Pub Date : 2020-06-21DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8620501
David Eddington, E. K. Brown
The articulation of /t/ in American English varies according to linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Concerning social factors, word-final /t/ glottalization is seen more among speakers of African American English (Farrington 2018), younger speakers (Partin-Hernandez 2005, Roberts 2006), and women (Byrd 1994, Eddington and Channer 2010). This paper examines the production and perception of /t/ in five US states: Indiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Utah, Vermont. For the production study, participants read a letter containing 24 prenasal word-medial /t/s (e.g., kitten) and 28 prevocalic word-final /t/s (e.g., not ever). For the perception study, 22 speakers recorded a unique sentence, each of which was manipulated acoustically in order to yield both oral and nasal releases of prenasal word-medial /t/ (e.g. button [bʌʔən] vs [bʌʔn̩]), as well as tap and glottal stop pronunciations of prevocalic word-final /t/ (e.g. not ever [nɑɾɛvɚ] vs. [nɑʔɛvɚ]). Next, these recordings were presented to participants who rated the speakers in terms of their perceived age, friendliness, pleasantness, rurality, education level, and whether they were from the same state as the participants. The production results for prenasal word-medial /t/ (e.g. button) indicate that younger speakers produced oral releases more often than their older counterparts. Age also was related to the realization of prevocalic word-final /t/ as a glottal stop (e.g., not ever), such that younger speakers and women produced glottal stops more often than older speakers. In the perception study, speakers who used glottal stops were viewed as less educated and less friendly. Speakers who used oral releases were perceived as more rustic and less educated. This paper contributes to the literature documenting the production and perception of /t/ in American English and to the literature that demonstrates the usefulness of using both production and perceptual data to study language variation (e.g., Brown 2015).
美式英语中/t/的发音因语言和语言外因素而异。在社会因素方面，在非裔美国英语使用者(Farrington 2018)、年轻人(Partin-Hernandez 2005, Roberts 2006)和女性(Byrd 1994, Eddington and Channer 2010)中，结语/t/全球化的现象更多。本文研究了/t/在美国五个州的生产和感知:印第安纳州，密西西比州，新墨西哥州，犹他州，佛蒙特州。在生产研究中，参与者阅读了一个包含24个前鼻音单词- middle /t/s(例如，kitten)和28个前鼻音单词-final /t/s(例如，not ever)的字母。在感知研究中，22位说话者录下了一个独特的句子，每个句子都经过声学处理，以产生前鼻音-中间音/t/的口音和鼻音释放(例如，button [b / k / n] vs [b / k / n])，以及前鼻音-结尾音/t/的轻拍和声门停止发音(例如，not ever [n / k / k / v] vs [n / k / k / v])。接下来，这些录音被出示给参与者，让他们根据说话者的年龄、友好程度、愉快程度、乡村性、教育水平以及是否与参与者来自同一个州来给说话者打分。前鼻单词-medial /t/(例如button)的发音结果表明，年轻的说话者比年长的说话者更常发出口音。年龄也与实现前声母/t/作为声门顿音有关(例如，not ever)，因此年轻的说话者和女性比年长的说话者更经常地发出声门顿音。在感知研究中，使用声门停顿的说话者被认为受教育程度较低，不太友好。使用口头释放的发言者被认为比较质朴，受教育程度较低。本文有助于记录美式英语中/t/的产生和感知的文献，以及证明使用产生和感知数据研究语言变化的有用性的文献(例如，Brown 2015)。
{"title":"A production and perception study of /t/ glottalization and oral releases following glottals in the US","authors":"David Eddington, E. K. Brown","doi":"10.1215/00031283-8620501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8620501","url":null,"abstract":"The articulation of /t/ in American English varies according to linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Concerning social factors, word-final /t/ glottalization is seen more among speakers of African American English (Farrington 2018), younger speakers (Partin-Hernandez 2005, Roberts 2006), and women (Byrd 1994, Eddington and Channer 2010).\u0000 This paper examines the production and perception of /t/ in five US states: Indiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Utah, Vermont. For the production study, participants read a letter containing 24 prenasal word-medial /t/s (e.g., kitten) and 28 prevocalic word-final /t/s (e.g., not ever). For the perception study, 22 speakers recorded a unique sentence, each of which was manipulated acoustically in order to yield both oral and nasal releases of prenasal word-medial /t/ (e.g. button [bʌʔən] vs [bʌʔn̩]), as well as tap and glottal stop pronunciations of prevocalic word-final /t/ (e.g. not ever [nɑɾɛvɚ] vs. [nɑʔɛvɚ]). Next, these recordings were presented to participants who rated the speakers in terms of their perceived age, friendliness, pleasantness, rurality, education level, and whether they were from the same state as the participants.\u0000 The production results for prenasal word-medial /t/ (e.g. button) indicate that younger speakers produced oral releases more often than their older counterparts. Age also was related to the realization of prevocalic word-final /t/ as a glottal stop (e.g., not ever), such that younger speakers and women produced glottal stops more often than older speakers. In the perception study, speakers who used glottal stops were viewed as less educated and less friendly. Speakers who used oral releases were perceived as more rustic and less educated.\u0000 This paper contributes to the literature documenting the production and perception of /t/ in American English and to the literature that demonstrates the usefulness of using both production and perceptual data to study language variation (e.g., Brown 2015).","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43575741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1215/00031283-7726318
