Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.1093/migration/mnab026
C. Ruhe
Forced migration research suggests that violence plays a central role in individuals’ decision to flee. However, research has not yet examined how individuals form migration decisions in violent contexts over time. I argue that forced migration decision making consists of anticipatory and reactive processes. Distinguishing these stages improves our understanding of seemingly contradictory evidence on the violence–displacement link. I posit that some individuals anticipate security risks based on personal characteristics such as affiliations with specific identity groups and based on previous experiences. Consequently, they consider leaving due to security concerns relatively early and are likely to flee in anticipation of violence. Others will only react to direct consequences of political conflict, but leave quickly when they experience violence regardless of previous intentions. To evaluate this argument empirically, I analyze an original panel dataset among the adult population of Nairobi and Mombasa which tracks individual migration considerations and actual displacement during the violent 2017 Kenyan elections over time. The longitudinal design disaggregates migration decision making and studies when and for which reasons people consider leaving as well as when individuals implement their plans to leave their homes. The results underscore the theoretical argument: Some individuals react quickly to changing events and start to consider leaving their homes. Moreover, these considerations translate into action: individuals who report security-related migration intentions are much more likely to flee. Regardless of the previous migration plans, however, a second group of individuals flees once they personally experience violence. The decision logic mirrors two-step models of non-conflict migration decision making.
{"title":"How migration intentions change during periods of political instability and violence: Panel survey evidence from Kenya","authors":"C. Ruhe","doi":"10.1093/migration/mnab026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnab026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Forced migration research suggests that violence plays a central role in individuals’ decision to flee. However, research has not yet examined how individuals form migration decisions in violent contexts over time. I argue that forced migration decision making consists of anticipatory and reactive processes. Distinguishing these stages improves our understanding of seemingly contradictory evidence on the violence–displacement link. I posit that some individuals anticipate security risks based on personal characteristics such as affiliations with specific identity groups and based on previous experiences. Consequently, they consider leaving due to security concerns relatively early and are likely to flee in anticipation of violence. Others will only react to direct consequences of political conflict, but leave quickly when they experience violence regardless of previous intentions. To evaluate this argument empirically, I analyze an original panel dataset among the adult population of Nairobi and Mombasa which tracks individual migration considerations and actual displacement during the violent 2017 Kenyan elections over time. The longitudinal design disaggregates migration decision making and studies when and for which reasons people consider leaving as well as when individuals implement their plans to leave their homes. The results underscore the theoretical argument: Some individuals react quickly to changing events and start to consider leaving their homes. Moreover, these considerations translate into action: individuals who report security-related migration intentions are much more likely to flee. Regardless of the previous migration plans, however, a second group of individuals flees once they personally experience violence. The decision logic mirrors two-step models of non-conflict migration decision making.","PeriodicalId":46309,"journal":{"name":"Migration Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48757910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-25DOI: 10.1093/migration/mnab036
K. Schewel, L. Asmamaw
This article examines the impact of Ethiopia’s historical development on the nature, volume, and direction of internal and international migration. We describe three important trends associated with an emerging ‘mobility transition’: the sedentarization of nomadic and semi-nomadic populations; the urbanization of internal migration trajectories; and the diversification of international migration. Within these overarching trends, we discuss periods of political conflict, resettlement, and famine that led to significant internal and international displacement. We then explore the drivers of these mobility shifts, evaluating the relative influence of various political, economic, cultural, and technological developments on migration patterns over time. Our analyses distinguish between the deep drivers of an emerging mobility transition (e.g. nation-state formation, rising educational attainment, infrastructure development, and industrialization) and the drivers of displacement (e.g. political conflict or resettlement programs) that can suddenly affect the movements of large population segments. This detailed case study contributes to a growing body of research on the ‘mobility transition’ by revealing how a society’s entire mobility complex changes—not only levels of international migration—as the social transformations associated with modern-day development proceed.
