Ben R Koissaba, Allen N Lewis, Courtney Ward-Sutton, Corey L Moore, Tyra T Whittaker, Abbas H Quamar, Sharesa H McCray, Renee Starr, Edward O Manyibe
This scoping review mapped the pertinent extant published and grey literature and policy to assess factors that promote positive community living outcomes among people of color with disabilities and concomitant opioid use disorder (OUD) in the United States (U.S.). Forty-three publications covering OUD and people of color with disabilities and people of color with disabilities and community living content were reviewed. Select community living barriers and potential interventions were identified for people of color with disabilities in general; however, the review failed to classify such factors for those with OUD. Authors offered recommendations for practice, research, and policy.
{"title":"Community Living Outcome Factors for People of Color with Disabilities and Concomitant Opioid Use Disorder: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Ben R Koissaba, Allen N Lewis, Courtney Ward-Sutton, Corey L Moore, Tyra T Whittaker, Abbas H Quamar, Sharesa H McCray, Renee Starr, Edward O Manyibe","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This scoping review mapped the pertinent extant published and grey literature and policy to assess factors that promote positive community living outcomes among people of color with disabilities and concomitant opioid use disorder (OUD) in the United States (U.S.). Forty-three publications covering OUD and people of color with disabilities and people of color with disabilities and community living content were reviewed. Select community living barriers and potential interventions were identified for people of color with disabilities in general; however, the review failed to classify such factors for those with OUD. Authors offered recommendations for practice, research, and policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":46374,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION","volume":"88 1","pages":"32-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10961986/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharesa H McCray, Osaretin Uhunoma, Renee Starr, Edward O Manyibe, Ben R Ole Koissaba, Courtney Ward-Sutton, Allen N Lewis, Corey L Moore
This study explored factors that impact telehealth service utilization for treatment of African Americans with disabilities with opioid use disorder in rural communities. A focus group was conducted involving 12 different mental health, substance use, and rehabilitation counseling professionals. The analysis was completed using NVivo (Version 12). The results identified critical barriers that included historical distrust of technology and healthcare systems, digital divide/unavailability of Internet modems, fear of losing confidentiality, and agency non-approval. The benefits were improved communication, reduction of stigma, continuity of care, and convenience of collaboration. The findings indicate the need for additional research in this topic area.
{"title":"Factors in Utilization of Telehealth Treatment by Rural African-Americans with Opioid Use Disorder and Disabilities.","authors":"Sharesa H McCray, Osaretin Uhunoma, Renee Starr, Edward O Manyibe, Ben R Ole Koissaba, Courtney Ward-Sutton, Allen N Lewis, Corey L Moore","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explored factors that impact telehealth service utilization for treatment of African Americans with disabilities with opioid use disorder in rural communities. A focus group was conducted involving 12 different mental health, substance use, and rehabilitation counseling professionals. The analysis was completed using NVivo (Version 12). The results identified critical barriers that included historical distrust of technology and healthcare systems, digital divide/unavailability of Internet modems, fear of losing confidentiality, and agency non-approval. The benefits were improved communication, reduction of stigma, continuity of care, and convenience of collaboration. The findings indicate the need for additional research in this topic area.</p>","PeriodicalId":46374,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION","volume":"88 1","pages":"87-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10961992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elham Shakiba, Saeed Fatoorehchi, E. Pishyareh, Mohsen Vahedi, Seyed Mehdi Hosseini
Objective: Ataxic cerebral palsy accounts for 5%-10% of the population with cerebral palsy. This palsy is characterized by poor balance and coordination, clumsiness, and involuntary tremor. As a result, balance training is one of the essential parts of the rehabilitation programs for children with ataxic cerebral palsy. Wii Balance Board (WBB) is an efficient tool for balance training in children with different physical problems, including cerebral palsy. This study aims to assess the effect of WBB-based balance training on functional balance and the persistence of its effect two months after the intervention in children with ataxic cerebral palsy. Materials & Methods: This is a single-case study with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design conducted on 3 children (2 girls and 1 boy) with ataxic cerebral palsy (Mean±SD age=10.56±1.09 years). They were classified at levels I and II of the gross motor function classification system. They received conventional occupational therapy three sessions per week, each for 45 minutes in the baseline and follow-up phases. In the intervention phase, each session consisted of 25 minutes of routine rehabilitation followed by 20 minutes of WBB-based balance training for 3 months (12 hours). The changes were evaluated by the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) and Timed Up And Go (TUG) test, three times in the baseline phase, three times in the intervention phase (at the end of 12th, 24th, and 36th sessions), and two times in the follow-up phase (one and two months after the intervention). Assessments were done by a pediatric occupational therapist who was unaware of the study process. Finally, the results were analyzed using the Percentage of Nonoverlapping Data (PND), 2 Standard Deviations (2SD), Hedges’s g, and the visual analysis method. Results: The results of the PBS and TUG test showed the improvement of functional balance in all children in the intervention phase and maintained in the follow-up phase. The PND of PBS and TUG test results was 100% for all children, indicating that balance training by the WBB improved functional balance in the intervention and follow-up phases compared to the baseline. Hedeges’ g value for all participants was more than 0.8, indicating a significant difference between the baseline and follow-up phases. The 2SD results showed a significant increase in the PBS score and a significant reduction in the TUG test duration in all children. Furthermore, the visual analysis revealed a significant improvement in the functional balance of all children in the intervention phase and the stability of these changes in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: Balance training by the WBB is an effective method for improving the functional balance of children with ataxic cerebral palsy. Further studies are needed using a larger sample size to confirm its effectiveness.