Larry L. LaFond, Kenneth W. Moffett
The Greater St. Louis “dialect island” poses interesting problems for dialect documentation, partly because Greater St. Louis is a transitional area where many overlapping linguistic influences have left their mark, and also because is an area with new immigrant communities, racial divides, and an aging population.Using a sample from survey and interview data from 815 participants over a seven-year period, we examine lexical diversity in Greater St. Louis, comprising counties both in Missouri and Illinois. We discover that both age and place are robust indicators of lexical selection in Southern Illinois and St. Louis. Our findings provide a concurring rationale with phonologically-based studies that supports the existence of a unique dialect island in Greater St. Louis. KEY TERMS: Midlands Dialect, Midwest, Metro East, St. Louis Corridor Hans Kurath, who observed in the 1930s that the Midland area of the Eastern United States was “highly complex,” would today find the dialects of Illinois just as challenging. While many states contain an array of language regions, none contain as many as Illinois. According to the Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE), there are thirteen identified regions in this transitional state, permitting us to examine the influences of linguistic features common to the Midland, North Midland, South Midland, West Midland, Great Lakes, North, North Central, Inland North, Ohio Valley, Mississippi Valley, Upper Mississippi Valley, Lower Mississippi Valley, and Ohio-Mississippi Valleys. Here, we examine lexical variation in Illinois, relative to the region in Southwestern Illinois known as the “Metro East,” five counties of Southwestern Illinois which, together with the city of St. Louis and St. Louis County, form a larger entity: “Greater St. Louis.” Basing findings primarily on phonological features, some researchers have regarded Greater St. Louis as a dialect island. We furnish some lexical evidence that supports this claim, but use a novel approach for examining lexical data within this dialect area. The specific wording of lexical items investigated were based on the Harvard Dialect Study (HDS) (Vaux & Golder, 2003). However, this study yields a new data collection focused on Greater St. Louis, and uses statistical models to analyze the data that have not commonly been used in dialect studies of this area. The term “dialect island” extends the metaphor of the “language island” (“Sprachinsel,”) first coined in 1847 to describe the relationship of a Slavonic community to the surrounding German-speaking areas in East Prussia (Mattheier & Besch, 1985; Rosenberg, 2005; Riehl, 2010). While several dialect islands exist in Europe (see Auer, Hinskens, & Kerswill, 2005), the phenomenon is found in numerous places worldwide, including in the United States. Riehl notes that early studies considered dialects spoken in language islands, “as ‘pure’, ‘uncontaminated,’ and ‘homogeneous,’” however, later research found, “that mo
{"title":"Lexical Complexities in the St. Louis Dialect Island","authors":"Larry L. LaFond, Kenneth W. Moffett","doi":"10.1215/00031283-7726318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-7726318","url":null,"abstract":"The Greater St. Louis “dialect island” poses interesting problems for dialect documentation, partly because Greater St. Louis is a transitional area where many overlapping linguistic influences have left their mark, and also because is an area with new immigrant communities, racial divides, and an aging population.Using a sample from survey and interview data from 815 participants over a seven-year period, we examine lexical diversity in Greater St. Louis, comprising counties both in Missouri and Illinois. We discover that both age and place are robust indicators of lexical selection in Southern Illinois and St. Louis. Our findings provide a concurring rationale with phonologically-based studies that supports the existence of a unique dialect island in Greater St. Louis. KEY TERMS: Midlands Dialect, Midwest, Metro East, St. Louis Corridor Hans Kurath, who observed in the 1930s that the Midland area of the Eastern United States was “highly complex,” would today find the dialects of Illinois just as challenging. While many states contain an array of language regions, none contain as many as Illinois. According to the Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE), there are thirteen identified regions in this transitional state, permitting us to examine the influences of linguistic features common to the Midland, North Midland, South Midland, West Midland, Great Lakes, North, North Central, Inland North, Ohio Valley, Mississippi Valley, Upper Mississippi Valley, Lower Mississippi Valley, and Ohio-Mississippi Valleys. Here, we examine lexical variation in Illinois, relative to the region in Southwestern Illinois known as the “Metro East,” five counties of Southwestern Illinois which, together with the city of St. Louis and St. Louis County, form a larger entity: “Greater St. Louis.” Basing findings primarily on phonological features, some researchers have regarded Greater St. Louis as a dialect island. We furnish some lexical evidence that supports this claim, but