{"title":"Migration and development in Ethiopia: Exploring the mechanisms behind an emerging mobility transition","authors":"K. Schewel, L. Asmamaw","doi":"10.1093/migration/mnab036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnab036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines the impact of Ethiopia’s historical development on the nature, volume, and direction of internal and international migration. We describe three important trends associated with an emerging ‘mobility transition’: the sedentarization of nomadic and semi-nomadic populations; the urbanization of internal migration trajectories; and the diversification of international migration. Within these overarching trends, we discuss periods of political conflict, resettlement, and famine that led to significant internal and international displacement. We then explore the drivers of these mobility shifts, evaluating the relative influence of various political, economic, cultural, and technological developments on migration patterns over time. Our analyses distinguish between the deep drivers of an emerging mobility transition (e.g. nation-state formation, rising educational attainment, infrastructure development, and industrialization) and the drivers of displacement (e.g. political conflict or resettlement programs) that can suddenly affect the movements of large population segments. This detailed case study contributes to a growing body of research on the ‘mobility transition’ by revealing how a society’s entire mobility complex changes—not only levels of international migration—as the social transformations associated with modern-day development proceed.","PeriodicalId":46309,"journal":{"name":"Migration Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44409466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1093/migration/mnab039
Kerem Morgül, Osman Savaşkan
The literature on religion and migration attitudes shows that religious concerns may play a significant role in motivating anti-migrant sentiments. Most of these studies, however, focus on Western countries, where religious beliefs and symbols have been utilized to amplify the cultural differences between natives and newcomers. In this article, we contribute to this scholarship by examining religious conservatives’ attitudes toward Syrian refugees in Turkey, a Muslim-majority country where political elites have employed religiously informed narratives to mitigate hostility toward migrants. To do so, we use a sequential mixed methods design, whereby nine focus group discussions conducted with religious conservatives in Istanbul in November 2019 were complemented by an original survey of Istanbul residents fielded in July–August 2020. Our results indicate that religious motives have a bias-reducing effect on conservative Sunni Muslims’ attitudes toward Syrian refugees; however, such motives are not powerful enough to overcome personal economic concerns. More broadly, the results suggest that researchers should be cautious about generalizing findings from Western societies to non-Western contexts and pay greater attention to the ways in which cultural and economic factors may interact in shaping natives’ migration preferences.
{"title":"Identity or interests? Religious conservatives’ attitudes toward Syrian refugees in Turkey","authors":"Kerem Morgül, Osman Savaşkan","doi":"10.1093/migration/mnab039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnab039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The literature on religion and migration attitudes shows that religious concerns may play a significant role in motivating anti-migrant sentiments. Most of these studies, however, focus on Western countries, where religious beliefs and symbols have been utilized to amplify the cultural differences between natives and newcomers. In this article, we contribute to this scholarship by examining religious conservatives’ attitudes toward Syrian refugees in Turkey, a Muslim-majority country where political elites have employed religiously informed narratives to mitigate hostility toward migrants. To do so, we use a sequential mixed methods design, whereby nine focus group discussions conducted with religious conservatives in Istanbul in November 2019 were complemented by an original survey of Istanbul residents fielded in July–August 2020. Our results indicate that religious motives have a bias-reducing effect on conservative Sunni Muslims’ attitudes toward Syrian refugees; however, such motives are not powerful enough to overcome personal economic concerns. More broadly, the results suggest that researchers should be cautious about generalizing findings from Western societies to non-Western contexts and pay greater attention to the ways in which cultural and economic factors may interact in shaping natives’ migration preferences.","PeriodicalId":46309,"journal":{"name":"Migration Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45666412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.1093/migration/mnab028
Nandita Sharma
{"title":"The European Union Is Killing Migrants","authors":"Nandita Sharma","doi":"10.1093/migration/mnab028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnab028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46309,"journal":{"name":"Migration Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45329746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-11DOI: 10.1093/migration/mnab038
A. Drigo
