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Implications of irrigation water quality in tropical farms 热带农田灌溉水质的影响
IF 3.4 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22034/GJESM.2022.01.06
B. Tamara, A. Torregroza-Espinosa, D. Osorio, M. Pallares, A. Paternina, A. González
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Irrigation system water quality is a complex issue that involves the combined effects of various surface water management parameters. Monitoring of irrigation water quality is essential for the sustainability of crop production and productivity. The department of Sucre, in northern Colombia, is predominantly a ranching and agricultural region where agriculture is the main source for livelihoods. The purpose of this study was to assess the physicochemical quality of surface water in irrigation systems at 141 farms.METHODS: To this end, 141 water samples were taken to determine 22 physicochemical parameters. All in-situ measurements and laboratory analysis were performed using standard methods. The results obtained were compared with the international standards proposed by the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. Salinity and sodicity were measured using the irrigation water classification diagram, and the level of correlation between the 22 variables was assessed by means of correlation analysis.FINDINGS: The results obtained indicate that based on the measured parameters, the water is classified as appropriate for use in irrigation systems. The maximum and minimum pH values were 9.32 and 4.40, respectively; the maximum and minimum values of electrical conductivity were 669 and 19.80 µS/cm respectively; the maximum and minimum values of total dissolved solids were 478 and 11.80 mg/L respectively, and the maximum and minimum values of the sodium adsorption ratio were 1.72 and 0.01 mEq/L, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cation and anion concentrations were within the limits allowed by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the WHO. According to the irrigation water classification diagram, the waters were classified as C1S1 and C2S1, which implies that there are no restrictions for their use in irrigation systems, water type (I) and type (II).
背景与目的:灌溉系统水质是一个复杂的问题,涉及各种地表水管理参数的综合影响。监测灌溉水质对作物生产和生产力的可持续性至关重要。苏克雷省位于哥伦比亚北部,主要是一个牧场和农业地区,农业是主要的生计来源。本研究的目的是评估141个农场灌溉系统中地表水的物理化学质量。方法:采集水样141份,测定22项理化参数。所有现场测量和实验室分析均采用标准方法进行。所得结果与联合国粮食及农业组织和世界卫生组织提出的国际标准进行了比较。采用灌溉水分类图测定盐度和碱度,通过相关分析评价22个变量之间的相关程度。结果:所得结果表明,根据测量参数,水被分类为适合用于灌溉系统。pH最大值为9.32,最小值为4.40;电导率最大值为669µS/cm,最小值为19.80µS/cm;总溶解固形物的最大值和最小值分别为478和11.80 mg/L,钠吸附比的最大值和最小值分别为1.72和0.01 mEq/L。结论:正离子和阴离子浓度均在联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织允许的范围内。根据灌溉水分类图,水被分为C1S1和C2S1,这意味着它们在灌溉系统中的使用没有限制,水类型(I)和类型(II)。
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引用次数: 1
Solid medical waste management practices and awareness in COVID-19 screening stations COVID-19筛查站固体医疗废物管理做法和意识
IF 3.4 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22034/gjesm.2022.03.03
S. Alzghoul, O. Smadi, T. Almomani, M. Alzghoul, O. M. Albataineh
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: During the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, an effective and efficient medical waste management plan is required to prevent disease transmission fromthe Coronavirus disease 2019 viral solid wastes. Screening stations are critical locations wheresolid Coronavirus disease 2019 wastes are created. Solid trash collection and managementstrategies for screening stations must be studied as they are the first point of origin for solidCoronavirus disease 2019 wastes. The goal of this study is to evaluate the level of healthcareworkers’ knowledge in the medical waste management field in Jordanian Coronavirus disease2019 screening stations, with an emphasis on understanding and implementing Jordanianmedical waste management protocols, by examining the awareness, perspective, and practiceabout the many aspects of Coronavirus disease 2019 wastes.METHODS: A study sample (n = 78) involving technicians, nurses, and physicians working atvarious screening stations in Jordan’s public and private sectors was evaluated. From April2021 to September 2021, a cross-sectional survey involving questionnaires was carried out.The survey included questions on medical waste management knowledge and awarenessamong healthcare personnel regarding the Coronavirus 2019 medical waste administrative andcollection procedures.There are various limitations to this cross-sectional study that should be noted. This is