This study focuses on the grammatical errors in the essays written by JSS1 pupils in five junior secondary schools in Bo city. It aims at identifying the errors occurring in the use English grammar by pupils, classifying the errors, determining their frequency levels and their sources. The descriptive survey design was used in this study, where out of a population of 853 pupils, 250 pupils were used a sample for this study. Each of the pupils was asked to write an essay, and the scripts were marked to identify all grammatical errors made by the pupils. From this study, it was discovered that out of 250 scripts, 32% of the pupils were not able to communicate their thoughts meaningfully. Out of the comprehensible scripts the following errors were identified and their frequencies: wrong use of tense 29.54%, errors in spelling 24.67%, errors in the choice of words 13.13%, wrong use of prepositions 7.79%, verb addition errors 5.84%, preposition addition errors 4.87%, pronoun addition, subject-verb agreement errors, wrong use of pronouns, plural and verb omission errors all received 1.62% each. The study further revealed that a good number of errors discovered from students’ writings were intralingual errors.
{"title":"An Analysis of the Grammatical Errors in the Written English Compositions of JSS 1 Pupils in Five Junior Secondary Schools in Bo City, Southern Sierra Leone","authors":"Josephus K. L. Libbie, Saidu Challay, C. A. Dimoh","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v15i2.20910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v15i2.20910","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the grammatical errors in the essays written by JSS1 pupils in five junior secondary schools in Bo city. It aims at identifying the errors occurring in the use English grammar by pupils, classifying the errors, determining their frequency levels and their sources. The descriptive survey design was used in this study, where out of a population of 853 pupils, 250 pupils were used a sample for this study. Each of the pupils was asked to write an essay, and the scripts were marked to identify all grammatical errors made by the pupils. From this study, it was discovered that out of 250 scripts, 32% of the pupils were not able to communicate their thoughts meaningfully. Out of the comprehensible scripts the following errors were identified and their frequencies: wrong use of tense 29.54%, errors in spelling 24.67%, errors in the choice of words 13.13%, wrong use of prepositions 7.79%, verb addition errors 5.84%, preposition addition errors 4.87%, pronoun addition, subject-verb agreement errors, wrong use of pronouns, plural and verb omission errors all received 1.62% each. The study further revealed that a good number of errors discovered from students’ writings were intralingual errors.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85292348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of national and regional image is a significant topic in language, culture, and communication research. However, there has been limited research on the image of Taizhou City as portrayed in foreign media. This study employs a corpus-based approach to examine Taizhou's image in English media. Using the online corpus, News on the Web, the researchers created a virtual corpus (Taizhou Corpus) containing 98 relevant reports from English news media. The study analyzed the media coverage of Taizhou, the multidimensional image of Taizhou, and the sentiment of news reporting in Taizhou Corpus. The keywords for this study are Taizhou’s image, foreign media, corpus-based analysis, media coverage, and sentiment analysis.
{"title":"A Corpus-based Approach to Taizhou’s Image in English News Media","authors":"Xianyun Wang","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v15i2.20944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v15i2.20944","url":null,"abstract":"The study of national and regional image is a significant topic in language, culture, and communication research. However, there has been limited research on the image of Taizhou City as portrayed in foreign media. This study employs a corpus-based approach to examine Taizhou's image in English media. Using the online corpus, News on the Web, the researchers created a virtual corpus (Taizhou Corpus) containing 98 relevant reports from English news media. The study analyzed the media coverage of Taizhou, the multidimensional image of Taizhou, and the sentiment of news reporting in Taizhou Corpus. The keywords for this study are Taizhou’s image, foreign media, corpus-based analysis, media coverage, and sentiment analysis.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82795239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Learning theories are important as beginning reading teachers strive to meet the diverse needs of many kinds of learners. This article explores the learning principles of three theoretical experts (a) Jean Piaget, (b) Lev Vygotsky, and (c) Maria Montessori. The paper demonstrates the application of these experts’ theories related to constructivism and pragmatism educational philosophies, and the process of teaching young children to read. It is concluded, decades of relevant learning theory and beginning reading research exist. It is now time for application of theory and research, bridging what we know into our classroom practice.