use a novel approach for examining lexical data within this dialect area. The specific wording of lexical items investigated were based on the Harvard Dialect Study (HDS) (Vaux & Golder, 2003). However, this study yields a new data collection focused on Greater St. Louis, and uses statistical models to analyze the data that have not commonly been used in dialect studies of this area. The term “dialect island” extends the metaphor of the “language island” (“Sprachinsel,”) first coined in 1847 to describe the relationship of a Slavonic community to the surrounding German-speaking areas in East Prussia (Mattheier & Besch, 1985; Rosenberg, 2005; Riehl, 2010). While several dialect islands exist in Europe (see Auer, Hinskens, & Kerswill, 2005), the phenomenon is found in numerous places worldwide, including in the United States. Riehl notes that early studies considered dialects spoken in language islands, “as ‘pure’, ‘uncontaminated,’ and ‘homogeneous,’” however, later research found, “that mo","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"95 1","pages":"173-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43125468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8501379
Amy L. Plackowski
{"title":"Using Understanding by Design to Build a High School Linguistics Course","authors":"Amy L. Plackowski","doi":"10.1215/00031283-8501379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8501379","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"95 1","pages":"235-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44316294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1215/00031283-7706532
Paul E Reed
The relationship of a speaker’s language to their sense of place has been a focus of much of the sociolinguistic literature and dialect studies. However, the use of differing methodologies and measures makes comparison and contrast of the importance of place across different communities and social contexts problematic and drawing overarching conclusions challenging. To resolve this, the current article presents a way to quantitatively measure place-attachment using a Rootedness Metric that is both adaptable and comparable, permitting more nuanced understandings of place and language. Through three case studies, the author presents evidence that demonstrates the effectiveness of the Rootedness Metric to better understand how attachment to place impacts the phonetic variation in Appalachia. Inclusion of rootedness helps to explain why demographically similar speakers have divergent production, while the production of dissimilar speakers patterns alike.
{"title":"The Importance of Rootedness in the Study of Appalachian English","authors":"Paul E Reed","doi":"10.1215/00031283-7706532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-7706532","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship of a speaker’s language to their sense of place has been a focus of much of the sociolinguistic literature and dialect studies. However, the use of differing methodologies and measures makes comparison and contrast of the importance of place across different communities and social contexts problematic and drawing overarching conclusions challenging. To resolve this, the current article presents a way to quantitatively measure place-attachment using a Rootedness Metric that is both adaptable and comparable, permitting more nuanced understandings of place and language. Through three case studies, the author presents evidence that demonstrates the effectiveness of the Rootedness Metric to better understand how attachment to place impacts the phonetic variation in Appalachia. Inclusion of rootedness helps to explain why demographically similar speakers have divergent production, while the production of dissimilar speakers patterns alike.","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"95 1","pages":"203-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44965502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1215/00031283-7603207
Stuart Davis, K. Berkson, Alyssa Strickler
This article addresses incipient/aI/-raising in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Acoustic analysis of word list data from 27 participants targets both typical items (e.g., write, writing) and monomorphemic trochaic words often overlooked in previous research (e.g., Nike, bison, cyber, tiger). It reports four major/aI/production patterns in the Fort Wayne data, which range on a continuum from no/aI/-raising to phonological raising of/aI/(i.e., raising before t-flaps, a pattern of Canadian raising referred to as Dialect A). In the middle of the continuum is found the elusive Dialect B, a pattern of Canadian raising first documented by Martin Joos in 1942 in which raising occurs in write but not before t-flaps. The authors find that speakers of this type of raising tend not to raise in any trochaic words. In fact, raising in monomorphemic trochaic words, such as Nike or bison, is exceedingly rare in the Fort Wayne data. In tandem with the variation observed within Fort Wayne, the fact that raising has not yet extended into monomorphemic trochaic words further suggests that raising is incipient in this variety. The authors propose that Dialect B is not a separate dialect at all but an incipient variety of Dialect A.
