This paper explores new neutron star models based on spherically symmetric space–time. We take into account the gravitational effects of f(T,T) gravity, in which T is the torsion and T is the trace of the energy–momentum tensor. Field equations are evaluated by incorporating the off-diagonal tetrad. In this paper, we discuss the detailed properties of compact star candidates 4 U 1538–52, J 0437–4,715, J 0030 + 0451, and 4 U 1820–30, like energy density, pressure profiles, gradients, anisotropy, energy conditions, equation of state, speeds of sound, TOV equation, and compactification parameters. We discuss all these characteristics using the quadratic cosmological model of f(T,T) gravity. We use the well-famed junction equations to evaluate the unknown parameters. Our detailed and comprehensive graphical analysis ensures that the model containing the anisotropic nature of stellar structures is physically acceptable, regular, and stable.
本文探索了基于球对称时空的中子星模型。我们考虑f(T,T)重力的引力效应，其中T是扭转，T是能量动量张量的轨迹。通过结合非对角线四分体来计算场方程。本文讨论了4 U 1538-52、J 0437 - 4715、J 0030 + 0451和4 U 1820-30候选紧致恒星的能量密度、压力分布、梯度、各向异性、能量条件、状态方程、声速、TOV方程和紧致参数等详细性质。我们使用f(T,T)引力的二次宇宙学模型来讨论所有这些特征。我们使用著名的结点方程来计算未知参数。我们详细而全面的图形分析确保了包含恒星结构各向异性性质的模型在物理上是可接受的、规则的和稳定的。
{"title":"Structural properties of a new class of stellar structures in modified teleparallel gravity","authors":"Aylin Caliskan, Rana Muhammad Zulqarnain, Ertan Güdekli, Imran Siddique, Hijaz Ahmad, Sameh Askar","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1203777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1203777","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores new neutron star models based on spherically symmetric space–time. We take into account the gravitational effects of <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"m1\"><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant=\"script\">T</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> gravity, in which T is the torsion and <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"m2\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"script\">T</mml:mi></mml:math> is the trace of the energy–momentum tensor. Field equations are evaluated by incorporating the off-diagonal tetrad. In this paper, we discuss the detailed properties of compact star candidates 4 U 1538–52, J 0437–4,715, J 0030 + 0451, and 4 U 1820–30, like energy density, pressure profiles, gradients, anisotropy, energy conditions, equation of state, speeds of sound, TOV equation, and compactification parameters. We discuss all these characteristics using the quadratic cosmological model of <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"m3\"><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant=\"script\">T</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> gravity. We use the well-famed junction equations to evaluate the unknown parameters. Our detailed and comprehensive graphical analysis ensures that the model containing the anisotropic nature of stellar structures is physically acceptable, regular, and stable.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135579268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1239160
Anthony A. Chan, Scot R. Elkington, William J. Longley, Suhail A. Aldhurais, Shah S. Alam, Jay M. Albert, Allison N. Jaynes, David M. Malaspina, Qianli Ma, Wen Li
In this paper we describe K2, a comprehensive simulation model of Earth’s radiation belts that includes a wide range of relevant physical processes. Global MHD simulations are combined with guiding-center test-particle methods to model interactions with ultra low-frequency (ULF) waves, substorm injections, convective transport, drift-shell splitting, drift-orbit bifurcations, and magnetopause shadowing, all in self-consistent MHD fields. Simulation of local acceleration and pitch-angle scattering due to cyclotron-scale interactions is incorporated by including stochastic differential equation (SDE) methods in the MHD-particle framework. The SDEs are driven by event-specific bounce-averaged energy and pitch-angle diffusion coefficients. We present simulations of electron phase-space densities during a simplified particle acceleration event based on the 17 March 2013 event observed by the Van Allen Probes, with a focus on demonstrating the capabilities of the K2 model. The relative wave-particle effects of global scale ULF waves and very-low frequency (VLF) whistler-mode chorus waves are compared, and we show that the primary acceleration appears to be from the latter. We also show that the enhancement with both ULF and VLF processes included exceeds that of VLF waves alone, indicating a synergistic combination of energization and transport processes may be important.