{"title":"Beginning Reading Instruction: Application of Theory and Research to Practice","authors":"Gail M. Wolf","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v15i2.20909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v15i2.20909","url":null,"abstract":"Learning theories are important as beginning reading teachers strive to meet the diverse needs of many kinds of learners. This article explores the learning principles of three theoretical experts (a) Jean Piaget, (b) Lev Vygotsky, and (c) Maria Montessori. The paper demonstrates the application of these experts’ theories related to constructivism and pragmatism educational philosophies, and the process of teaching young children to read. It is concluded, decades of relevant learning theory and beginning reading research exist. It is now time for application of theory and research, bridging what we know into our classroom practice.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77973920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the particle giid- (or gidd-) in Hijazi Arabic (HA) within the framework of Chomsky’s (1995, 2000, 2001) Minimalist Program and Rizzi’s (1997) split CP hypothesis. While another variant has been the subject to numerous studies, this particle remains poorly understood. The current paper proposes that giid- (or gidd-) has undergone an irregular development from the aspectual qad in Standard Arabic. Although the particle semantically parallels qad indicating precedence, syntactically, it does not only combine with verbal projections, but also with adjectival and prepositional ones. Also, it interacts with negation in such a way that can freely occur before and after the particle ma- unlike qad which interacts with la but not ma. Giid- (or gidd-) is argued to be an adverb that merges in Spec of AspP, which dominates vPs, aPs or PPs. This paper also provides an account for the fact that giid- (or gidd-) can occur clause-initially. It suggests, based on the semantic and syntactic properties, that the particle moves as high as Foc(us)P in the CP area. It induces a focal interpretation in the contexts where it occurs and re-merges higher than T(ense)P, Mod(al)P, and Neg(ative)P, but lower than ForceP and Top(ic)P. It is incompatible with focused expressions located in FocP.
{"title":"A Syntactic Account of the Particle giid- in Hijazi Arabic","authors":"Maather Alrawi","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v15i2.20758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v15i2.20758","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the particle giid- (or gidd-) in Hijazi Arabic (HA) within the framework of Chomsky’s (1995, 2000, 2001) Minimalist Program and Rizzi’s (1997) split CP hypothesis. While another variant has been the subject to numerous studies, this particle remains poorly understood. The current paper proposes that giid- (or gidd-) has undergone an irregular development from the aspectual qad in Standard Arabic. Although the particle semantically parallels qad indicating precedence, syntactically, it does not only combine with verbal projections, but also with adjectival and prepositional ones. Also, it interacts with negation in such a way that can freely occur before and after the particle ma- unlike qad which interacts with la but not ma. Giid- (or gidd-) is argued to be an adverb that merges in Spec of AspP, which dominates vPs, aPs or PPs. This paper also provides an account for the fact that giid- (or gidd-) can occur clause-initially. It suggests, based on the semantic and syntactic properties, that the particle moves as high as Foc(us)P in the CP area. It induces a focal interpretation in the contexts where it occurs and re-merges higher than T(ense)P, Mod(al)P, and Neg(ative)P, but lower than ForceP and Top(ic)P. It is incompatible with focused expressions located in FocP.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77816920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the natural utterances of six Chinese-speaking preschool children, this paper examines the syntactic and semantic features of possession constructions. First of all, in terms of the syntax, there are three main types of possession constructions, including adnominal, predicative, and external possessions, as well as eight variations. Meanwhile, the older the children are, the more syntactic variations and frequencies they produce, and the more complex their syntactic structures become, following a developmental pattern from simple to complex. Secondly, in terms of semantics, the children express four main types of semantics: interpersonal, whole-part, ownership and spatiotemporal relationships, involving nine subtypes, such as social relationships, kinship and so on. The longitudinal features of the semantics have a developmental path from familiar to unfamiliar, concrete to abstract, and single to diverse. Finally, Studies have shown that children actively and gradually construct language in their interactions with adults, in a certain degree, which means that the driving force for children’s syntactic acquisition and development comes from language use.
{"title":"A Study on the Acquisition of Possession Constructions in Chinese Preschool Children’s Natural Utterances","authors":"D. Chen","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v15i2.20839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v15i2.20839","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the natural utterances of six Chinese-speaking preschool children, this paper examines the syntactic and semantic features of possession constructions. First of all, in terms of the syntax, there are three main types of possession constructions, including adnominal, predicative, and external possessions, as well as eight variations. Meanwhile, the older the children are, the more syntactic variations and frequencies they produce, and the more complex their syntactic structures become, following a developmental pattern from simple to complex. Secondly, in terms of semantics, the children express four main types of semantics: interpersonal, whole-part, ownership and spatiotemporal relationships, involving nine subtypes, such as social relationships, kinship and so on. The longitudinal features of the semantics have a developmental path from familiar to unfamiliar, concrete to abstract, and single to diverse. Finally, Studies have shown that children actively and gradually construct language in their interactions with adults, in a certain degree, which means that the driving force for children’s syntactic acquisition and development comes from language use.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75595394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plusieurs camerounais de toutes les couches sociales apprennent le français et l’anglais au Centre linguistique pilote de Yaoundé et ce malgré le statut bilingue du Cameroun. On peut ainsi questionner le processus d’acquisition des langues officielles à l’école. Ce questionnement implique d’interroger la manière dont ces langues sont enseignées dans nos écoles en général et dans le préscolaire en particulier. De ce fait, cet article se donne pour objectif de proposer de nouvelles stratégies d’enseignement/apprentissage de l’anglais dès la maternelle de telle sorte qu’en grandissant, l’apprenant puisse être parfaitement bilingue. La méthodologie appliquée à cette recherche est l’observation des activités de la langue anglaise dans les maternelles francophones. A l’issu de l’analyse des données recueillies, nous avons conclu que les apprenants sont exposés à la langue anglaise, mais ne sont pas éveillés à celle-ci.