a studyconducted among health care employees when an overwhelming amount of coronavirusdisease cases were being recorded locally and worldwide, affecting transportation ability andminimizing time spent with screening station personnel.FINDINGS: The outcomes of the first module of the questionnaire revealed a high degree ofmedical waste management knowledge and awareness among healthcare staff. On the otherhand, nurses demonstrated the highest awareness and application of COVID-19 medical wasteadministrative procedures. Furthermore, the results of the third module revealed that theprivate sector fails to successfully execute national and international procedures, with the mostsignificant negative responses among other categories.CONCLUSION: It was concluded that Jordan’s solid waste collection and disposal methods wereeffectively implemented, which might aid in the virus eradication. Even though most Jordanianscreening stations have effectively implemented knowledge and awareness regarding solidCoronavirus disease 2019 wastes management practices, there is a need to undertake periodictraining and continuous monitoring with a specific focus on the appropriate administrative andcollecting processes for both technicians, and private sector stations © 2022 GJESM. All rights reserved
背景与目的:在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,需要制定有效和高效的医疗废物管理计划,以防止2019冠状病毒病病毒固体废物的疾病传播。筛查站是产生2019冠状病毒固体废物的关键地点。筛查站是2019冠状病毒病固体废物的第一个来源,因此必须研究其固体垃圾收集和管理策略。本研究的目的是评估约旦2019冠状病毒病筛查站医护人员在医疗废物管理领域的知识水平,重点是理解和实施约旦医疗废物管理方案,通过检查对2019冠状病毒病废物的许多方面的认识、观点和实践。方法:对研究样本(n = 78)进行评估,包括在约旦公共和私营部门各筛查站工作的技术人员、护士和医生。于2021年4月至2021年9月进行横断面问卷调查。调查内容包括医疗废物管理知识以及医护人员对2019冠状病毒医疗废物管理和收集程序的认识。需要注意的是,本横断面研究存在各种局限性。这是一项在医疗保健员工中进行的研究,当时当地和全球都记录了大量冠状病毒疾病病例,影响了运输能力,并最大限度地减少了与筛查站人员在一起的时间。结果:调查问卷第一模块的结果显示医护人员对医疗废物管理的知识和意识程度较高。另一方面,护士对COVID-19医疗废物管理程序的认知度和应用程度最高。此外,第三个模块的结果显示,私营部门未能成功执行国家和国际程序,在其他类别中,负面反应最为显著。结论:约旦的固体废物收集和处理方法得到有效实施,可能有助于根除该病毒。尽管大多数约旦筛查站已经有效地落实了关于2019年固体冠状病毒病废物管理做法的知识和意识,但仍需要进行定期培训和持续监测,特别关注技术人员和私营部门筛查站的适当行政和收集流程©2022 GJESM。版权所有
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引用次数: 3
Agricultural waste management generated by agro-based industries using biotechnology tools 农业产业利用生物技术工具产生的农业废物管理
IF 3.4 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-10-22 DOI: 10.22034/GJESM.2022.02.10
D. Sivakumar, P. Srikanth, P. W. Ramteke, J. Nouri
The amount of agricultural waste generated by agro-based industries such as palm oil, rubber, and wood processing plants have more than tripled. Selangor, Perak, and Johor account for 65.7 percent of the total number of recognised pollution sources in the manufacturing and agro-based sectors. Livestock dung is another major cause of pollution, contributing significantly to increase pollution levels in the environment. Large portion of agro-industrial waste is untreated and unused, it is frequently disposed of by replicating or dumping then again off the cuff landfilling.  These untreated wastes wreak havoc on natural change by releasing ozone-depleting chemicals. Aside from that, the usage of fossil fuels is also leading to an increase in ozone-depleting compounds. Agro-waste is a huge environmental hazard in the current epidemic situation. The management of agro-waste and the conversion of agro-waste into a usable product through the application of biotechnological technologies in agriculture are receiving a lot of attention in today''s world. Solid state fermentation is the finest approach for converting agro-waste into valuable bio products among biotechnological instruments.  Various agro-wastes such as wheat straw, barley straw, cotton stalks, sunflower stacks, and oil cakes from various agriculture goods, as well as major horticulture wastes such as apple, mango, orange peels, and potato peels, were used to create beneficial products in this review.  All aspects of the production of industrial products from various agro-waste by using microorganisms such as Amycolatopsis Mediterranean, Xanthomonas campestries, and Aspergillus niger producing biopolymers such as polysaccharides, similar to starch, cellulose, agar, hemi-celluloses, gelatin, alginate, and carrageenan are covered in the current revels. Yeasts and cyanobacteria are commonly employed to make bio-lipids, whereas Bacillus species are utilised to make proteins and bio-enzymes. Cucumber and orange strips, on the other hand, have recently been employed to create proteins and bio-enzymes.  As a result, this review covers the many forms of agro-wastes and their by-products as well as biotechnological technologies used to treat them.