{"title":"Simulation of radiation belt wave-particle interactions in an MHD-particle framework","authors":"Anthony A. Chan, Scot R. Elkington, William J. Longley, Suhail A. Aldhurais, Shah S. Alam, Jay M. Albert, Allison N. Jaynes, David M. Malaspina, Qianli Ma, Wen Li","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1239160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1239160","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we describe K2, a comprehensive simulation model of Earth’s radiation belts that includes a wide range of relevant physical processes. Global MHD simulations are combined with guiding-center test-particle methods to model interactions with ultra low-frequency (ULF) waves, substorm injections, convective transport, drift-shell splitting, drift-orbit bifurcations, and magnetopause shadowing, all in self-consistent MHD fields. Simulation of local acceleration and pitch-angle scattering due to cyclotron-scale interactions is incorporated by including stochastic differential equation (SDE) methods in the MHD-particle framework. The SDEs are driven by event-specific bounce-averaged energy and pitch-angle diffusion coefficients. We present simulations of electron phase-space densities during a simplified particle acceleration event based on the 17 March 2013 event observed by the Van Allen Probes, with a focus on demonstrating the capabilities of the K2 model. The relative wave-particle effects of global scale ULF waves and very-low frequency (VLF) whistler-mode chorus waves are compared, and we show that the primary acceleration appears to be from the latter. We also show that the enhancement with both ULF and VLF processes included exceeds that of VLF waves alone, indicating a synergistic combination of energization and transport processes may be important.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135718982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1256088
Hermine Landt
Recent models for the inner structure of active galactic nuclei (AGN) aim at connecting the outer region of the accretion disk with the broad-line region and dusty torus through a radiatively accelerated, dusty outflow. Such an outflow not only requires the outer disk to be dusty and thus predicts disk sizes beyond the self-gravity limit but requires the presence of nuclear dust with favorable properties. Here, we investigate a large sample of type 1 AGN by near-infrared (near-IR) cross-dispersed spectroscopy with the aim to constrain the astrochemistry, location, and geometry of the nuclear hot dust region. Assuming a thermal equilibrium for optically thin dust, we derive the luminosity-based dust radius for different grain properties using our measurement of the temperature. We combine our results with independent dust radius measurements from reverberation mapping and interferometry, and show that large dust grains that can provide the necessary opacity for the outflow are ubiquitous in AGN. Using our estimates of the dust covering factor, we investigate the dust geometry using the effects of the accretion disk anisotropy. A flared disk-like structure for the hot dust is favored. Finally, we discuss the implication of our results for the dust radius-luminosity plane.
{"title":"The outer dusty edge of accretion disks in active galactic nuclei","authors":"Hermine Landt","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1256088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1256088","url":null,"abstract":"Recent models for the inner structure of active galactic nuclei (AGN) aim at connecting the outer region of the accretion disk with the broad-line region and dusty torus through a radiatively accelerated, dusty outflow. Such an outflow not only requires the outer disk to be dusty and thus predicts disk sizes beyond the self-gravity limit but requires the presence of nuclear dust with favorable properties. Here, we investigate a large sample of type 1 AGN by near-infrared (near-IR) cross-dispersed spectroscopy with the aim to constrain the astrochemistry, location, and geometry of the nuclear hot dust region. Assuming a thermal equilibrium for optically thin dust, we derive the luminosity-based dust radius for different grain properties using our measurement of the temperature. We combine our results with independent dust radius measurements from reverberation mapping and interferometry, and show that large dust grains that can provide the necessary opacity for the outflow are ubiquitous in AGN. Using our estimates of the dust covering factor, we investigate the dust geometry using the effects of the accretion disk anisotropy. A flared disk-like structure for the hot dust is favored. Finally, we discuss the implication of our results for the dust radius-luminosity plane.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1180522
Joel Doré, Sandra Ortega Ugalde
Humans are microbial, ecosystems and symbioses. The relationship that humans have with their microbiomes is an essential element to maintaining health and wellbeing. Recent changes in lifestyles may have fostered an alteration of this symbiosis, which is frequently associated with chronic disorders. Here, we will review the state of the art on the central role of human-microbes symbiosis in health and disease, highlighting the innovations expected from the emerging knowledge on host-microbes symbiosis, for diagnosis, preventive nutrition, and a medicine of the ‘microbial human’. Since microbiome science also impacts several sustainable development goals of the Planetary Boundaries Initiative, we will also explore how microbiome science could help to provide sustainability tools and strategies aligned with the life support systems sought by the Micro-Ecological Life Support Systems Alternative (MELiSSA) Project lead by the European Space Agency (ESA).
