This article applies a feminist political ecology framework to analyze a particular case of human-wildlife interaction from northeastern India, linking it to the emerging paradigm of 'decolonized conservation.' Through the oral testimonies of local community members with regard to living close to wild Asian elephants in a forest-agriculture landscape matrix of rural Assam, this article argues that place-based conceptualizations of 'wildlife', 'forest dependency' and 'living with wildlife' are affected by gendered roles and responsibilities, gendered access to spaces and gendered interaction with wildlife. By doing so, this article argues for (i) extending the discourse on 'decolonized conservation' towards the role of gender in rethinking these place-based conceptualizations and (ii) bringing forward such 'en-gendering' into redesigning wildlife policies, as that will have the potential of ensuring feminist environmental justice as well as positive conservation outcomes.
{"title":"En-gendering human-wildlife interactions in Northeast India: towards decolonized conservation","authors":"Sayan Banerjee, Shalini Sharma","doi":"10.2458/jpe.5217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/jpe.5217","url":null,"abstract":"This article applies a feminist political ecology framework to analyze a particular case of human-wildlife interaction from northeastern India, linking it to the emerging paradigm of 'decolonized conservation.' Through the oral testimonies of local community members with regard to living close to wild Asian elephants in a forest-agriculture landscape matrix of rural Assam, this article argues that place-based conceptualizations of 'wildlife', 'forest dependency' and 'living with wildlife' are affected by gendered roles and responsibilities, gendered access to spaces and gendered interaction with wildlife. By doing so, this article argues for (i) extending the discourse on 'decolonized conservation' towards the role of gender in rethinking these place-based conceptualizations and (ii) bringing forward such 'en-gendering' into redesigning wildlife policies, as that will have the potential of ensuring feminist environmental justice as well as positive conservation outcomes.","PeriodicalId":46814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44153661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
et al., Levi Gahman, Filiberto Penados, Shelda-Jane Smith
After decades of organising and a protracted legal battle, Maya communities of southern Belize won a watershed land rights victory in the Caribbean Court of Justice in 2015. Since then, the state has criminalised environmental defenders, violated communal land rights, and is argued by Maya activists and alcaldes (village leaders) from Toledo District to be operating in bad faith. This Grassroots article––which explicitly draws from the grounded knowledge of Indigenous resistance, an autonomous social movement, and engaged “accompliceship”––casts critical light on a recent flashpoint conflict between the Government of Belize and Maya communities related to Free, Prior, and Informed Consent. The analysis we offer from an anticolonial standpoint is instructive about broader social, political, and environmental challenges related to capitalist “development,” (postcolonial) state power, and struggles for Indigenous self-determination.
{"title":"The Violence of Disavowing Indigenous Governance: Exposing the Colonial Politics of “Development” and FPIC in the Caribbean","authors":"et al., Levi Gahman, Filiberto Penados, Shelda-Jane Smith","doi":"10.2458/jpe.5124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/jpe.5124","url":null,"abstract":"After decades of organising and a protracted legal battle, Maya communities of southern Belize won a watershed land rights victory in the Caribbean Court of Justice in 2015. Since then, the state has criminalised environmental defenders, violated communal land rights, and is argued by Maya activists and alcaldes (village leaders) from Toledo District to be operating in bad faith. This Grassroots article––which explicitly draws from the grounded knowledge of Indigenous resistance, an autonomous social movement, and engaged “accompliceship”––casts critical light on a recent flashpoint conflict between the Government of Belize and Maya communities related to Free, Prior, and Informed Consent. The analysis we offer from an anticolonial standpoint is instructive about broader social, political, and environmental challenges related to capitalist “development,” (postcolonial) state power, and struggles for Indigenous self-determination.","PeriodicalId":46814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49214244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The protection of the Earth's remaining biodiversity continues to be a debate of global importance as well as a source of contestation. In this context, the Indian government started with its post-colonial forest conservation from the 1970s, by ushering in the Wildlife Protection Act in 1972. It has since reinforced its conservation policies, over the last 15 years giving particular focus to the protection of tigers, considered a keystone and endangered species. In 2004, a Tiger Task Force was set up to protect the tiger, followed by the establishment of protected habitats for tiger conservation, which in turn reinforced the idea of a human-wildlife binary and legitimized the control of these spaces through armed policing. These changes in environmental governance have altered the relationship between local communities and forest guards, in many cases aggravating already conflictual interactions. This article discusses the political ecology of emerging conflicts around protected areas (national parks, tiger reserves and wildlife sanctuaries) in India through an analysis of 26 conflicts documented in the Environmental Justice Atlas (EJAtlas), and informed by field research conducted within and around protected areas of India. Specifically, the article analyzes the interplay between conservation policies and the rights of the commons recognized under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, as well as the socio-economic impacts of conservation policies in terms of dispossession, violence and the increase of "green militarization." The article also highlights the social resistance movements developed against these trends, which are framed as part of the growing environmental justice movement. The article concludes with how this struggle may be essential to achieving an ecologically sustainable society in the future and to shape a new conservation model.
