打开的时间。Noest, van Ee, Nijs和van Wezel在2007年的一篇论文中通过(T_off, T_on)值网格中的直接数值模拟研究了这种行为。他们发现交替和重复的感知序列都可以稳定地出现,有时甚至对于相同的T_off和T_on值也是如此。然而,较长的T_off总是导致这样一种情况,即在瞬态之后,只存在重复的感知序列。我们明确地将T_off和T_on合并为感知选择的扩展数学模型的分岔参数。我们阐明了负责在交替序列和重复序列之间切换的周期轨道的分岔。我们证明了交替和重复序列在(T_off, T_on)参数平面上的稳定性边界由极限点曲线和周期轨道的倍周期分岔曲线组成。稳定区重叠,形成两个序列双稳定的楔形。最后,我们将模拟结果与Noest、van Ee、Nijs和van Wezel的实验结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Eye Synchrony: A Method to Capture Mutual and Joint Attention in Social Eye Movements. 眼同步:一种在社会眼动中捕捉相互和共同注意的方法。
IF 0.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, MATHEMATICAL Pub Date : 2021-07-01
Wolfgang Tschacher, Nikolai Tschacher, Anja Stukenbrock

Gaze behavior represents a complex phenomenon in social inter-action. We focus here on dyadic face-to-face interaction during naturally occurring verbal exchanges, where shared attention can be operationalized by joint gazes and eye contact. A multi-step methodology for the analysis of eye synchrony is presented, exemplified by a single case. The dynamics of face-to-face interaction allows estimating the degree of interlocutors' synchrony. While there is growing evidence for interpersonal synchrony of various behavioral and physiological signals, eye synchrony has not yet been studied outside the laboratory. The method presented is based on time series of gaze behavior acquired by mobile eye tracking devices. We applied windowed cross-correlations to the data and used surrogate testing to attain effect sizes even for single interactions (Surrogate Synchrony, SUSY). SUSY thus integrates nomo-thetic with idiographic research goals: The nomothetic interest is to test hypotheses that gaze behavior may be generally synchronized and linked with psychological variables. The idiographic aspect is that effect sizes can be determined even in single-case studies owing to the surrogate analyses, which supports qualitative research. Results of the exemplary dataset suggested that proof-of-concept of this approach was attained. We describe what prerequisites are needed of a setting and technical setup for use in future studies of psychotherapy, counseling, negotiations, or work-related interactions.

注视行为是社会交往中的一种复杂现象。在这里,我们关注的是自然发生的语言交流中的二元面对面互动,在这种互动中,共同的注意力可以通过联合注视和目光接触来实现。提出了一种多步骤的眼同步分析方法,并以一个案例为例进行了说明。面对面互动的动态可以估算对话者的同步程度。虽然有越来越多的证据表明各种行为和生理信号的人际同步性,但眼睛同步性尚未在实验室外进行研究。该方法基于移动眼动追踪设备获取的注视行为时间序列。我们将窗口交叉相关应用于数据,并使用替代检验来获得即使是单一相互作用的效应大小(替代同步,SUSY)。SUSY因此整合了nomothetic和idiographic的研究目标:nomothetic的兴趣是测试凝视行为可能普遍同步并与心理变量相关的假设。具体的方面是,由于支持定性研究的替代分析,即使在单例研究中也可以确定效应大小。示例数据集的结果表明,该方法的概念证明是实现的。我们描述了在未来的心理治疗、咨询、谈判或与工作相关的互动研究中使用的环境和技术设置的先决条件。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences
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