棕榈油、橡胶和木材加工厂等以农业为基础的工业产生的农业废物量增加了两倍多。雪兰莪州、霹雳州和柔佛州占制造业和农业部门公认污染源总数的65.7%。牲畜粪便是污染的另一个主要原因,大大增加了环境污染水平。大部分农业工业废物未经处理和未使用,通常通过复制或倾倒处理,然后再进行即兴填埋。这些未经处理的废物通过释放消耗臭氧层的化学物质对自然变化造成严重破坏。除此之外,化石燃料的使用也导致了臭氧消耗化合物的增加。在当前疫情形势下,农业废弃物是一个巨大的环境危害。农业废弃物的管理以及通过生物技术在农业中的应用将农业废弃物转化为可用产品是当今世界备受关注的问题。在生物技术手段中,固体发酵是将农业废弃物转化为有价值生物产品的最佳途径。各种农业废弃物,如小麦秸秆、大麦秸秆、棉花秸秆、向日葵堆和各种农产品的油饼,以及主要的园艺废弃物,如苹果、芒果、橘子皮和马铃薯皮,在本综述中被用于制造有益的产品。从各种农业废弃物中利用微生物生产工业产品的各个方面,如地中海Amycolatopsis Mediterranean,黄单胞菌campestries和黑曲霉生产生物聚合物,如多糖,类似于淀粉,纤维素,琼脂,半纤维素,明胶,海藻酸盐和卡拉胶都涵盖在当前的报告中。酵母和蓝藻通常被用来制造生物脂,而芽孢杆菌被用来制造蛋白质和生物酶。另一方面,黄瓜和橘子条最近被用来制造蛋白质和生物酶。因此,本综述涵盖了多种形式的农业废物及其副产品以及用于处理它们的生物技术。
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引用次数: 11
Estimation and mapping of the contribution of nitric acid to atmospheric corrosion of zinc 硝酸对锌的大气腐蚀贡献的估算和作图
IF 3.4 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.22034/GJESM.2021.04.03
J. O. Castillo-Miranda, F. Rodríguez-Gómez, J. Genesca-Llongueras, L. Ruiz-Suárez, J. A. García-Reynoso
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Atmospheric zinc corrosion in the Mexico City Metropolitan area has long been attributed mainly to the effect of pollutants such as sulfur dipxide. There are changes in the urban atmosphere's chemical composition due to the implementation of air quality policies focused on reducing the emission of sulfur dipxide and other pollutants. This study's objectives were to estimate and map the contribution of nitric acid on zinc's atmospheric corrosion process METHODS: The impact of nitric acid on zinc is feasible to estimate using a function for a multi-pollutant situation. This function contemplates the sum of two contributions: one of nitric acid and another that includes sulfuric acid and climatic parameters. The multi-pollutant function is suitable to apply in areas without the strong influence of chlorides and tropical and subtropical climates, comparable to the Mexico City Metropolitan area. FINDINGS: The results showed that spatial and temporal estimation of corrosion rates in grams per square meter of zinc was made for 2015-2019, using data modeling in a geographic information system. The maps of corrosion rates allowed us to visualize that, in general, the "southwest" zone has the most significant effects and that the lowest corrosion rates were presented in 2019 as an outcome of the implementation of air quality programs. Furthermore, a contribution of nitric acid up to 32% to the zinc corrosion rate was estimated. CONCLUSION: The construction of corrosion rate maps provides a spatial and temporal estimate that allows visualizing areas where zinc materials are at risk corrosion due to the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants and climatic parameters. Likewise, it can represent a decision-making tool for the implementation of atmospheric corrosion studies of materials.
背景与目的:长期以来,人们一直认为墨西哥市区大气锌腐蚀主要是由二氧化硫等污染物造成的。由于实施了以减少二氧化硫和其他污染物排放为重点的空气质量政策,城市大气的化学成分发生了变化。本研究的目的是估计和绘制硝酸对锌的大气腐蚀过程的贡献。方法:使用多污染物情况的函数来估计硝酸对锌的影响是可行的。这个函数考虑了两个贡献的总和:一个是硝酸,另一个包括硫酸和气候参数。多污染物功能适用于没有氯化物强烈影响的地区以及热带和亚热带气候,可与墨西哥城大都市区相媲美。结果表明,利用地理信息系统中的数据建模,对2015-2019年以克/平方米锌为单位的腐蚀速率进行了时空估算。腐蚀速率图使我们能够直观地看到,总体而言,“西南”区域的影响最为显著,由于实施了空气质量计划,2019年的腐蚀速率最低。此外,估计硝酸对锌腐蚀速率的贡献高达32%。结论:腐蚀速率图的构建提供了一个空间和时间估计,可以可视化锌材料由于大气污染物和气候参数的分散而面临腐蚀风险的区域。同样,它可以作为实施材料大气腐蚀研究的决策工具。
{"title":"Estimation and mapping of the contribution of nitric acid to atmospheric corrosion of zinc","authors":"J. O. Castillo-Miranda, F. Rodríguez-Gómez, J. Genesca-Llongueras, L. Ruiz-Suárez, J. A. García-Reynoso","doi":"10.22034/GJESM.2021.04.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22034/GJESM.2021.04.03","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Atmospheric zinc corrosion in the Mexico City Metropolitan area has long been attributed mainly to the effect of pollutants such as sulfur dipxide. There are changes in the urban atmosphere's chemical composition due to the implementation of air quality policies focused on reducing the emission of sulfur dipxide and other pollutants. This study's objectives were to estimate and map the contribution of nitric acid on zinc's atmospheric corrosion process METHODS: The impact of nitric acid on zinc is feasible to estimate using a function for a multi-pollutant situation. This function contemplates the sum of two contributions: one of nitric acid and another that includes sulfuric acid and climatic parameters. The multi-pollutant function is suitable to apply in areas without the strong influence of chlorides and tropical and subtropical climates, comparable to the Mexico City Metropolitan area. FINDINGS: The results showed that spatial and temporal estimation of corrosion rates in grams per square meter of zinc was made for 2015-2019, using data modeling in a geographic information system. The maps of corrosion rates allowed us to visualize that, in general, the \"southwest\" zone has the most significant effects and that the lowest corrosion rates were presented in 2019 as an outcome of the implementation of air quality programs. Furthermore, a contribution of nitric acid up to 32% to the zinc corrosion rate was estimated. CONCLUSION: The construction of corrosion rate maps provides a spatial and temporal estimate that allows visualizing areas where zinc materials are at risk corrosion due to the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants and climatic parameters. Likewise, it can represent a decision-making tool for the implementation of atmospheric corrosion studies of materials.","PeriodicalId":46495,"journal":{"name":"GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT-GJESM","volume":"7 1","pages":"523-542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45533643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Application of amorphous zirconium (hydr)oxide/MgFe layered double hydroxides composite in fixed-bed column for phosphate removal from water 无定形氧化锆/MgFe层状双氢氧化物复合材料在固定床柱中的应用
IF 3.4 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.22034/GJESM.2021.04.01
Atin Nuryadin, T. Imai