{"title":"Human-microbes symbiosis in health and disease, on earth and beyond planetary boundaries","authors":"Joel Doré, Sandra Ortega Ugalde","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1180522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1180522","url":null,"abstract":"Humans are microbial, ecosystems and symbioses. The relationship that humans have with their microbiomes is an essential element to maintaining health and wellbeing. Recent changes in lifestyles may have fostered an alteration of this symbiosis, which is frequently associated with chronic disorders. Here, we will review the state of the art on the central role of human-microbes symbiosis in health and disease, highlighting the innovations expected from the emerging knowledge on host-microbes symbiosis, for diagnosis, preventive nutrition, and a medicine of the ‘microbial human’. Since microbiome science also impacts several sustainable development goals of the Planetary Boundaries Initiative, we will also explore how microbiome science could help to provide sustainability tools and strategies aligned with the life support systems sought by the Micro-Ecological Life Support Systems Alternative (MELiSSA) Project lead by the European Space Agency (ESA).","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136060501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1229022
Laurence Lemelle, Eléonore Mottin, Denis Le Tourneau, Sébastien Rouquette, Lucie Campagnolo, Cécile Thévenot, Alain Maillet, Sébastien Barde, Emmanuel Garre, Jérémie Teisseire, Caroline Fontelaye, Vincent Jousseaume, Catherine Pudda, Olivier Constantin, Pierre Marcoux, Guillaume Nonglaton, Christophe Place
Future long-duration human spaceflights require developments to limit biocontamination of surface habitats. The three MATISS (Microbial Aerosol Tethering on Innovative Surfaces in the International Space Station) campaigns exposed surface treatments over several months in the ISS. To this end, eight sample holders designed were mounted with lamella-bearing FDTS ((1 H , 1 H , 2 H , 2 H )-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane), SiOCH, and parylene hydrophobic coatings, at two different locations, for several months, during three distinct periods from 2016 to 2020. Tile scanning optical microscopy (×3 and ×30 magnifications) detected several thousand particles, indicating a relatively clean environment (a few particles per mm 2 ). In previous studies, exposure rates were analyzed for all the coarse and fine particles detected on the largest total area of the integrated FDTS area exposed in the ISS (several cm 2 ). Here, the contamination rates observed for a smaller constant area unit (the 0.66-cm 2 window area of the holder) were statistically analyzed. Therefore, a statistical difference in rate distributions between RGSH (Return Grid Sensor House) and EDR (European Drawer Rack) and between FDTS and either SiOCH or parylene was shown for the coarse particles but not for the fine particles. The contamination rates were found to be low, confirming the efficiency of the long-term air purification system. The rates tend to vary with the astronaut occupancy rates. Surfaces of spacecraft for long-duration exploration left unmanned during dormancy periods can be considered safe from biocontamination.
