Japanese Psychological Research最新文献

The contemporary development of psychometric theories and information technologies enables students to work on algorithm-based personalized tests in classroom settings. This study aims to investigate the relationship between students' achievement goals and what they prefer as “personalized problems” in computer-adaptive tests. We theoretically contrast achievement goals with developing competency through mastery and demonstrating competency through performance goals. We asked elementary and secondary school students to work on a computer-adaptive test and to complete questionnaires about what they prefer as “personalized problems” in computer-adaptive tests. The results revealed that while mastery goals positively predicted preference for challenging problems, performance goals positively predicted preference for problems that guaranteed students’ success. Moreover, only the preference for challenging problems positively predicted the intention to take computer-adaptive tests in the future. These results suggest that simply introducing a computer-adaptive test into the classroom may not be effective. We discuss how educational technologies should be integrated into human teaching activities.

This meta-analysis investigated the strengths of the relationship between various types of motivations and accompanying future outcomes that individuals intend to change, based upon 337 effect sizes from 62 studies. Considerable variation exists within and between the effect sizes of the 14 types of motivations, ranging from a small negative effect size, r = −.13, I² = 93.85% (k = 13), to a medium positive effect size, r = .38, I² = 0.0% (k = 3). The following factors moderated some of the 14 summary effect sizes: (a) the type of assessment data (self-report vs. physical data); (b) the type of future outcomes (physical behavior, psychological state, and intellectual ability); (c) the use of a motivational intervention; (d) the use of a longitudinal design; and (e) the time period between the point that measured motivation and future outcomes. The moderating effects suggest that the effect size of motivations may fluctuate across various domains, while future outcomes may be almost unaffected or even affected negatively by particular types of motivations, although certain other types of motivations play positive roles.

Volume 65

Original Articles

Review

Brief Reports

Editorial

Erratum

Announcement

Interoception, which denotes the sensory connection between the body and the brain regarding the internal state and visceral organs (Sherrington, 1948), is gaining increasing attention among researchers. It serves a vital role in maintaining homeostatic operations and bodily control while also providing the foundation for mental processes and emotional responses. This underscores the close interconnection and responsiveness among brain function, mental processes, and internal physiological condition (Barrett, 2017; Craig, 2015; Damasio, 2018). Interoception is considered a multidimensional construct that encompasses objective, subjective, and metacognitive aspects. These include interoceptive accuracy, indicated by performance in behavioral tests, such as heartbeat detection; interoceptive sensibility, measured through self-reported questionnaires; and interoceptive awareness, which refers to the alignment between objective interoceptive accuracy and subjective confidence (Garfinkel & Critchley, 2013). Evidence on interoceptive neural circuits at the neuroanatomical and functional levels has been accumulating but remains limited, as highlighted in a recent special issue of Trends in Neurosciences (“The Neuroscience of Interoception”). For a summary of gaps and challenges in the field, refer to Chen et al. (2021) in the cited special issue. Additionally, the full impact of recent developments in the understanding of interoception in psychological science is not yet fully elucidated. Hence, the goal of this special issue of Japanese Psychological Research was to showcase recent empirical and theoretical advancements in psychological research on interoception. Consequently, the three articles featured in this special issue have tackled significant topics concerning the cultural foundations of self, attentional focus, and effortful control.

Ubukata et al. (2023) investigated cultural variations in interoceptive accuracy. Previous findings on these cultural differences were limited and somewhat contradictory: Although some evidence has suggested lower levels of interoceptive accuracy in East Asians and Western Africans compared to European Americans (Chentsova-Dutton & Dzokoto, 2014; Ma-Kellams et al., 2012), another line of research reported no cultural differences (Maister & Tsakiris, 2014). By implementing more refined task instructions aimed at addressing specific measurement issues that affect interoceptive accuracy, Ubukata et al. (2023) demonstrated that Japanese participants were more skilled at detecting heartbeats than their European counterparts. Grounded in self-construals and the distinct analytic versus holistic thought patterns that characterize various cultures, Ubukata et al. (2023) would provide insights into the sociocultural factors influencing