目的:共济性脑瘫占脑瘫患者的5% ~ 10%。这种麻痹的特点是平衡和协调能力差、笨拙和不自主震颤。因此，平衡训练是共济性脑瘫儿童康复计划的重要组成部分之一。Wii平衡板(WBB)是一个有效的工具，平衡训练的儿童有不同的身体问题，包括脑瘫。本研究旨在评估基于wbb的平衡训练对共济性脑瘫儿童功能平衡的影响及其干预后2个月的持续效果。材料与方法:本研究是一项单例研究，采用前测、后测和随访设计，对3例(2女1男)失调性脑瘫患儿(平均±SD年龄=10.56±1.09岁)进行研究。他们被分为大运动功能分类系统的第一级和第二级。他们接受常规的职业治疗，每周三次，每次45分钟，分别在基线和随访阶段。在干预阶段，每次训练包括25分钟的常规康复，然后是20分钟的基于腹肌的平衡训练，持续3个月(12小时)。这些变化通过儿童平衡量表(PBS)和Timed Up and Go (TUG)测试进行评估，在基线阶段进行三次，在干预阶段(第12、24和36次疗程结束时)进行三次，在随访阶段(干预后1个月和2个月)进行两次。评估是由一名不知道研究过程的儿科职业治疗师完成的。最后，使用非重叠数据百分比(PND)、2标准差(2SD)、Hedges g和视觉分析法对结果进行分析。结果:PBS和TUG测试结果显示，所有儿童的功能平衡在干预期得到改善，并在随访期保持。所有儿童PBS和TUG测试结果的PND均为100%，表明与基线相比，WBB的平衡训练在干预和随访阶段改善了功能平衡。所有参与者的Hedeges ' g值均大于0.8，表明基线和随访阶段之间存在显著差异。2SD结果显示，所有儿童的PBS评分显著增加，TUG测试持续时间显著缩短。此外，视觉分析显示，所有儿童在干预阶段的功能平衡有显著改善，这些变化在随访阶段的稳定性。结论:WBB平衡训练是改善共济性脑瘫患儿功能平衡的有效方法。进一步的研究需要使用更大的样本量来证实其有效性。
{"title":"Effect of Using Wii Balance Board on Functional Balance of Children With Ataxic Cerebral Palsy","authors":"Elham Shakiba, Saeed Fatoorehchi, E. Pishyareh, Mohsen Vahedi, Seyed Mehdi Hosseini","doi":"10.32598/rj.22.3.3289.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/rj.22.3.3289.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Ataxic cerebral palsy accounts for 5%-10% of the population with cerebral palsy. This palsy is characterized by poor balance and coordination, clumsiness, and involuntary tremor. As a result, balance training is one of the essential parts of the rehabilitation programs for children with ataxic cerebral palsy. Wii Balance Board (WBB) is an efficient tool for balance training in children with different physical problems, including cerebral palsy. This study aims to assess the effect of WBB-based balance training on functional balance and the persistence of its effect two months after the intervention in children with ataxic cerebral palsy. Materials & Methods: This is a single-case study with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design conducted on 3 children (2 girls and 1 boy) with ataxic cerebral palsy (Mean±SD age=10.56±1.09 years). They were classified at levels I and II of the gross motor function classification system. They received conventional occupational therapy three sessions per week, each for 45 minutes in the baseline and follow-up phases. In the intervention phase, each session consisted of 25 minutes of routine rehabilitation followed by 20 minutes of WBB-based balance training for 3 months (12 hours). The changes were evaluated by the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) and Timed Up And Go (TUG) test, three times in the baseline phase, three times in the intervention phase (at the end of 12th, 24th, and 36th sessions), and two times in the follow-up phase (one and two months after the intervention). Assessments were done by a pediatric occupational therapist who was unaware of the study process. Finally, the results were analyzed using the Percentage of Nonoverlapping Data (PND), 2 Standard Deviations (2SD), Hedges’s g, and the visual analysis method. Results: The results of the PBS and TUG test showed the improvement of functional balance in all children in the intervention phase and maintained in the follow-up phase. The PND of PBS and TUG test results was 100% for all children, indicating that balance training by the WBB improved functional balance in the intervention and follow-up phases compared to the baseline. Hedeges’ g value for all participants was more than 0.8, indicating a significant difference between the baseline and follow-up phases. The 2SD results showed a significant increase in the PBS score and a significant reduction in the TUG test duration in all children. Furthermore, the visual analysis revealed a significant improvement in the functional balance of all children in the intervention phase and the stability of these changes in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: Balance training by the WBB is an effective method for improving the functional balance of children with ataxic cerebral palsy. Further studies are needed using a larger sample size to confirm its effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":46374,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85486458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Massoud Ahmadzadeh Asl, Ahmad Shojaee, B. Shariati, Maryam Rasoolian, Vahid Rashedi