{"title":"Rethinking Christianity in the Migration Process","authors":"A. Drigo","doi":"10.1093/migration/mnab038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnab038","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46309,"journal":{"name":"Migration Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41799398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.1093/migration/mnab013
A. García
{"title":"Caravana al Norte: La larga caminata de Misael//Caravan to the North: Misael’s Long Walk. By Jorge Argueta","authors":"A. García","doi":"10.1093/migration/mnab013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnab013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46309,"journal":{"name":"Migration Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44369800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.1093/MIGRATION/MNAB008
Marta Occhipinti
{"title":"L’immigrazione spiegata ai bambini. Il viaggio di Amal","authors":"Marta Occhipinti","doi":"10.1093/MIGRATION/MNAB008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MIGRATION/MNAB008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46309,"journal":{"name":"Migration Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"327-329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43314490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-17DOI: 10.1093/migration/mnab031
Randy Stache, Antje Röder
Does migration pay off for subsequent generations? This article applies a counterfactual logic (‘what if the parents had not migrated?’) to compare the life satisfaction of descendants of Turkish guest workers in Western Europe and return migrants with that of Turks without a migration history in the family. Using data from the 2000 Families Study, we test a theoretical model that aims to explain differences along three dimensions: personal resources, social position, and normative settings. Results show that only permanent migration was successful in terms of higher life satisfaction for descendants, as offspring of return migrants do not differ from those without a migration history in the family. The higher life satisfaction of subsequent generations in Europe is largely due to access to higher resources obtained through migration, and persists despite barriers such as a lower relative socioeconomic position and experiences of discrimination. While religiosity appears to only play a minor role in explaining differences, there is evidence that descendants whose lifestyle deviates from the normative expectations of the country-of-origin benefit in particular from the migration of their parents.
{"title":"Was it all worth it? The consequences of parental migration decisions for the life satisfaction of their descendants","authors":"Randy Stache, Antje Röder","doi":"10.1093/migration/mnab031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnab031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Does migration pay off for subsequent generations? This article applies a counterfactual logic (‘what if the parents had not migrated?’) to compare the life satisfaction of descendants of Turkish guest workers in Western Europe and return migrants with that of Turks without a migration history in the family. Using data from the 2000 Families Study, we test a theoretical model that aims to explain differences along three dimensions: personal resources, social position, and normative settings. Results show that only permanent migration was successful in terms of higher life satisfaction for descendants, as offspring of return migrants do not differ from those without a migration history in the family. The higher life satisfaction of subsequent generations in Europe is largely due to access to higher resources obtained through migration, and persists despite barriers such as a lower relative socioeconomic position and experiences of discrimination. While religiosity appears to only play a minor role in explaining differences, there is evidence that descendants whose lifestyle deviates from the normative expectations of the country-of-origin benefit in particular from the migration of their parents.","PeriodicalId":46309,"journal":{"name":"Migration Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43350258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.1093/MIGRATION/MNAB027
B. Page
Around the world, migrants are building houses in their countries-of-origin. For the women and men who create them, these houses are unambiguously significant. Yet, in academic migration studies, they are often seen as peripheral—interesting rather than important. This article follows recent work that aims to show why these houses really do matter. These houses are where migrants can seek to process the trauma of the disconnection that is inherent in migration and are how they repress the anxieties that arise from transnationalism. Migrants’ emotions are externalised onto the house. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Cameroon between 2013 and 2018, this article develops a case study about one transnational migrant, his family, and his house. It uses the example to develop two arguments: first that these houses sit within transnational networks, but the networks are subject-centred so a theory of the subject is needed to analyse them. Secondly, that human subjects make a deal when they exchange infantile egocentrism for collective inter-subjectivity, which is similar to the deal made between transnational migrants and their ancestral home when they receive permission to leave in exchange for continuing to connect—a link that is materialised in the house. Both these arguments combine to support an underlying claim that migration studies in general, and studies of migrant housing in particular would benefit from building further on existing work that draws on psychoanalytical approaches.