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fixed-bed column has been considered an industrially feasible technique for phosphate removal from water. Besides the adsorption capacity, the effectiveness of an adsorbent is also determined by its reusability efficiency. In this study, phosphate removal by a synthesized amorphous zirconium (hydr)oxide/MgFe layered double hydroxides composite in a fixed-bed column system was examined.  METHODS: The effects of flow rate, bed height, phosphate concentration, solution pH, and adsorbent particle size on the phosphate adsorption ability were examined through a series of continuous adsorption experiments. The appropriate breakthrough curve models, phosphate adsorption from real anaerobic sludge and synthetic seawater, column regeneration and reusability, and adsorption mechanism were also investigated for practical application feasibility.  FINDINGS: The results showed that the increased bed height and phosphate concentration, and reduced flow rate, pH, and adsorbent particle size were found to increase the column adsorption capacity. The optimum adsorption capacity of 25.15 mg-P/g was obtained at pH 4. The coexistence of seawater ions had a positive effect on the phosphate adsorption capacity of the composite. Nearly complete phosphate desorption, with a desorption efficiency of 91.7%, could be effectively achieved by 0.1 N NaOH for an hour. Moreover, the initial adsorption capacity was maintained at approximately 83% even after eight adsorption-desorption cycles, indicating that the composite is economically feasible. The high phosphate adsorption capacity of the composite involves three main adsorption mechanisms, which are electrostatic attraction, inner-sphere complexation, and anion exchange, where the amorphous zirconium hydr(oxide) on the surface of the layered double hydroxides likely increased the number of active binding sites and surface area for adsorption.  CONCLUSION: The amorphous zirconium (hydr)oxide/MgFe layered double hydroxides composite, with its high adsorption capacity and superior reusability, has the potential to be utilized as an adsorbent for phosphorus removal in practical wastewater treatment. This study provides insights into the design of amorphous zirconium (hydr)oxide/MgFe layered double hydroxides composite for phosphorus removal and recovery in a practical system. ==========================================================================================COPYRIGHTS©2021 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers.==========================================================================================
背景和目的:固定床柱被认为是一种工业上可行的去除水中磷酸盐的技术。除吸附能力外,吸附剂的有效性还取决于其重复使用效率。在本研究中,研究了在固定床柱系统中合成的无定形氧化锆/MgFe层状双氢氧化物复合物对磷酸盐的去除。方法:通过一系列连续吸附实验,考察流速、床高、磷酸盐浓度、溶液pH和吸附剂粒度对磷酸盐吸附能力的影响。研究了合适的穿透曲线模型、真实厌氧污泥和合成海水对磷酸盐的吸附、柱再生和重复使用以及吸附机理,以确定实际应用的可行性。结果表明,床层高度和磷酸盐浓度的增加,流速、pH值和吸附剂粒度的减小,都会增加柱的吸附能力。在pH值为4时,最佳吸附量为25.15mg-P/g。海水离子的共存对复合材料的磷酸盐吸附能力有积极影响。0.1N NaOH作用1小时,可有效地实现近完全的磷酸盐解吸,解吸效率为91.7%。此外,即使在8次吸附-解吸循环后,初始吸附容量仍保持在约83%,表明该复合材料在经济上是可行的。复合材料的高磷酸盐吸附能力涉及三种主要的吸附机制,即静电吸引、内层络合和阴离子交换,其中层状双氢氧化物表面的无定形氢氧化锆可能增加了活性结合位点的数量和吸附表面积。结论:无定形氧化锆/MgFe层状双氢氧化物复合材料具有较高的吸附能力和良好的重复使用性能,具有在实际废水处理中用作除磷吸附剂的潜力。本研究为在实际系统中设计用于磷去除和回收的无定形氧化锆/MgFe层状双氢氧化物复合材料提供了见解==========================================================================================版权所有©2021作者。这是一篇根据知识共享署名(CC BY 4.0)条款分发的开放获取文章,该条款允许在任何媒体上不受限制地使用、分发和复制,只要引用了原始作者和来源。不需要作者或出版商的许可==========================================================================================
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引用次数: 5
Analysis of legislative acts in water management 水资源管理立法行为分析
IF 3.4 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.22034/GJESM.2021.04.07
J. Nesiba, R. Čuhlová
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This paper focuses on the development of Czech laws of water resource protection. The presented research examines the statistical data of the number and type of legislative acts concerning to water protection issued in the Czech Republic during the period 1990-2019. Several types of legislative acts are followed in administrative law and statistically compared by the development in time and its type. The survey focuses on general water protection acts, water sewage management, agriculture sector, hygiene standards, and the protection of the basins of Czech rivers (e.g., blue water and gray water). METHODS: The analysis firstly concerns to the development of the number of legislative acts during 1990-2019 and secondly discusses a diversification of the legislative acts types (laws, decrees, resolutions, regulations, and strategic plans). A total of 12,272 legislative acts is analyzed during three phases of Czech modern history: 1990-1992 (Czechoslovakia), 1993-2003 (Czech Republic before its accession to the European Union), and 2004-2019 (Czech Republic in the European Union). FINDINGS: Statistical elaboration of legislative acts proves that it is possible to determine different types of water management over time. Protection of water resource management in the Czech Republic was forming from crisis management (1990-1992), via operational management (1993-2003) to strategic management (2004-2019). Current trends after 2020 show a new trend towards integral management. CONCLUSION: Findings provide better understanding of changeable importance of water protection and management attitudes in the Czech Republic in reaction to the development of society.  ==========================================================================================COPYRIGHTS©2021 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers.==========================================================================================