Objective: Patients with severe psychiatric diseases, due to the debilitating and chronic nature of these diseases, requires prolonged care by family and other rated people. In addition to the patient, these diseases affect the caregiver and create high psychological, social, and individual pressure to take care of themselves. This study aims to compare the burden of schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder (BD) type 1, and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) on the family caregivers in Iran. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, using the non-probability sampling method, 450 family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, BD type 1, and ASD were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Data collection tools comprised a demographic checklist, short-form Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-12), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). The questionnaires were distributed to the patients selected from the Psychiatric Institute of Tehran, Iran Psychiatric Hospital, and Ali Asghar Hospital. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA for evaluating the relationship of demographic factors with the amount and severity of disease burden, and interclass correlation coefficient in SPSS v. 22. Results: The disease burden was higher on caregivers of ASD patients, followed by that of BD type 1 and schizophrenia patients. The highest and lowest hours of care were related to the ASD and schizophrenia groups, respectively. Women made up the majority of family caregivers. The educational level of family caregivers was higher in the BD type 1 group and was lower in the schizophrenia group. Most caregivers in the BD type 1 group were employed, while most of them in the schizophrenia group were housewives. The lowest and highest income levels were related to the family caregivers of ASD and schizophrenia groups, respectively. The highest and lowest hospitalization frequencies were seen in the BD type 1 and ASD groups, respectively. Conclusion: The burden of three diseases on the family caregivers is high. It is recommended that state-run consulting and screening centers be more active in this field. Because of the low-income level of some family caregivers, it is better to plan for more employment of family caregivers with the assistance of governmental and non-governmental organizations. It is better to hold strategic classes for the family caregivers to reduce their disease burden. Different methods to reduce the burden of diseases in caregivers, such as lowering care hours and using respite care and respite recess and dividing tasks between caregivers, using social or daycare services, can reduce their symptoms of depression and anxiety. Their depression and anxiety should be monitored, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures should be used for their treatment.
目的:严重精神疾病患者，由于这些疾病的衰弱性和慢性性质，需要家庭和其他评级人员的长期护理。除了病人之外，这些疾病还会影响到照顾者，并给照顾自己带来很高的心理、社会和个人压力。本研究旨在比较精神分裂症、双相情感障碍(BD) 1型和自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)对伊朗家庭照顾者的负担。材料与方法:本描述性分析研究采用非概率抽样方法，根据纳入标准选取450名精神分裂症、BD 1型和ASD患者的家庭照顾者。数据收集工具包括人口统计清单、简短的Zarit负担访谈(ZBI-12)和抑郁、焦虑和压力量表(DASS)。问卷分发给从德黑兰精神病研究所、伊朗精神病医院和Ali Asghar医院挑选的患者。采用描述性统计、方差分析(ANOVA)评估人口统计学因素与疾病负担数量和严重程度的关系，并在SPSS v. 22中使用类间相关系数对收集到的数据进行分析。结果:ASD患者照顾者的疾病负担最高，其次为BD 1型和精神分裂症患者。最高和最低的护理时间分别与ASD组和精神分裂症组有关。妇女在家庭照顾者中占大多数。家庭照顾者的受教育程度在双相障碍1型组中较高，在精神分裂症组中较低。双相障碍1型组的照顾者多为受雇者，精神分裂症组的照顾者多为家庭主妇。最低和最高的收入水平分别与ASD组和精神分裂症组的家庭照顾者有关。住院频率最高和最低的分别是BD 1型组和ASD组。结论:三种疾病对家庭照顾者的负担较高。建议国营咨询和筛查中心在这方面更加积极。由于部分家庭照顾者的收入水平较低，最好在政府和非政府组织的帮助下，计划更多的家庭照顾者就业。为减轻家庭照顾者的疾病负担，最好举办有策略的课程。减少照顾者疾病负担的不同方法，如缩短照顾时间、使用临时照顾和临时休息、在照顾者之间分配任务、使用社交或日托服务，可减轻他们的抑郁和焦虑症状。应监测他们的抑郁和焦虑，并应采用药物和非药物措施进行治疗。
{"title":"A Comparative Study on the Burden of Disease of Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder Type I, and Autism Spectrum Disorder on the Family Caregivers in Iran","authors":"Massoud Ahmadzadeh Asl, Ahmad Shojaee, B. Shariati, Maryam Rasoolian, Vahid Rashedi","doi":"10.32598/rj.22.3.3143.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/rj.22.3.3143.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Patients with severe psychiatric diseases, due to the debilitating and chronic nature of these diseases, requires prolonged care by family and other rated people. In addition to the patient, these diseases affect the caregiver and create high psychological, social, and individual pressure to take care of themselves. This study aims to compare the burden of schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder (BD) type 1, and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) on the family caregivers in Iran. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, using the non-probability sampling method, 450 family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, BD type 1, and ASD were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Data collection tools comprised a demographic checklist, short-form Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-12), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). The questionnaires were distributed to the patients selected from the Psychiatric Institute of Tehran, Iran Psychiatric Hospital, and Ali Asghar Hospital. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA for evaluating the relationship of demographic factors with the amount and severity of disease burden, and interclass correlation coefficient in SPSS v. 22. Results: The disease burden was higher on caregivers of ASD patients, followed by that of BD type 1 and schizophrenia patients. The highest and lowest hours of care were related to the ASD and schizophrenia groups, respectively. Women made up the majority of family caregivers. The educational level of family caregivers was higher in the BD type 1 group and was lower in the schizophrenia group. Most caregivers in the BD type 1 group were employed, while most of them in the schizophrenia group were housewives. The lowest and highest income levels were related to the family caregivers of ASD and schizophrenia groups, respectively. The highest and lowest hospitalization frequencies were seen in the BD type 1 and ASD groups, respectively. Conclusion: The burden of three diseases on the family caregivers is high. It is recommended that state-run consulting and screening centers be more active in this field. Because of the low-income level of some family caregivers, it is better to plan for more employment of family caregivers with the assistance of governmental and non-governmental organizations. It is better to hold strategic classes for the family caregivers to reduce their disease burden. Different methods to reduce the burden of diseases in caregivers, such as lowering care hours and using respite care and respite recess and dividing tasks between caregivers, using social or daycare services, can reduce their symptoms of depression and anxiety. Their depression and anxiety should be monitored, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures should be used for their treatment.","PeriodicalId":46374,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION","volume":"8 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90057635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Esmaeili, Siyamak Tahmsebi, Alireza Mohammadi Arya, P. Soltani
Objective: Family is like a school where parents teach the lessons of humanity and morality, which are the foundation of human happiness, to their children. Moral development is an essential part of children’s understanding of moral rules and principles. The lack of moral development, along with anxiety, and depression exposes children to antisocial and suicidal behaviors. Moral development is associated with parenting styles and attachment. This study aims to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and moral development of preschool children mediated by children’s attachment. Materials & Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 128 children (64 girls and 64 boys) selected from 8 preschools in Tehran Province, Iran, in 2020 using a cluster sampling technique. The study data were collected using three questionnaires: Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSQ), the Kinship Center Attachment Questionnaire (KCAQ), and Lotfabadi Moral Development Questionnaire (MDQ). The first two tools were completed by mothers of children, while the MDQ was completed by children. The Kolmogorov-Simonov test, correlation test (Enter method), analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis in SPSS v. 21. Results: The regression analysis results showed that parenting styles had a significant relationship with moral development (R=0.74, Adjusted R2=0.54, P=0.000). Also, attachment had a significant association with moral development (R=0.71, Adjusted R2=0.49, P=0.000). With one unit change in permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles, the moral development of preschool children can be predicted by 43.5%, 19%, and 37.6%, respectively. Moreover, with one unit change in positive adjustment/development, negative behavior, emotional reactivity, and distancing from caregiver support dimensions of attachment, the moral development of preschool children can be predicted by 33.6%, 38.4%, -26.4%, and -11.4%, respectively. Also, the results of the Sobel test showed that the attachment variable was the mediator of the relationship of parenting styles with moral development (z=2.29>1.96). Conclusion: The moral development of children is related to permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles. Besides, children’s attachment can mediate the relationship between parenting styles and moral development. More planning and follow-up are needed to improve the moral development of preschool children. When parents are consistent in their parenting styles, they provide their children with assertive and trusting behaviors. They should listen to their children and promote dialogue with them. Their discipline should be accompanied by warmness, logic, and flexibility and give their children the freedom to some extent. This treatment can help children develop their social behavior.