未来的长时间载人航天飞行需要发展以限制地表栖息地的生物污染。三次MATISS(国际空间站创新表面微生物气溶胶捆绑)活动在国际空间站上进行了几个月的表面处理。为此，设计了8个样品支架，在2016年至2020年的三个不同时期，在两个不同的位置安装了带有片状的FDTS ((1h, 1h, 2h, 2h)-全氟癸基三氯硅烷)、SiOCH和对二甲苯疏水涂层。瓷砖扫描光学显微镜(×3和×30放大)检测到数千个颗粒，表明环境相对清洁(每平方毫米几个颗粒)。在以前的研究中，对在国际空间站暴露的综合FDTS区域的最大总面积(几厘米2)上检测到的所有粗颗粒和细颗粒的暴露率进行了分析。在这里，对较小的恒定面积单位(0.66 cm 2的支架窗口面积)观察到的污染率进行统计分析。因此，RGSH(返回网格传感器屋)和EDR(欧洲抽屉架)之间以及FDTS与SiOCH或聚对二甲苯之间的速率分布在粗颗粒中显示出统计差异，而在细颗粒中则没有。发现污染率低，证实了长期空气净化系统的效率。费率往往随宇航员入住率而变化。长期探索的航天器表面在休眠期间保持无人状态，可以认为是安全的，不会受到生物污染。
{"title":"Surface contamination rates at different spatial scales in the Columbus module (ISS) during the MATISS campaigns","authors":"Laurence Lemelle, Eléonore Mottin, Denis Le Tourneau, Sébastien Rouquette, Lucie Campagnolo, Cécile Thévenot, Alain Maillet, Sébastien Barde, Emmanuel Garre, Jérémie Teisseire, Caroline Fontelaye, Vincent Jousseaume, Catherine Pudda, Olivier Constantin, Pierre Marcoux, Guillaume Nonglaton, Christophe Place","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1229022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1229022","url":null,"abstract":"Future long-duration human spaceflights require developments to limit biocontamination of surface habitats. The three MATISS (Microbial Aerosol Tethering on Innovative Surfaces in the International Space Station) campaigns exposed surface treatments over several months in the ISS. To this end, eight sample holders designed were mounted with lamella-bearing FDTS ((1 H , 1 H , 2 H , 2 H )-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane), SiOCH, and parylene hydrophobic coatings, at two different locations, for several months, during three distinct periods from 2016 to 2020. Tile scanning optical microscopy (×3 and ×30 magnifications) detected several thousand particles, indicating a relatively clean environment (a few particles per mm 2 ). In previous studies, exposure rates were analyzed for all the coarse and fine particles detected on the largest total area of the integrated FDTS area exposed in the ISS (several cm 2 ). Here, the contamination rates observed for a smaller constant area unit (the 0.66-cm 2 window area of the holder) were statistically analyzed. Therefore, a statistical difference in rate distributions between RGSH (Return Grid Sensor House) and EDR (European Drawer Rack) and between FDTS and either SiOCH or parylene was shown for the coarse particles but not for the fine particles. The contamination rates were found to be low, confirming the efficiency of the long-term air purification system. The rates tend to vary with the astronaut occupancy rates. Surfaces of spacecraft for long-duration exploration left unmanned during dormancy periods can be considered safe from biocontamination.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136130865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work we analyze a small B-class flare that occurred on 29 April 2021 and was observed simultaneously by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) X-ray instrument. The IRIS observations of the ribbon of the flare show peculiar spectral characteristics that are typical signatures of energy deposition by non-thermal electrons in the lower atmosphere. The presence of the non-thermal particles is also confirmed directly by fitting the NuSTAR spectral observations. We show that, by combining IRIS and NuSTAR multi-wavelength observations from the corona to the lower atmosphere with hydrodynamic simulations using the RADYN code, we can provide strict constraints on electron-beam heated flare models. This work presents the first NuSTAR, IRIS and RADYN joint analysis of a non-thermal microflare, and presents a self-consistent picture of the flare-accelerated electrons in the corona and the chromospheric response to those electrons.