背景与目的:本文主要研究捷克水资源保护法律的发展。本研究考察了1990年至2019年期间捷克共和国颁布的与水保护有关的立法行为的数量和类型的统计数据。在行政法上遵循了几种立法行为类型,并对其发展的时间和类型进行了统计比较。调查的重点是一般水保护法、污水管理、农业部门、卫生标准和保护捷克河流流域(例如蓝水和灰水)。方法:首先分析1990-2019年期间立法行为数量的发展,其次讨论立法行为类型(法律、法令、决议、法规和战略计划)的多样化。在捷克近代史的三个阶段,即1990-1992年(捷克斯洛伐克)、1993-2003年(加入欧盟前的捷克共和国)和2004-2019年(加入欧盟的捷克共和国),共分析了12272项立法行为。调查结果:立法行为的统计阐述证明,随着时间的推移,确定不同类型的水管理是可能的。捷克共和国的水资源保护管理从危机管理(1990-1992年),到业务管理(1993-2003年),再到战略管理(2004-2019年)。2020年以后的趋势是一体化管理的新趋势。结论:研究结果更好地理解了捷克共和国随着社会发展而变化的水保护和管理态度的重要性。========================================================================================== 版权©2021年作者(年代)。这是一篇根据知识共享署名协议(CC BY 4.0)发布的开放获取文章,该协议允许在任何媒体上不受限制地使用、分发和复制,只要引用原作者和来源。不需要许可从作者和出版商 .==========================================================================================
{"title":"Analysis of legislative acts in water management","authors":"J. Nesiba, R. Čuhlová","doi":"10.22034/GJESM.2021.04.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22034/GJESM.2021.04.07","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This paper focuses on the development of Czech laws of water resource protection. The presented research examines the statistical data of the number and type of legislative acts concerning to water protection issued in the Czech Republic during the period 1990-2019. Several types of legislative acts are followed in administrative law and statistically compared by the development in time and its type. The survey focuses on general water protection acts, water sewage management, agriculture sector, hygiene standards, and the protection of the basins of Czech rivers (e.g., blue water and gray water). METHODS: The analysis firstly concerns to the development of the number of legislative acts during 1990-2019 and secondly discusses a diversification of the legislative acts types (laws, decrees, resolutions, regulations, and strategic plans). A total of 12,272 legislative acts is analyzed during three phases of Czech modern history: 1990-1992 (Czechoslovakia), 1993-2003 (Czech Republic before its accession to the European Union), and 2004-2019 (Czech Republic in the European Union). FINDINGS: Statistical elaboration of legislative acts proves that it is possible to determine different types of water management over time. Protection of water resource management in the Czech Republic was forming from crisis management (1990-1992), via operational management (1993-2003) to strategic management (2004-2019). Current trends after 2020 show a new trend towards integral management. CONCLUSION: Findings provide better understanding of changeable importance of water protection and management attitudes in the Czech Republic in reaction to the development of society.  ==========================================================================================COPYRIGHTS©2021 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers.==========================================================================================","PeriodicalId":46495,"journal":{"name":"GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT-GJESM","volume":"7 1","pages":"587-598"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43352696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Resident-based learning model for sustainable resident participation in municipal solid waste management program 以居民为基础的可持续居民参与城市固体废物管理计划的学习模式
IF 3.4 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.22034/GJESM.2021.04.08
Achmad Ghazali, J. Tjakraatmadja, Sunarti, E. Pratiwi
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Encouraging resident participation in the Municipal Solid Waste Management system still becomes a challenge for cities in developing countries. Previous studies showed that existing education strategies ineffective and insufficient to change resident behavior sustainably. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a resident-based learning model to encourage sustainable resident participation in waste management programs at the household level using the Community of Practice approach.  METHODS: This study was a conceptual model study using a case study as the research strategy. The case being analyzed was Kawasan Bebas Sampah (Zero Waste Area) program implemented in Bandung City, Indonesia. The primary data was collected through field observation on the 8 Kawasan bebas sampah and in-depth interviews with 63 key informants comprising 31 key actors in the educational programs and 32 informants as resident representatives, conducted from January 2020 – November 2020. Additional data from the quantitative method was gathered in April 2021, focusing on surveying resident’s habits toward waste management as evidence of the program result. The respondents were 490 residents, chosen using the purposive-random sampling method.    FINDING: The findings showed that the education strategy implemented in Bandung City, Indonesia presented effective results, based on waste reduction rate reaching up to 0, 47% at the city level from 2019 to 2020. The survey provided evidence that the education program has succeeded in forming new habits for residents. Averagely 60% of respondents in each sample area have the habits and up to > 90% for the areas with more durable education program. Some critical points for education strategy implementations are identified. First, collaboration and supports from key stakeholders such as facilitators, local leaders, and educators become the enabler of the program. Second, key stakeholders need to identify knowledge and value needs before the program started. Third, the learning activities are conditioned to facilitate practice-based and dialogue-based learning through group and non-group learning activities. Fourth, local cadres are vital to sustaining the education program.  CONCLUSION: This study has succeeded in giving a new strategic approach to improve resident participation in municipal solid waste management. The resident-based learning model proposed in this study offered a more effective strategy for other cities in developing countries to improve the sustainable participation of residents in their waste management system. However, some adjustments may be required for residents with different characteristics. Future studies may focus on testing and refining the model to improve its applicability.