目的:家庭就像一所学校，父母在这里教给孩子人性和道德的课程，这是人类幸福的基础。道德发展是儿童理解道德规则和原则的重要组成部分。缺乏道德发展，加上焦虑和抑郁，使儿童暴露于反社会和自杀行为。道德发展与父母教养方式和依恋关系有关。本研究旨在探讨父母教养方式对学前儿童道德发展的影响。材料与方法:本描述性相关研究采用整群抽样技术，于2020年对伊朗德黑兰省8所幼儿园的128名儿童(64名女孩和64名男孩)进行了研究。研究数据采用鲍姆林德教养方式问卷(PSQ)、亲属中心依恋问卷(KCAQ)和洛特法巴迪道德发展问卷(MDQ)三份问卷收集。前两个工具是由孩子的母亲完成的，而MDQ是由孩子完成的。使用SPSS v. 21软件进行数据分析，采用Kolmogorov-Simonov检验、相关检验(Enter法)、方差分析和多元回归分析。结果:回归分析结果显示，父母教养方式与道德发展有显著相关(R=0.74，调整后R2=0.54, P=0.000)。此外，依恋与道德发展有显著相关(R=0.71，调整后R2=0.49, P=0.000)。放任型、专制型和权威型教养方式的单位变化对学龄前儿童道德发展的预测作用分别为43.5%、19%和37.6%。此外，在依恋的积极适应/发展、消极行为、情绪反应和远离照顾者支持维度上发生1个单位的变化，对学龄前儿童道德发展的预测效果分别为33.6%、38.4%、-26.4%和-11.4%。Sobel检验结果显示，依恋变量是教养方式与道德发展关系的中介变量(z=2.29 bb0 1.96)。结论:儿童的道德发展与纵容型、专制型和权威型教养方式有关。此外，儿童依恋可以中介父母教养方式与道德发展之间的关系。学龄前儿童的道德发展需要更多的规划和跟进。当父母的教养方式保持一致时，他们会给孩子提供自信和信任的行为。他们应该倾听孩子的声音，促进与他们的对话。他们的管教应该是温暖的，有逻辑性的，灵活的，给孩子一定程度的自由。这种治疗可以帮助孩子发展他们的社会行为。
{"title":"The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Moral Development of Preschool Children Mediated by Children’s Attachment","authors":"F. Esmaeili, Siyamak Tahmsebi, Alireza Mohammadi Arya, P. Soltani","doi":"10.32598/rj.22.3.3275.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/rj.22.3.3275.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Family is like a school where parents teach the lessons of humanity and morality, which are the foundation of human happiness, to their children. Moral development is an essential part of children’s understanding of moral rules and principles. The lack of moral development, along with anxiety, and depression exposes children to antisocial and suicidal behaviors. Moral development is associated with parenting styles and attachment. This study aims to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and moral development of preschool children mediated by children’s attachment. Materials & Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 128 children (64 girls and 64 boys) selected from 8 preschools in Tehran Province, Iran, in 2020 using a cluster sampling technique. The study data were collected using three questionnaires: Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSQ), the Kinship Center Attachment Questionnaire (KCAQ), and Lotfabadi Moral Development Questionnaire (MDQ). The first two tools were completed by mothers of children, while the MDQ was completed by children. The Kolmogorov-Simonov test, correlation test (Enter method), analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis in SPSS v. 21. Results: The regression analysis results showed that parenting styles had a significant relationship with moral development (R=0.74, Adjusted R2=0.54, P=0.000). Also, attachment had a significant association with moral development (R=0.71, Adjusted R2=0.49, P=0.000). With one unit change in permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles, the moral development of preschool children can be predicted by 43.5%, 19%, and 37.6%, respectively. Moreover, with one unit change in positive adjustment/development, negative behavior, emotional reactivity, and distancing from caregiver support dimensions of attachment, the moral development of preschool children can be predicted by 33.6%, 38.4%, -26.4%, and -11.4%, respectively. Also, the results of the Sobel test showed that the attachment variable was the mediator of the relationship of parenting styles with moral development (z=2.29>1.96). Conclusion: The moral development of children is related to permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles. Besides, children’s attachment can mediate the relationship between parenting styles and moral development. More planning and follow-up are needed to improve the moral development of preschool children. When parents are consistent in their parenting styles, they provide their children with assertive and trusting behaviors. They should listen to their children and promote dialogue with them. Their discipline should be accompanied by warmness, logic, and flexibility and give their children the freedom to some extent. This treatment can help children develop their social behavior.","PeriodicalId":46374,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION","volume":"242 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77753873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Sabzi Khoshnami, M. Arshi, F. Alipour, M. H. Javadi, H. Rafiey, Sara Noruzi
Objective: The re-entry of offenders to the community after their imprisonment is a sensitive and important stage and should always be considered by governmental and non-governmental organizations. The proper transition from prison to the community occurs when rehabilitation and social reintegration programs are developed and implemented based on the real needs of individuals. Social work is one of the professions that can help the judicial system with this issue. Many graduates of this profession provide social work services to prisoners and their families. Therefore, it is necessary to identify effective operational solutions in accordance with the conditions of the country and formulate a specific framework. This study aims to prepare a guideline for specialized social work intervention for community re-entry of offenders with a history of violence against individuals. Materials & Methods: In this study, a qualitative approach was used to prepare the specialized guideline. First, the initial barriers and facilitators of successful community re-entry for offenders with a history of violence against individuals were prepared using thematic analysis. Then, based on the protocols of the social work process, the initial draft was developed. Next, at a focus group discussion session with faculty members and experts, the draft was reviewed and improved. To assess its applicability, we used the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) tool. Results: Intertwined concerns, protective shields, welfare/economic security, social support, and achieving relative independence were identified as the five dimensions of successful community re-entry. The specialized social work interventions were presented after approval in four main stages: preparation for the case plan, development of the case plan, interventions and actions, and monitoring and review of interventions. The results of evaluation by AGREE tool showed an overall acceptable average of 58.7% (82.9% for scope and purpose, 88.1% for stakeholder involvement, 85.6% for rigor of development, 83% for clarity of presentation, 84.9% for applicability, and 89.8% for editorial independence). The users of this guideline are social workers and other professions related to prisons and training and security organizations, especially after-release care centers. Conclusion: Investing in rehabilitation programs for prisoners is one of the best and most cost-effective ways to prevent the reoccurrence of violence, which not only has beneficial effects on those concerned but also promotes public safety. This issue becomes important when social reintegration and rehabilitation programs are developed based on scientific approaches and perspectives. Future studies on the effectiveness of the developed guideline, considering the local conditions, can help identify the effective factors of re-entry to the community in newly released prisoners. The skills and capabilities of social workers in presenting s