{"title":"Multi-wavelength observations and modeling of a microflare: constraining non-thermal particle acceleration","authors":"Vanessa Polito, Marianne Peterson, Lindsay Glesener, Paola Testa, Sijie Yu, Katharine K. Reeves, Xudong Sun, Jessie Duncan","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1214901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1214901","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we analyze a small B-class flare that occurred on 29 April 2021 and was observed simultaneously by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) X-ray instrument. The IRIS observations of the ribbon of the flare show peculiar spectral characteristics that are typical signatures of energy deposition by non-thermal electrons in the lower atmosphere. The presence of the non-thermal particles is also confirmed directly by fitting the NuSTAR spectral observations. We show that, by combining IRIS and NuSTAR multi-wavelength observations from the corona to the lower atmosphere with hydrodynamic simulations using the RADYN code, we can provide strict constraints on electron-beam heated flare models. This work presents the first NuSTAR, IRIS and RADYN joint analysis of a non-thermal microflare, and presents a self-consistent picture of the flare-accelerated electrons in the corona and the chromospheric response to those electrons.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136129870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1200263
T. Sotirelis, P. T. Newell, C. Meng
The protons and electrons on newly reconnected field lines exhibit time-of-flight effects that have been observed and modelled on both the dayside and nightside, at both high and low altitudes. These reconnection signatures feature proton energy distributions that are cutoff toward low energy. In LEO the cutoff energy exhibits a dispersion with latitude, typically seen in the cusp on the dayside, and referred to as velocity dispersed ion structures on the nightside. Here, an automated algorithm for detecting such low-energy cutoffs in the energy spectra of precipitating ions was developed, without regard for any possible dispersion with latitude. The occurrences of LEC ion spectra were mapped over a year of DMSP observations. There are four distinct components to this map, two of which are produced by reconnection. On the dayside LEC ion spectra are seen in cusp, mantle, and open-LLBL precipitation, predominantly at sub-keV energies, as the result of dayside reconnection. On the nightside LEC ion spectra are seen at the poleward edge of the oval at supra-keV energies (usually dispersed with latitude), that indicate magnetotail reconnection. There is another supra-keV population seen on the dusk side at the equatorward edge of the oval, possibly indicating the onset of isotropy. Finally, there is a sub-keV population seen throughout the auroral oval that is thought to consist of ions accelerated out of the opposing hemisphere. The presence of the nightside reconnection signature is modulated by magnetic activity level. Superposed epoch analyses of the ionospheric flow velocity reveal flow through the open–closed boundary when reconnection signatures are present, and enhanced upflow on the dayside when reconnection signatures are present.
{"title":"Survey of reconnection signatures in auroral oval ion precipitation","authors":"T. Sotirelis, P. T. Newell, C. Meng","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1200263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1200263","url":null,"abstract":"The protons and electrons on newly reconnected field lines exhibit time-of-flight effects that have been observed and modelled on both the dayside and nightside, at both high and low altitudes. These reconnection signatures feature proton energy distributions that are cutoff toward low energy. In LEO the cutoff energy exhibits a dispersion with latitude, typically seen in the cusp on the dayside, and referred to as velocity dispersed ion structures on the nightside. Here, an automated algorithm for detecting such low-energy cutoffs in the energy spectra of precipitating ions was developed, without regard for any possible dispersion with latitude. The occurrences of LEC ion spectra were mapped over a year of DMSP observations. There are four distinct components to this map, two of which are produced by reconnection. On the dayside LEC ion spectra are seen in cusp, mantle, and open-LLBL precipitation, predominantly at sub-keV energies, as the result of dayside reconnection. On the nightside LEC ion spectra are seen at the poleward edge of the oval at supra-keV energies (usually dispersed with latitude), that indicate magnetotail reconnection. There is another supra-keV population seen on the dusk side at the equatorward edge of the oval, possibly indicating the onset of isotropy. Finally, there is a sub-keV population seen throughout the auroral oval that is thought to consist of ions accelerated out of the opposing hemisphere. The presence of the nightside reconnection signature is modulated by magnetic activity level. Superposed epoch analyses of the ionospheric flow velocity reveal flow through the open–closed boundary when reconnection signatures are present, and enhanced upflow on the dayside when reconnection signatures are present.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136263988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1250779
Connor O’Brien, Brian M. Walsh, Ying Zou, Samira Tasnim, Huaming Zhang, David Gary Sibeck
Introduction: For the last several decades, continuous monitoring of the solar wind has been carried out by spacecraft at the first Earth-Sun Lagrange point (L1). Due to computational expense or model limitations, those data often must be propagated to some point closer to the Earth in order to be usable by those studying the interaction between Earth’s magnetosphere and the solar wind. The current most widely used tool to propagate measurements from L1 (roughly 235 RE upstream) to Earth is the planar propagation method, which includes a number of known limitations. Motivated by these limitations, this study introduces a new algorithm called the Probabilistic Regressor for Input to the Magnetosphere Estimation (PRIME). Methods: PRIME is based on a novel probabilistic recurrent neural network architecture, and is capable of incorporating solar wind time history from L1 monitors to generate predictions of near-Earth solar wind as well as estimate uncertainties for those predictions. Results: A statistical validation shows PRIME’s predictions better match MMS magnetic field and plasma measurements just upstream of the bow shock than measurements from Wind propagated to MMS with a minimum variance analysis-based planar propagation technique. PRIME’s continuous rank probability score (CRPS) is 0.214 σ on average across all parameters, compared to the minimum variance algorithm’s CRPS of 0.350 σ . PRIME’s performance improvement over minimum variance is dramatic in plasma parameters, with an improvement in CRPS from 2.155 cm −3 to 0.850 cm −3 in number density and 16.15 km/s to 9.226 km/s in flow velocity V X GSE. Discussion: Case studies of particularly difficult to predict or extreme conditions are presented to illustrate the benefits and limitations of PRIME. PRIME’s uncertainties are shown to provide reasonably reliable predictions of the probability of particular solar wind conditions occurring. Conclusion: PRIME offers a simple solution to common limitations of solar wind propagation algorithms by generating accurate predictions of the solar wind at Earth with physically meaningful uncertainties attached.