背景和目标:鼓励居民参与城市固体废物管理系统仍然是发展中国家城市面临的挑战。先前的研究表明,现有的教育策略无效且不足以可持续地改变居民的行为。因此,本研究旨在开发一种基于居民的学习模式,以鼓励居民使用实践社区方法在家庭层面可持续参与废物管理计划。方法:本研究为概念模型研究,以个案研究为研究策略。正在分析的案例是在印度尼西亚万隆市实施的Kawasan Bebas Sampah(零废物区)计划。主要数据是通过对8个Kawasan bebas sampah的实地观察和对63名关键线人的深入采访收集的,其中包括教育项目中的31名关键参与者和作为居民代表的32名线人,时间为2020年1月至2020年11月。2021年4月,该定量方法收集了更多数据,重点调查了居民的废物管理习惯,作为项目结果的证据。受访者为490名居民,采用有目的的随机抽样方法进行选择。调查结果:调查结果显示,印度尼西亚万隆市实施的教育战略取得了有效效果,2019年至2020年,城市垃圾减少率高达0.47%。调查提供的证据表明,教育计划成功地为居民养成了新习惯。在每个样本地区,平均60%的受访者有这种习惯,在有更持久教育计划的地区,这一比例高达90%以上。确定了实施教育战略的一些关键点。首先,促进者、地方领导人和教育工作者等关键利益相关者的合作和支持成为该计划的推动者。其次,关键利益相关者需要在项目开始前确定知识和价值需求。第三,学习活动的条件是通过小组和非小组学习活动促进基于实践和对话的学习。第四,地方干部对维持教育计划至关重要。结论:本研究成功地为提高居民参与城市固体废物管理提供了一种新的战略途径。本研究中提出的基于居民的学习模式为发展中国家的其他城市提供了一个更有效的战略,以提高居民对其废物管理系统的可持续参与。然而,对于具有不同特征的居民,可能需要进行一些调整。未来的研究可能侧重于测试和完善模型,以提高其适用性。
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引用次数: 10
Simulation and analysis of marine hydrodynamics based on the El Niño scenario 基于厄尔尼诺情景的海洋流体动力学模拟与分析
IF 3.4 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.22034/GJESM.2021.04.04
M. Ikhwan, R. Wafdan, Y. Haditiar, M. Ramli, Z. Muchlisin, S. Rizal
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: El Nino - Southern Oscillation is known to affect the marine and terrestrial environment in Southeast Asia, Australia, northern South America, and southern Africa. There has been much research showing that the effects of El Nino - Southern Oscillation are extensive. In this study, a simulation of an El Nino event is carried out, which is ideal in the vertical layer of the Pacific Ocean (0-250 meters). The fast Fourier transform is used to process the vertical modeling data so that the results can accurately represent El Nino. METHODS: A non-hydrostatic 3-dimensional numerical model is used in this research. To separate the signal produced and obtain the quantitative difference of each sea layer, the simulation results are analyzed using the fast Fourier transform. Winds blow from the west to the east of the area in perfect El Nino weather, with a reasonably high wind zone near the equator (forming a cosine). Open fields can be found on the north and south sides, while closed fields can be found on the west and east sides. Density is uniform up to a depth of 100 meters, then uniformly increases by 1 kilogram per cubic meter from 100 to 250 meters.  FINDINGS: The results of the model simulation show that one month later (on the 37th day), the current from the west has approached the domain's east side, forming a complete coastal Kelvin wave. The shape of coastal Kelvin waves in the eastern area follows a trend that is similar to the OSCAR Sea Surface Velocity plot data obtained from ERDDAP in the Pacific Ocean in October 2015. In this period, the density at a depth of 0-100 meters is the same, while the density at the depth layer underneath is different.  CONCLUSION: Strong winds could mix water masses up to a depth of 100 meters, implying that during an ideal El Nino, the stratification of the water column is influenced by strong winds. The eastern domain has the highest sea level amplitude, resulting in perfect mixing up to a depth of 100 m, while wind effect is negligible in the lower layers. The first layer (0-50 m) and the second layer (50-100 m) have the same density and occur along the equator, according to FFT. The density is different and much greater in the third layer (100-150 m).