{"title":"Towards a psychoanalytic migration studies: A son, a brother, a father, an American, and his house in a Cameroonian village","authors":"B. Page","doi":"10.1093/MIGRATION/MNAB027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MIGRATION/MNAB027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Around the world, migrants are building houses in their countries-of-origin. For the women and men who create them, these houses are unambiguously significant. Yet, in academic migration studies, they are often seen as peripheral—interesting rather than important. This article follows recent work that aims to show why these houses really do matter. These houses are where migrants can seek to process the trauma of the disconnection that is inherent in migration and are how they repress the anxieties that arise from transnationalism. Migrants’ emotions are externalised onto the house. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Cameroon between 2013 and 2018, this article develops a case study about one transnational migrant, his family, and his house. It uses the example to develop two arguments: first that these houses sit within transnational networks, but the networks are subject-centred so a theory of the subject is needed to analyse them. Secondly, that human subjects make a deal when they exchange infantile egocentrism for collective inter-subjectivity, which is similar to the deal made between transnational migrants and their ancestral home when they receive permission to leave in exchange for continuing to connect—a link that is materialised in the house. Both these arguments combine to support an underlying claim that migration studies in general, and studies of migrant housing in particular would benefit from building further on existing work that draws on psychoanalytical approaches.","PeriodicalId":46309,"journal":{"name":"Migration Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48266121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.1093/MIGRATION/MNAB030
Peter van Eerbeek, Charlotta Hedberg
Migrant brokers constitute a substantial node in the industries that underpin contemporary global migration processes, including seasonal labour migrants in agri-food businesses. This article adds a translocal perspective to the role of migrant brokers, while emphasising the multi-sited embeddedness of brokers in sending and receiving countries, and their role in sustaining transnational migration flows. The example of the Swedish wild berry industry shows how two groups of translocal brokers operate in multi-sited space, first, Thai women brokers residing in rural Sweden, and second, local brokers, residing in rural Thailand. This article emphasises how translocal brokers are giving migration industries access to multi-sited embeddedness, both at the site of recruitment in Thai villages and at the site of work in Sweden. The translocal embeddedness is noticed in how moral economies and trust are at play in recruitment processes, and how moral economies are then transferred across space to the site of work. Also, it accentuates how translocal brokers are main subjects, in how their biographical histories are creating translocal relations across space. Lastly, we show how spatial divisions of labour are creating social hierarchies among workers, where the brokers themselves incorporate shifting, ‘chameleon’ roles in multi-sited space. The analysis brings the moral complexity of brokers to the surface, while showing how the social relations of their ‘moral economies’ are commodified within profit-seeking migration industries.
{"title":"Chameleon brokers: A translocal take on migration industries in the Thai-Swedish wild berry business","authors":"Peter van Eerbeek, Charlotta Hedberg","doi":"10.1093/MIGRATION/MNAB030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MIGRATION/MNAB030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Migrant brokers constitute a substantial node in the industries that underpin contemporary global migration processes, including seasonal labour migrants in agri-food businesses. This article adds a translocal perspective to the role of migrant brokers, while emphasising the multi-sited embeddedness of brokers in sending and receiving countries, and their role in sustaining transnational migration flows. The example of the Swedish wild berry industry shows how two groups of translocal brokers operate in multi-sited space, first, Thai women brokers residing in rural Sweden, and second, local brokers, residing in rural Thailand. This article emphasises how translocal brokers are giving migration industries access to multi-sited embeddedness, both at the site of recruitment in Thai villages and at the site of work in Sweden. The translocal embeddedness is noticed in how moral economies and trust are at play in recruitment processes, and how moral economies are then transferred across space to the site of work. Also, it accentuates how translocal brokers are main subjects, in how their biographical histories are creating translocal relations across space. Lastly, we show how spatial divisions of labour are creating social hierarchies among workers, where the brokers themselves incorporate shifting, ‘chameleon’ roles in multi-sited space. The analysis brings the moral complexity of brokers to the surface, while showing how the social relations of their ‘moral economies’ are commodified within profit-seeking migration industries.","PeriodicalId":46309,"journal":{"name":"Migration Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42511339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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