{"title":"Unlocking the Mystery of Dialect B","authors":"Stuart Davis, K. Berkson, Alyssa Strickler","doi":"10.1215/00031283-7603207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-7603207","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses incipient/aI/-raising in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Acoustic analysis of word list data from 27 participants targets both typical items (e.g., write, writing) and monomorphemic trochaic words often overlooked in previous research (e.g., Nike, bison, cyber, tiger). It reports four major/aI/production patterns in the Fort Wayne data, which range on a continuum from no/aI/-raising to phonological raising of/aI/(i.e., raising before t-flaps, a pattern of Canadian raising referred to as Dialect A). In the middle of the continuum is found the elusive Dialect B, a pattern of Canadian raising first documented by Martin Joos in 1942 in which raising occurs in write but not before t-flaps. The authors find that speakers of this type of raising tend not to raise in any trochaic words. In fact, raising in monomorphemic trochaic words, such as Nike or bison, is exceedingly rare in the Fort Wayne data. In tandem with the variation observed within Fort Wayne, the fact that raising has not yet extended into monomorphemic trochaic words further suggests that raising is incipient in this variety. The authors propose that Dialect B is not a separate dialect at all but an incipient variety of Dialect A.","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"95 1","pages":"149-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44047686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8501368
Nigelle Cochran
{"title":"Michigan’s Upper Peninsula and the Role of Language in the Yooper Identity","authors":"Nigelle Cochran","doi":"10.1215/00031283-8501368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8501368","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"95 1","pages":"230-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43423098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1215/00031283-7726313
P. Carter, L. L. Valdez, Nandi Sims
The situation of sustained contact between Spanish and English in Miami during the past half century provides a rare opportunity to study contact-induced language change in an ecological context in which speakers of the immigrant language (i.e., Spanish) have become the numerical majority. The study reported here is designed to track the phonetic and prosodic influences of Spanish on the variety of English emerging among second-generation Miami-born Latinx speakers of various national origin backgrounds by examining a suite of variables shown in prior studies to exhibit Spanish substrate influence in other regional contexts. We examine two kinds of phonetic variables in the English spoken by 20 second-generation Latinx and 5 Anglo white speakers: (1) prosodic rhythm and (2) vowel quality. Prosodic rhythm was quantified using Low and Grabe’s Pairwise Variability Index (nPVI); results show that Miami-born Latinx speakers are significantly more syllable-timed in casual speech than Miami-born Anglo white speakers. Significant vocalic differences were also observed, with Latinx speakers producing lower and more backed tokens of [æ] in prenasal and nonprenasal positions and more backed tokens of [u].
{"title":"New Dialect Formation Through Language Contact","authors":"P. Carter, L. L. Valdez, Nandi Sims","doi":"10.1215/00031283-7726313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-7726313","url":null,"abstract":"The situation of sustained contact between Spanish and English in Miami during the past half century provides a rare opportunity to study contact-induced language change in an ecological context in which speakers of the immigrant language (i.e., Spanish) have become the numerical majority. The study reported here is designed to track the phonetic and prosodic influences of Spanish on the variety of English emerging among second-generation Miami-born Latinx speakers of various national origin backgrounds by examining a suite of variables shown in prior studies to exhibit Spanish substrate influence in other regional contexts. We examine two kinds of phonetic variables in the English spoken by 20 second-generation Latinx and 5 Anglo white speakers: (1) prosodic rhythm and (2) vowel quality. Prosodic rhythm was quantified using Low and Grabe’s Pairwise Variability Index (nPVI); results show that Miami-born Latinx speakers are significantly more syllable-timed in casual speech than Miami-born Anglo white speakers. Significant vocalic differences were also observed, with Latinx speakers producing lower and more backed tokens of [æ] in prenasal and nonprenasal positions and more backed tokens of [u].","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"95 1","pages":"119-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46960492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8501401
Alison Smith, Walt Wolfram, Danica Cullinan
{"title":"Signing Black in America","authors":"Alison Smith, Walt Wolfram, Danica Cullinan","doi":"10.1215/00031283-8501401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8501401","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"95 1","pages":"253-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41328576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1215/00031283-8501412
J. Ryan
{"title":"A Different Kind of Millennial","authors":"J. Ryan","doi":"10.1215/00031283-8501412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8501412","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46508,"journal":{"name":"American Speech","volume":"95 1","pages":"227-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46498484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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