{"title":"Struggles for just conservation: an analysis of India's biodiversity conservation conflicts","authors":"Eleonora Fanari","doi":"10.2458/jpe.5214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/jpe.5214","url":null,"abstract":"The protection of the Earth's remaining biodiversity continues to be a debate of global importance as well as a source of contestation. In this context, the Indian government started with its post-colonial forest conservation from the 1970s, by ushering in the Wildlife Protection Act in 1972. It has since reinforced its conservation policies, over the last 15 years giving particular focus to the protection of tigers, considered a keystone and endangered species. In 2004, a Tiger Task Force was set up to protect the tiger, followed by the establishment of protected habitats for tiger conservation, which in turn reinforced the idea of a human-wildlife binary and legitimized the control of these spaces through armed policing. These changes in environmental governance have altered the relationship between local communities and forest guards, in many cases aggravating already conflictual interactions. This article discusses the political ecology of emerging conflicts around protected areas (national parks, tiger reserves and wildlife sanctuaries) in India through an analysis of 26 conflicts documented in the Environmental Justice Atlas (EJAtlas), and informed by field research conducted within and around protected areas of India. Specifically, the article analyzes the interplay between conservation policies and the rights of the commons recognized under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, as well as the socio-economic impacts of conservation policies in terms of dispossession, violence and the increase of \"green militarization.\" The article also highlights the social resistance movements developed against these trends, which are framed as part of the growing environmental justice movement. The article concludes with how this struggle may be essential to achieving an ecologically sustainable society in the future and to shape a new conservation model.","PeriodicalId":46814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46750934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Revisión de Pedro Bravo. 2018. Exceso de equipaje. Por qué el turismo es un gran invento hasta que deja de serlo","authors":"Pedro Azevedo, Xerardo Pereiro","doi":"10.2458/jpe.5152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/jpe.5152","url":null,"abstract":" ","PeriodicalId":46814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41493501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book review of M. Schmelzer, A. Vetter, and A. Vansintjan. 2022. The future is degrowth: A guide to a world beyond capitalism","authors":"Nikos Trantas","doi":"10.2458/jpe.5122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/jpe.5122","url":null,"abstract":"A book review on Schmelzer, Vetter and Vansinjtan, The Future is Degrowth. A guide to a world beyond capitalism, Verso Books, London 2022","PeriodicalId":46814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42349775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Blackstock, A. J. Bourke, K. Waylen, K. Marshall
Whether pursuing the breadth of the UN's Sustainable Development Goalsor delivering joined-up approaches within a single environmental domain, it isincreasingly important to understand how policy objectives, policy design andpolicy implementation cohere vertically (within policy) and horizontally(between policies). However, policy coherence remains a challenge to implement.The limited empirical scholarship on policy coherence tends to focus on policydocumentation and/or the outcomes, with little attention to individual agencyor social processes involved. Therefore, our contribution considers theindividuals making policy coherence happen. Furthermore, there is littlediscussion of the normative dimensions of policy coherence making it ripe for apolitical ecology analysis. Empirical research conducted with thoseimplementing policy coherence within four UK catchment (watershed) partnershipsis considered from a critical interpretive policy analysis perspective toenrich the interface between political ecology and environmental policy. We findthat the appetite and ability to support policy coherence depends on individualagency as much as partnership structures. We consider which actors practicepolicy coherence; what motivates those investing their energy into thesecoherence practices; and their constraints. Although it is challenging to researchsuch processes, our data provides insights into the social processes of policycoherence. The explicit political ecology lens highlights how power is involvedin these voluntary initiatives, echoing the critique of traditionalpresentations of integrated water resource management devoid of politics.
{"title":"Agency and Constraint in Environmental Policy Coherence","authors":"K. Blackstock, A. J. Bourke, K. Waylen, K. Marshall","doi":"10.2458/jpe.3055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/jpe.3055","url":null,"abstract":"Whether pursuing the breadth of the UN's Sustainable Development Goalsor delivering joined-up approaches within a single environmental domain, it isincreasingly important to understand how policy objectives, policy design andpolicy implementation cohere vertically (within policy) and horizontally(between policies). However, policy coherence remains a challenge to implement.The limited empirical scholarship on policy coherence tends to focus on policydocumentation and/or the outcomes, with little attention to individual agencyor social processes involved. Therefore, our contribution considers theindividuals making policy coherence happen. Furthermore, there is littlediscussion of the normative dimensions of policy coherence making it ripe for apolitical ecology analysis. Empirical research conducted with thoseimplementing policy coherence within four UK catchment (watershed) partnershipsis considered from a critical interpretive policy analysis perspective toenrich the interface between political ecology and environmental policy. We findthat the appetite and ability to support policy coherence depends on individualagency as much as partnership structures. We consider which actors practicepolicy coherence; what motivates those investing their energy into thesecoherence practices; and their constraints. Although it is challenging to researchsuch processes, our data provides insights into the social processes of policycoherence. The explicit political ecology lens highlights how power is involvedin these voluntary initiatives, echoing the critique of traditionalpresentations of integrated water resource management devoid of politics.","PeriodicalId":46814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46325744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article we bring together conceptual threads from political ecology, commodity geographies and agrarian studies to enable an inquiry into the political nature of crops. This inquiry is underpinned by the idea that crops are not just a means or a target of political projects, but can have effects through their webs of relations, and that their different capacities might mean that they may differently engage in political projects. This article examines how specialized cash crops in rural China are enrolled in state projects. We explore the cases of orange orchards and apple orchards in different locations in Hebei by detailing flows of capital and expertise, and smallholder-crop relations. Our analysis demonstrates that a political ecology of cash crops can provide insight into the politics of successive state projects that have been rolled out in China's agricultural communities. We argue that through evolving relations with smallholders, the attributes of the crops themselves, and particular market dynamics, robust smallholder-crop complexes have emerged that are currently proving resistant to the latest state project to achieve at-scale, industrialized agriculture. If we take political crops and their relations seriously in the story of contemporary agrarian change in China, we find that apple and oranges, previously with the state, can also come to act against it.