导语:在过去的几十年里，航天器在第一个地球-太阳拉格朗日点(L1)对太阳风进行了连续监测。由于计算费用或模型的限制，这些数据通常必须传播到离地球更近的某个点，以便研究地球磁层和太阳风之间的相互作用。目前最广泛使用的将测量数据从L1(大约235 RE上游)传播到地球的工具是平面传播方法，该方法有许多已知的局限性。基于这些局限性，本研究引入了一种新的算法，称为输入磁层估计的概率回归(Probabilistic Regressor for Input to Magnetosphere Estimation)。方法:PRIME基于一种新颖的概率递归神经网络架构，能够结合L1监测仪的太阳风时程来生成近地太阳风预测并估计这些预测的不确定性。结果:统计验证表明，与基于最小方差分析的平面传播技术的风传播到MMS的测量结果相比，PRIME的预测结果更符合弓形激波上游的MMS磁场和等离子体测量结果。与最小方差算法的连续秩概率分数(CRPS) 0.350 σ相比，PRIME算法的连续秩概率分数(CRPS)在所有参数上的平均值为0.214 σ。在最小方差条件下，PRIME在等离子体参数上的性能提升是显著的，CRPS在数密度上从2.155 cm−3提高到0.850 cm−3，在流速V X GSE上从16.15 km/s提高到9.226 km/s。讨论:提出了特别难以预测或极端条件的案例研究，以说明PRIME的优点和局限性。对于特定太阳风条件发生的概率，PRIME的不确定性提供了相当可靠的预测。结论:PRIME通过对地球上的太阳风进行准确的预测，并附带物理上有意义的不确定性，为解决太阳风传播算法的常见局限性提供了一个简单的解决方案。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1217737
Federico Gasperini, Brian J. Harding, Geoffrey Crowley, Thomas J. Immel
Growing evidence indicates that a selected group of global-scale waves from the lower atmosphere constitute a significant source of ionosphere-thermosphere (IT, 100–600 km) variability. Due to the geometry of the magnetic field lines, this IT coupling occurs mainly at low latitudes ( < 30°) and is driven by waves originating in the tropical troposphere such as the diurnal eastward propagating tide with zonal wave number s = −3 (DE3) and the quasi-3-day ultra-fast Kelvin wave with s = −1 (UFKW1). In this work, over 2 years of simultaneous in situ ion densities from Ion Velocity Meters (IVMs) onboard the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) near 590 km and the Scintillation Observations and Response of the Ionosphere to Electrodynamics (SORTIE) CubeSat near 420 km, along with remotely-sensed lower (ca. 105 km) and middle (ca. 220 km) thermospheric horizontal winds from ICON’s Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) are employed to demonstrate a rich spectrum of waves coupling these IT regions. Strong DE3 and UFKW1 topside ionospheric variations are traced to lower thermospheric zonal winds, while large diurnal s = 2 (DW2) and zonally symmetric (D0) variations are traced to middle thermospheric winds generated in situ . Analyses of diurnal tides from the Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere (CTMT) reveal general agreement near 105 km, with larger discrepancies near 220 km due to in situ tidal generation not captured by CTMT. This study highlights the utility of simultaneous satellite measurements for studies of IT coupling via global-scale waves.