{"title":"Guide to Social Work Intervention for Community Re-entry of Offenders With a History of Violence Against Individuals","authors":"Mohammad Sabzi Khoshnami, M. Arshi, F. Alipour, M. H. Javadi, H. Rafiey, Sara Noruzi","doi":"10.32598/rj.22.3.901.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/rj.22.3.901.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The re-entry of offenders to the community after their imprisonment is a sensitive and important stage and should always be considered by governmental and non-governmental organizations. The proper transition from prison to the community occurs when rehabilitation and social reintegration programs are developed and implemented based on the real needs of individuals. Social work is one of the professions that can help the judicial system with this issue. Many graduates of this profession provide social work services to prisoners and their families. Therefore, it is necessary to identify effective operational solutions in accordance with the conditions of the country and formulate a specific framework. This study aims to prepare a guideline for specialized social work intervention for community re-entry of offenders with a history of violence against individuals. Materials & Methods: In this study, a qualitative approach was used to prepare the specialized guideline. First, the initial barriers and facilitators of successful community re-entry for offenders with a history of violence against individuals were prepared using thematic analysis. Then, based on the protocols of the social work process, the initial draft was developed. Next, at a focus group discussion session with faculty members and experts, the draft was reviewed and improved. To assess its applicability, we used the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) tool. Results: Intertwined concerns, protective shields, welfare/economic security, social support, and achieving relative independence were identified as the five dimensions of successful community re-entry. The specialized social work interventions were presented after approval in four main stages: preparation for the case plan, development of the case plan, interventions and actions, and monitoring and review of interventions. The results of evaluation by AGREE tool showed an overall acceptable average of 58.7% (82.9% for scope and purpose, 88.1% for stakeholder involvement, 85.6% for rigor of development, 83% for clarity of presentation, 84.9% for applicability, and 89.8% for editorial independence). The users of this guideline are social workers and other professions related to prisons and training and security organizations, especially after-release care centers. Conclusion: Investing in rehabilitation programs for prisoners is one of the best and most cost-effective ways to prevent the reoccurrence of violence, which not only has beneficial effects on those concerned but also promotes public safety. This issue becomes important when social reintegration and rehabilitation programs are developed based on scientific approaches and perspectives. Future studies on the effectiveness of the developed guideline, considering the local conditions, can help identify the effective factors of re-entry to the community in newly released prisoners. The skills and capabilities of social workers in presenting s","PeriodicalId":46374,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION","volume":"33 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82774467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: The role of the service sector in general and healthcare services in particular have been promoting in Iran’s economy. The implementation of the Health System Transformation Plan and the injection of new financial resources into this sector have raised concerns about the health system function. Thus, this is the first attempt to estimate and evaluate the share of rehabilitation services in the Iranian economic and health systems. Materials & Methods: The study utilized longitudinal trend analysis using the National Health Accounts data during 2002-2015. National Health Accounts, through input-output tables, breaks down the share of different sources of financing for different functions of the health system. According to this method, both the share of rehabilitation services in Iran’s economy and the financing sources of these activities have been calculated and compared to other countries. Data on Iran's National Health Accounts has been collected from the Statistical Center of Iran. International data is collected from the World Health Organization's National Health Accounts and the databases of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member countries. Results: Expenditures related to rehabilitation services in Iran increased from 884 billion rials in 2002 to more than 2967 billion rials in 1396, equivalent to 0.02% of Iran's GDP in that year. The share of rehabilitation expenditures in total health expenditures in 2007 was at its highest level (0.3%). In the following years, it has always had a decreasing trend. In 1396 it reached about 22.0%, the lowest amount during 16 Last year. Comparing the economic share of rehabilitation of the country's economic activities with different countries shows that the position of this sector is in no way comparable to developed countries and is even lower than many developing countries. Tunisia, Tonga, and Moldova have a similar situation to Iran's economy, with rehabilitation services accounting for about 0.05 to 0.1 percent of their total economic activity. Comparison of the prevalence of disability in these countries with Iran shows that these countries had a lower prevalence than Iran. Examination of the share of various sources shows that out-of-pocket payments with households with 6.37 percent, the most, and the government with 7.18 percent had the least role in financing rehabilitation services. It is noteworthy that this figure was about 65% before implementing the health system transformation plan. Social insurance in 2017 also covered only 6.24% of rehabilitation costs. Conclusion: Inaccessibility of people with disabilities to healthcare services is a very serious issue in the world. The rehabilitation services expenditures have always been mentioned as one of the most important barriers of accessing to these services. Following the implementation of the Health Transformation Plan, the share of rehabilitation activities in Iran’s health market has been shrunk.