背景和目标:众所周知,厄尔尼诺-南方涛动会影响东南亚、澳大利亚、南美洲北部和非洲南部的海洋和陆地环境。已有大量研究表明,厄尔尼诺-南方涛动的影响是广泛的。在这项研究中,对厄尔尼诺事件进行了模拟,这在太平洋垂直层(0-250米)是理想的。采用快速傅立叶变换对垂直建模数据进行处理,使结果能够准确地表示厄尔尼诺现象。方法:采用非静力三维数值模型。为了分离产生的信号并获得每个海洋层的定量差异,使用快速傅立叶变换对模拟结果进行分析。在完美的厄尔尼诺天气中,风从该地区的西部吹向东部,赤道附近有一个相当高的风区(形成余弦)。在北侧和南侧可以找到开阔的田地,而在西侧和东侧可以找到封闭的田地。密度在100米深的地方是均匀的,然后从100米到250米每立方米均匀增加1公斤。结果:模型模拟的结果显示,一个月后(第37天),来自西部的洋流已经接近该地区的东侧,形成了一个完整的沿海开尔文波。东部地区沿海Kelvin波的形状与2015年10月从太平洋ERDDAP获得的OSCAR海面速度图数据相似。在这一时期,0-100米深处的密度是相同的,而下面深层的密度不同。结论:强风可以混合100米深的水团,这意味着在理想的厄尔尼诺现象中,水柱的分层受到强风的影响。东部地区的海平面振幅最高,导致100米深度的完美混合,而较低层的风效应可以忽略不计。根据FFT,第一层(0-50m)和第二层(50-100m)具有相同的密度并且沿着赤道出现。密度不同,并且在第三层(100-150米)中要大得多。
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引用次数: 0
Characteristics and combustion kinetics of fuel pellets composed of waste of polyethylene terephthalate and biomass 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯废料与生物质燃料颗粒的特性及燃烧动力学
IF 3.4 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.22034/GJESM.2021.04.09
K. Manatura, U. Samaksaman
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The needs of fuel pellets from varied feed stocks have opened up opportunities and challenges for pellets production from non-woody biomass. Wastes of plastic recycling and wood sawing contained a high potential for energy source and suited for pelletizing as a solid fuel. METHODS: The characteristics and combustion kinetics of fuel pellets made using a mixture of waste of polyethylene terephthalate and biomass (Tectona grandis Linn.f) with a polyethylene terephthalate to biomass ratio of 9:1. The investigation covered physico-chemical properties and their functional group analysis, heavy metal concentration and ionic leachability testing, and ash analysis. In this context, thermogravimetric analysis was used in an atmosphere of oxygen gas, over a temperature range of 50-800 °C and at different heating rates. The work ends with discussion of the kinetics study via three comparative evaluations and the feasibility of fuel pellets for energy utilization. FINDINGS: Pelletizing with this ratio (9:1) was present the durability of PET/biomass pellets, a uniform dimension, ease handling, storage, and transportation common as woody pellets. Some technical challenges such as low moisture content and high volatile matter content were feedstock dependent. The major characteristics were a combination of those from both the constituent materials. Functional groups of the pellets were contributed by terephthalate and lignocellulose. The addition of a small amount of biomass in pellets could improve their thermal decomposition behavior. The properties of the polyethylene terephthalate/biomass pellets indicated that were fit for combustion with a high heating value equal to 19.20 MJ/kg. Heavy metals and ionic contaminants were below the maximum limits of the standards because of the cleanliness of the raw materials. However, the minor effects of earth materials and a caustic soda detergent were resulted in the alteration of residue chemicals. The pellets had lower ignition, devolatilization, and burnout temperatures than the original polyethylene terephthalate waste; likewise, the peak and burnout temperatures shifted to a lower zone. The activation energy values obtained using the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, and Starink models were similar and in the range 142–146 kJ/mol. CONCLUSION: These findings may provide crucial information on fuel pellets from blended polyethylene terephthalate/biomass to assist the design and operation of a co-combustion system with traditional solid fuels. Such modifications of fuel pellets suggest the possibility of operating in large-scale furnace applications and can further be upgraded to other fuels production via modern bioenergy conversion processes.