{"title":"Ionosphere-thermosphere coupling via global-scale waves: new insights from two-years of concurrent in situ and remotely-sensed satellite observations","authors":"Federico Gasperini, Brian J. Harding, Geoffrey Crowley, Thomas J. Immel","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1217737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1217737","url":null,"abstract":"Growing evidence indicates that a selected group of global-scale waves from the lower atmosphere constitute a significant source of ionosphere-thermosphere (IT, 100–600 km) variability. Due to the geometry of the magnetic field lines, this IT coupling occurs mainly at low latitudes ( <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"m1\"><mml:mo><</mml:mo></mml:math> 30°) and is driven by waves originating in the tropical troposphere such as the diurnal eastward propagating tide with zonal wave number s = −3 (DE3) and the quasi-3-day ultra-fast Kelvin wave with s = −1 (UFKW1). In this work, over 2 years of simultaneous in situ ion densities from Ion Velocity Meters (IVMs) onboard the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) near 590 km and the Scintillation Observations and Response of the Ionosphere to Electrodynamics (SORTIE) CubeSat near 420 km, along with remotely-sensed lower (ca. 105 km) and middle (ca. 220 km) thermospheric horizontal winds from ICON’s Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) are employed to demonstrate a rich spectrum of waves coupling these IT regions. Strong DE3 and UFKW1 topside ionospheric variations are traced to lower thermospheric zonal winds, while large diurnal s = 2 (DW2) and zonally symmetric (D0) variations are traced to middle thermospheric winds generated in situ . Analyses of diurnal tides from the Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere (CTMT) reveal general agreement near 105 km, with larger discrepancies near 220 km due to in situ tidal generation not captured by CTMT. This study highlights the utility of simultaneous satellite measurements for studies of IT coupling via global-scale waves.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135206395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a need to develop production technology that effectively uses limited water and other resources to create a stable food supply in space. Aquaponics, which combine hydroponics and aquaculture, is expected to be an efficient system for producing crops and animal proteins. This system sustains the reuse of water and balances nutrient elements between both cultures using dissolved elements in fish excrement for plant growth. To evaluate the effect of fish density on biological production and nitrogen usage efficiency in aquaponics combining lettuce hydroponics and loach aquaculture, we investigated the growth performance of lettuce plants and loach fish. We focused on the balance of nutrient elements, especially nitrogen flow in the system. As a result, we found that lettuce grew in aquaponics with a half-strength standard solution with an optimal combination of the number of plants and fish as well as hydroponics with a standard solution. Increasing the density of loach fish and lettuce plants can increase the total biological production of fish and plants. However, it will be important to control both fish and plant densities to increase nitrogen recovery in aquaponics with a high fish density.
{"title":"Effect of fish density on biological production in aquaponics combining lettuce hydroponics and loach aquaculture for controlled ecological life support systems in space","authors":"Yoshiaki Kitaya, Takashige Kawamoto, Ryosuke Endo, Toshio Shibuya","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1197402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1197402","url":null,"abstract":"There is a need to develop production technology that effectively uses limited water and other resources to create a stable food supply in space. Aquaponics, which combine hydroponics and aquaculture, is expected to be an efficient system for producing crops and animal proteins. This system sustains the reuse of water and balances nutrient elements between both cultures using dissolved elements in fish excrement for plant growth. To evaluate the effect of fish density on biological production and nitrogen usage efficiency in aquaponics combining lettuce hydroponics and loach aquaculture, we investigated the growth performance of lettuce plants and loach fish. We focused on the balance of nutrient elements, especially nitrogen flow in the system. As a result, we found that lettuce grew in aquaponics with a half-strength standard solution with an optimal combination of the number of plants and fish as well as hydroponics with a standard solution. Increasing the density of loach fish and lettuce plants can increase the total biological production of fish and plants. However, it will be important to control both fish and plant densities to increase nitrogen recovery in aquaponics with a high fish density.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":"174 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135207014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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