{"title":"Economic Profile of Iranian Rehabilitation Services: 2002-2017","authors":"M. Basakha","doi":"10.32598/rj.22.3.3131.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/rj.22.3.3131.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The role of the service sector in general and healthcare services in particular have been promoting in Iran’s economy. The implementation of the Health System Transformation Plan and the injection of new financial resources into this sector have raised concerns about the health system function. Thus, this is the first attempt to estimate and evaluate the share of rehabilitation services in the Iranian economic and health systems. Materials & Methods: The study utilized longitudinal trend analysis using the National Health Accounts data during 2002-2015. National Health Accounts, through input-output tables, breaks down the share of different sources of financing for different functions of the health system. According to this method, both the share of rehabilitation services in Iran’s economy and the financing sources of these activities have been calculated and compared to other countries. Data on Iran's National Health Accounts has been collected from the Statistical Center of Iran. International data is collected from the World Health Organization's National Health Accounts and the databases of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member countries. Results: Expenditures related to rehabilitation services in Iran increased from 884 billion rials in 2002 to more than 2967 billion rials in 1396, equivalent to 0.02% of Iran's GDP in that year. The share of rehabilitation expenditures in total health expenditures in 2007 was at its highest level (0.3%). In the following years, it has always had a decreasing trend. In 1396 it reached about 22.0%, the lowest amount during 16 Last year. Comparing the economic share of rehabilitation of the country's economic activities with different countries shows that the position of this sector is in no way comparable to developed countries and is even lower than many developing countries. Tunisia, Tonga, and Moldova have a similar situation to Iran's economy, with rehabilitation services accounting for about 0.05 to 0.1 percent of their total economic activity. Comparison of the prevalence of disability in these countries with Iran shows that these countries had a lower prevalence than Iran. Examination of the share of various sources shows that out-of-pocket payments with households with 6.37 percent, the most, and the government with 7.18 percent had the least role in financing rehabilitation services. It is noteworthy that this figure was about 65% before implementing the health system transformation plan. Social insurance in 2017 also covered only 6.24% of rehabilitation costs. Conclusion: Inaccessibility of people with disabilities to healthcare services is a very serious issue in the world. The rehabilitation services expenditures have always been mentioned as one of the most important barriers of accessing to these services. Following the implementation of the Health Transformation Plan, the share of rehabilitation activities in Iran’s health market has been shrunk.","PeriodicalId":46374,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89849520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Bachari, Ghazaleh Mandani, Roya Ghasemzadeh, S. Shahali
Objective: Chronic Multiple Sclerosis (MS) often occurs in middle-aged people, who are supposed to take their most important roles in the family and community and thus affect their self-advocacy. This study aimed to identify the barriers to self-advocacy in women with MS. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted using a qualitative content analysis method. The participants were 10 female members of the MS Association of Khuzestan Province of Iran aged 30-40 years with different educational levels, marital status, and occupations. They were selected using a purposive sampling method. The study data were collected through semi-structured interviews and continued until data saturation from June to November 2019. The content analysis was performed using Lundman and Graneheim’s qualitative content analysis method with an inductive approach conducted continuously and simultaneously with data collection. To evaluate the validity and reliability of qualitative data, we used Lincoln and Guba criteria (credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability). Results: The data analysis revealed 900 codes, 21 subcategories, and 6 themes of family barriers, medical barriers, job-related barriers, environmental barriers, sociocultural barriers, and psychological barriers. Conclusion: Women with MS face a variety of barriers to self-advocacy; most of them are related to family, environment, and society, in addition to personal barriers. Social support and the availability of sufficient and appropriate information about MS can play an important role in confronting these women with mentioned barriers and realizing their self-advocacy.