背景和目标:对各种原料燃料颗粒的需求为非木质生物质颗粒生产带来了机遇和挑战。塑料回收和木材锯切的废物具有很高的能源潜力,适合作为固体燃料进行造粒。方法:利用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯废料和生物质(Tectona grandis Linn.f)的混合物,以聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯与生物质的比例为9:1,制备燃料颗粒的特性和燃烧动力学。研究内容包括物理化学性质及其官能团分析、重金属浓度和离子浸出性测试以及灰分分析。在这种情况下,在氧气气氛中,在50-800°C的温度范围内,以不同的加热速率进行热重分析。工作结束时,通过三次比较评估讨论了动力学研究以及燃料芯块用于能源利用的可行性。研究结果:以这个比例(9:1)进行造粒具有PET/生物质颗粒的耐用性、均匀的尺寸、易于处理、储存和运输,与木质颗粒一样常见。一些技术挑战,如低水分含量和高挥发性物质含量取决于原料。主要特征是来自两种组成材料的特征的结合。微丸的官能团由对苯二甲酸酯和木质纤维素组成。在球团中加入少量生物质可以改善其热分解行为。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/生物质颗粒的性能表明,其适合于具有等于19.20MJ/kg的高热值的燃烧。由于原材料的清洁度,重金属和离子污染物低于标准的最高限值。然而,泥土材料和烧碱洗涤剂的轻微影响导致了残留物化学物质的改变。与最初的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯废物相比,该颗粒具有更低的点火、脱挥发分和燃尽温度;同样,峰值温度和燃尽温度转移到较低的区域。使用Kissinger Akahira Sunose、Ozawa Flynn Wall和Starink模型获得的活化能值相似,在142–146 kJ/mol范围内。结论:这些发现可能为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/生物质混合燃料颗粒的设计和运行提供重要信息,以帮助设计和运行与传统固体燃料的共燃系统。燃料芯块的这种修改表明了在大规模熔炉应用中运行的可能性,并且可以通过现代生物能源转换过程进一步升级为其他燃料生产。
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引用次数: 4
Mitigation of environmental impacts in ornamental rock and limestone aggregate quarries in arid and semi-arid areas 缓解干旱和半干旱地区的观赏石和石灰石集料采石场对环境的影响
IF 3.4 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.22034/GJESM.2021.04.06
Peñaranda Barba, V. Martínez, I. G. Lucas, J. N. Pedreno
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Open-pit mining is an important activity to obtain mineral resources that supply society with raw materials to improve people's quality of life. However, this extractive activity causes negative environmental impacts and, it is therefore necessary to identify and evaluate these impacts in order to design preventive and control measures to reduce them and thus safeguard the environment and natural resources. In the Region of Murcia, in Spain, as well as other Mediterranean areas with similar climatic conditions, there is a great deal of mining activity linked to the building sector, in which mainly ornamental rock (marble and marble limestone) and limestone aggregates are used. All of this has given rise to numerous active and abandoned mines, where no restoration process has been carried out, generating strong impacts on the environment.METHODS: In this study, 8 environmental impact assessments studies of ornamental rock and aggregate quarries in the Region of Murcia were analysed to identify the negative impacts on the abiotic and biotic environment, landscape, socio-economic and socio-cultural environment, and infrastructures and analysing preventive and control measures. FINDINGS: According to the environmental impact assessment studies analysed, the importance of the most significant environmental impacts has been calculated, indicating whether the impacts are critical, severe, moderate or compatible, and based on it, preventive and corrective measures are proposed together in an impact mitigation management system based in flow charts that will serve to more easily apply and control these measures, in order to prevent them from causing significant or irreversible damage to the environment. Analysing these measures, it has been observed that 90% of the measures applied to control the different negative environmental factors in this type of quarry are the same.CONCLUSION: Open-pit mining extraction systems have a series of similar characteristics that allow a systematic approach to be established when analysing the impacts. With the use of flowcharts, it becomes easier to apply measures to reduce environmental impacts and in addition, these diagrams, allow at the same time the easy incorporation of updates due to changing regulations.
背景与目的:露天采矿是获取矿产资源,为社会提供原材料,提高人们生活质量的一项重要活动。然而,这种采掘活动对环境造成不利影响,因此有必要查明和评价这些影响,以便制订预防和控制措施,减少这些影响,从而保护环境和自然资源。在西班牙穆尔西亚地区以及其他气候条件类似的地中海地区,有大量与建筑部门有关的采矿活动,其中主要使用装饰性岩石(大理石和大理石石灰石)和石灰石集料。所有这些都造成了许多活跃的和废弃的矿山,这些矿山没有进行恢复过程,对环境产生了强烈的影响。方法:通过对穆尔西亚地区8项观赏石和骨料采石场环境影响评价研究进行分析,确定其对非生物和生物环境、景观、社会经济和社会文化环境、基础设施的负面影响,并分析预防和控制措施。发现:根据所分析的环境影响评估研究,已计算出最重大的环境影响的重要性,指明影响是严重、严重、中等或相容,并以此为基础,在以流程图为基础的影响缓解管理系统内,同时提出预防和纠正措施,以便更容易应用和控制这些措施。以防止它们对环境造成重大或不可逆转的损害。对这些措施进行分析后发现,90%用于控制这类采石场的各种不利环境因素的措施是相同的。结论:露天矿开采系统具有一系列相似的特征,可以在分析影响时建立系统的方法。通过使用流程图,可以更容易地采取措施减少对环境的影响,此外,这些图表可以同时轻松地纳入因法规变化而更新的内容。
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引用次数: 1
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GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT-GJESM
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