{"title":"L’éveil Précoce Aux Langues : Le Cas Du Bilinguisme Camerounais","authors":"Ansorelle Kana","doi":"10.47604/ijl.1913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47604/ijl.1913","url":null,"abstract":"Plusieurs camerounais de toutes les couches sociales apprennent le français et l’anglais au Centre linguistique pilote de Yaoundé et ce malgré le statut bilingue du Cameroun. On peut ainsi questionner le processus d’acquisition des langues officielles à l’école. Ce questionnement implique d’interroger la manière dont ces langues sont enseignées dans nos écoles en général et dans le préscolaire en particulier. De ce fait, cet article se donne pour objectif de proposer de nouvelles stratégies d’enseignement/apprentissage de l’anglais dès la maternelle de telle sorte qu’en grandissant, l’apprenant puisse être parfaitement bilingue. La méthodologie appliquée à cette recherche est l’observation des activités de la langue anglaise dans les maternelles francophones. A l’issu de l’analyse des données recueillies, nous avons conclu que les apprenants sont exposés à la langue anglaise, mais ne sont pas éveillés à celle-ci. ","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87893518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":A History of the Study of the Indigenous Languages of North America","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/723644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723644","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46286264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shipibo, spoken in Amazonian Peru, has a complex system of word-level stress assignment that early studies described as being partially predictable and partially lexically determined. More recent studies have attempted to analyze Shipibo primary stress as overall predictable by postulating underlying consonants. However, hitherto no phonological studies have considered the effect of prefixation on stress assignment, which provides definitive evidence that primary stress in Shipibo is in fact only partially predictable. Body-part prefixes also uncover stress patterns that reveal important clues about the structure of proto-Panoan syllables. This paper proposes a synchronic analysis of Shipibo stress that takes into account these new data and puts forward a historical explanation for the intricate stress systems found in many modern Panoan languages.
{"title":"Reanalysis of Shipibo Stress Motivated By New Data on Prefixation","authors":"David W. Fleck","doi":"10.1086/723643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723643","url":null,"abstract":"Shipibo, spoken in Amazonian Peru, has a complex system of word-level stress assignment that early studies described as being partially predictable and partially lexically determined. More recent studies have attempted to analyze Shipibo primary stress as overall predictable by postulating underlying consonants. However, hitherto no phonological studies have considered the effect of prefixation on stress assignment, which provides definitive evidence that primary stress in Shipibo is in fact only partially predictable. Body-part prefixes also uncover stress patterns that reveal important clues about the structure of proto-Panoan syllables. This paper proposes a synchronic analysis of Shipibo stress that takes into account these new data and puts forward a historical explanation for the intricate stress systems found in many modern Panoan languages.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45569929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research theorizes that Xinkan, a non-Mayan language, exerted influence on the Ch’orti’ (Mayan) verbs, providing a viable alternative to the claim of direct Ch’olti’-to-Ch’orti’ descent and instead supporting the more traditional view that Ch’orti’ and Ch’olti’ have separate histories. Shared verbal features between Xinkan and Ch’orti’ that are not typically Mayan include (1) a third person prefix a‑ on intransitive verbs in the incompletive aspect, which contrasts with a zero morpheme for the third person in the completive, and (2) the unusual portmanteau marking of incompletive vs. completive through the contrast between prefixed and suffixed person markers respectively (with no tense/aspect markers). Xinkan-Mayan contact has been established by earlier research on lexical borrowings into Xinkan from Mayan and on Xinkan toponyms in the Ch’orti’-Ch’olti’ area.
{"title":"Xinkan Influence on Ch’orti’ Verbs","authors":"Robin Quizar","doi":"10.1086/723639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723639","url":null,"abstract":"This research theorizes that Xinkan, a non-Mayan language, exerted influence on the Ch’orti’ (Mayan) verbs, providing a viable alternative to the claim of direct Ch’olti’-to-Ch’orti’ descent and instead supporting the more traditional view that Ch’orti’ and Ch’olti’ have separate histories. Shared verbal features between Xinkan and Ch’orti’ that are not typically Mayan include (1) a third person prefix a‑ on intransitive verbs in the incompletive aspect, which contrasts with a zero morpheme for the third person in the completive, and (2) the unusual portmanteau marking of incompletive vs. completive through the contrast between prefixed and suffixed person markers respectively (with no tense/aspect markers). Xinkan-Mayan contact has been established by earlier research on lexical borrowings into Xinkan from Mayan and on Xinkan toponyms in the Ch’orti’-Ch’olti’ area.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43766374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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