{"title":"Apples and oranges: political crops with and against the state in rural China","authors":"Sarah Rogers, Xiao Han, Brooke Wilmsen","doi":"10.2458/jpe.4698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/jpe.4698","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we bring together conceptual threads from political ecology, commodity geographies and agrarian studies to enable an inquiry into the political nature of crops. This inquiry is underpinned by the idea that crops are not just a means or a target of political projects, but can have effects through their webs of relations, and that their different capacities might mean that they may differently engage in political projects. This article examines how specialized cash crops in rural China are enrolled in state projects. We explore the cases of orange orchards and apple orchards in different locations in Hebei by detailing flows of capital and expertise, and smallholder-crop relations. Our analysis demonstrates that a political ecology of cash crops can provide insight into the politics of successive state projects that have been rolled out in China's agricultural communities. We argue that through evolving relations with smallholders, the attributes of the crops themselves, and particular market dynamics, robust smallholder-crop complexes have emerged that are currently proving resistant to the latest state project to achieve at-scale, industrialized agriculture. If we take political crops and their relations seriously in the story of contemporary agrarian change in China, we find that apple and oranges, previously with the state, can also come to act against it.","PeriodicalId":46814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47691278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book review of Petryna, A. 2022. Horizon work: at the edges of knowledge in an age of runaway climate change","authors":"Jordan Thomas","doi":"10.2458/jpe.5109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/jpe.5109","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>N/A</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":46814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49296322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Norgaard, Kari Marie. 2019. Salmon and acorns feed our people: colonialism, nature and social action","authors":"J. Dean","doi":"10.2458/jpe.5142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/jpe.5142","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>N/A</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":46814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42003578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Khatri, D. Paudel, A. Pain, K. Marquardt, S. Khatri
Nepal's community forestry is an example of a decentralized, participatory and autonomous development model. However, recent community forestry practices informed by the concept of scientific forestry in resource-rich and commercially lucrative Terai regions of Nepal have reversed community forestry gains. Scientific forestry, enforced through the Department of Forest has reproduced frontier power dynamics creating reterritorialization of community forestry through commercialization. Discouraging subsistence utilization and increasing commodification of high-value timber resources have been crucial in reconfiguring forest authority and territorial control. Moreover, the Scientific Forestry Programs have informally institutionalized rent-seeking practices at the local level. A local level, power nexus has developed among forest officials, contractors and community elites that systematically undermine local participation, allocation of resources for subsistence livelihoods and local autonomy. In effect, scientific forestry is recentralizing forest authority by legitimizing territorial control and the elite accumulation of benefits.
{"title":"Reterritorialization of Community Forestry: Scientific Forest Management in the Terai and Chure Region of Nepal.","authors":"D. Khatri, D. Paudel, A. Pain, K. Marquardt, S. Khatri","doi":"10.2458/jpe.2298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/jpe.2298","url":null,"abstract":"Nepal's community forestry is an example of a decentralized, participatory and autonomous development model. However, recent community forestry practices informed by the concept of scientific forestry in resource-rich and commercially lucrative Terai regions of Nepal have reversed community forestry gains. Scientific forestry, enforced through the Department of Forest has reproduced frontier power dynamics creating reterritorialization of community forestry through commercialization. Discouraging subsistence utilization and increasing commodification of high-value timber resources have been crucial in reconfiguring forest authority and territorial control. Moreover, the Scientific Forestry Programs have informally institutionalized rent-seeking practices at the local level. A local level, power nexus has developed among forest officials, contractors and community elites that systematically undermine local participation, allocation of resources for subsistence livelihoods and local autonomy. In effect, scientific forestry is recentralizing forest authority by legitimizing territorial control and the elite accumulation of benefits.","PeriodicalId":46814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43260589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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