{"title":"Identifying Barriers to Self-advocacy in Women With Multiple Sclerosis in Iran: A Qualitative Study","authors":"Sara Bachari, Ghazaleh Mandani, Roya Ghasemzadeh, S. Shahali","doi":"10.32598/rj.22.3.3277.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/rj.22.3.3277.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Chronic Multiple Sclerosis (MS) often occurs in middle-aged people, who are supposed to take their most important roles in the family and community and thus affect their self-advocacy. This study aimed to identify the barriers to self-advocacy in women with MS. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted using a qualitative content analysis method. The participants were 10 female members of the MS Association of Khuzestan Province of Iran aged 30-40 years with different educational levels, marital status, and occupations. They were selected using a purposive sampling method. The study data were collected through semi-structured interviews and continued until data saturation from June to November 2019. The content analysis was performed using Lundman and Graneheim’s qualitative content analysis method with an inductive approach conducted continuously and simultaneously with data collection. To evaluate the validity and reliability of qualitative data, we used Lincoln and Guba criteria (credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability). Results: The data analysis revealed 900 codes, 21 subcategories, and 6 themes of family barriers, medical barriers, job-related barriers, environmental barriers, sociocultural barriers, and psychological barriers. Conclusion: Women with MS face a variety of barriers to self-advocacy; most of them are related to family, environment, and society, in addition to personal barriers. Social support and the availability of sufficient and appropriate information about MS can play an important role in confronting these women with mentioned barriers and realizing their self-advocacy.","PeriodicalId":46374,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78091319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: One of the essential needs of patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and their families is the rehabilitation services to improve patients’ performance in social interactions and communication. However, access and use of these services pose many challenges for patients with ASD and service providers. This study systematically reviews the challenges of access and use of rehabilitation services for patients with ASD. Materials & Methods: This is a systematic review of the articles published from 2010 to 2020 in Persian and English on the challenges of accessing and using rehabilitation services for patients with ASD. The search was conducted in online databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, SID, and MagIran using the keywords of “challenge”, “utilization”, “accessibility”, “rehabilitation”, “healthcare”, and “autism”. The initial search yielded 142 articles. After checking their titles, 102 articles were removed because they were irrelevant or duplicates, and 40 remained. Finally, 14 studies were selected for the review after checking their abstracts and considering the inclusion criteria. Results: In general, due to the nature of ASD, patients and their families have many challenges in accessing and using rehabilitation services. Their essential challenges were high costs of services, insufficient insurance coverage, lack of parental involvement in healthcare, scarcity of some essential services, lack of access to specialists in ASD, no government support, long waiting times, no transportation, lack of information of parents about how to access the required services, heterogeneity of services provided in different centers, inefficiency in diagnosing and screening people with ASD, lack of rehabilitation monitoring, incoordination between autism centers, challenges related to the structure and maintenance of services, and low manpower of service providers. Conclusion: People with ASD face several challenges in accessing and using rehabilitation services. Our study results can be helpful for the effective use of rehabilitation services by these patients, improving their living conditions, and ultimately their quality of life. Recognizing these challenges can pave the way for policymakers, intervention managers, and planners to take more effective steps for providing rehabilitation services to patients with ASD as their human rights. The authorities should pay more attention to existing resources, adopt and implement the necessary programs, solve the identified challenges, and reform the administrative structures of autism rehabilitation.
{"title":"Challenges of Accessing and Using Rehabilitation Services in People With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review","authors":"Mahta Alsadat Aarabi, K. Abdi, M. Khanjani","doi":"10.32598/rj.22.3.3259.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/rj.22.3.3259.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: One of the essential needs of patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and their families is the rehabilitation services to improve patients’ performance in social interactions and communication. However, access and use of these services pose many challenges for patients with ASD and service providers. This study systematically reviews the challenges of access and use of rehabilitation services for patients with ASD. Materials & Methods: This is a systematic review of the articles published from 2010 to 2020 in Persian and English on the challenges of accessing and using rehabilitation services for patients with ASD. The search was conducted in online databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, SID, and MagIran using the keywords of “challenge”, “utilization”, “accessibility”, “rehabilitation”, “healthcare”, and “autism”. The initial search yielded 142 articles. After checking their titles, 102 articles were removed because they were irrelevant or duplicates, and 40 remained. Finally, 14 studies were selected for the review after checking their abstracts and considering the inclusion criteria. Results: In general, due to the nature of ASD, patients and their families have many challenges in accessing and using rehabilitation services. Their essential challenges were high costs of services, insufficient insurance coverage, lack of parental involvement in healthcare, scarcity of some essential services, lack of access to specialists in ASD, no government support, long waiting times, no transportation, lack of information of parents about how to access the required services, heterogeneity of services provided in different centers, inefficiency in diagnosing and screening people with ASD, lack of rehabilitation monitoring, incoordination between autism centers, challenges related to the structure and maintenance of services, and low manpower of service providers. Conclusion: People with ASD face several challenges in accessing and using rehabilitation services. Our study results can be helpful for the effective use of rehabilitation services by these patients, improving their living conditions, and ultimately their quality of life. Recognizing these challenges can pave the way for policymakers, intervention managers, and planners to take more effective steps for providing rehabilitation services to patients with ASD as their human rights. The authorities should pay more attention to existing resources, adopt and implement the necessary programs, solve the identified challenges, and reform the administrative structures of autism rehabilitation.","PeriodicalId":46374,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78127651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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