{"title":":Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther’s World and Legacy","authors":"Marc R. Forster","doi":"10.1086/725947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725947","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43017198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":The Intellectual World of Sixteenth-Century Florence: Humanists and Culture in the Age of Cosimo I","authors":"Robert D. Black","doi":"10.1086/725946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725946","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47575883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article accounts for the expansion of French global commerce in the decades after the John Law system (1717–20) and explores the contradictory relationship between two consequences of that expansion: the consolidation of the Old Regime’s fragmented, unevenly developed, and elite-dominated global economy, on the one hand, and the emergence of an abstract and critical discourse of political economy, on the other. The argument is pursued through two figures who were intimately associated with the French East India Company: the financier François Castanier and the philosophe Jean-François Melon. The accumulation strategies of Castanier, a director of the company from the period of the Law system to his death in 1759, reveal the particular logics of merchant capital in Old Regime France. The development of Melon’s ideas, from memoranda written for the company in the 1720s to his influential Essai politique sur le commerce (1734), shows how those operations in turn generated a critical political economy of empire. Reading Melon alongside Castanier, the article recovers the productive but unstable relationship between empire and Enlightenment that emerged out of the French East India Company in the decades after the Law system. In facilitating the career of Castanier, the company offered a blueprint for growth in an economy of finite adaptability. But in provoking the critique of Melon, it revealed how French merchant capitalism generated expectations that the Old Regime was unable to meet.
本文阐述了约翰法体系（1717-20）后几十年法国全球商业的扩张，并探讨了这种扩张的两个后果之间的矛盾关系：一方面，旧政权分散、发展不均衡、精英主导的全球经济的巩固，另一方面，出现了一种抽象的、批判性的政治经济学话语。这一争论是通过两位与法国东印度公司有密切关系的人物展开的：金融家弗朗索瓦·卡斯塔尼尔和哲学家让-弗朗索瓦·梅隆。该公司董事卡斯特尼尔从法统时期到1759年去世的积累策略，揭示了旧法国商业资本的特殊逻辑。从1720年代为该公司撰写的备忘录到他颇具影响力的Essai politique sur le commerce（1734），梅隆思想的发展表明，这些行动反过来又产生了帝国的关键政治经济。与卡斯特尼尔一起阅读《甜瓜》，这篇文章恢复了法国东印度公司在法律体系之后的几十年里出现的帝国与启蒙运动之间富有成效但不稳定的关系。为了促进卡斯特尼尔的职业生涯，该公司提供了在适应性有限的经济中增长的蓝图。但在引发对梅隆的批判时，它揭示了法国商人资本主义是如何产生旧政权无法满足的期望的。
{"title":"Empire and Enlightenment after John Law: Merchant Capitalism and Political Economy in the French East India Company","authors":"Oliver Cussen","doi":"10.1086/726158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726158","url":null,"abstract":"This article accounts for the expansion of French global commerce in the decades after the John Law system (1717–20) and explores the contradictory relationship between two consequences of that expansion: the consolidation of the Old Regime’s fragmented, unevenly developed, and elite-dominated global economy, on the one hand, and the emergence of an abstract and critical discourse of political economy, on the other. The argument is pursued through two figures who were intimately associated with the French East India Company: the financier François Castanier and the philosophe Jean-François Melon. The accumulation strategies of Castanier, a director of the company from the period of the Law system to his death in 1759, reveal the particular logics of merchant capital in Old Regime France. The development of Melon’s ideas, from memoranda written for the company in the 1720s to his influential Essai politique sur le commerce (1734), shows how those operations in turn generated a critical political economy of empire. Reading Melon alongside Castanier, the article recovers the productive but unstable relationship between empire and Enlightenment that emerged out of the French East India Company in the decades after the Law system. In facilitating the career of Castanier, the company offered a blueprint for growth in an economy of finite adaptability. But in provoking the critique of Melon, it revealed how French merchant capitalism generated expectations that the Old Regime was unable to meet.","PeriodicalId":46828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47821596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":The Long Land War: The Global Struggle for Occupancy Rights","authors":"Jonathan Sperber","doi":"10.1086/725951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725951","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44410769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":The Rise of Majority Rule in Early Modern Britain and Its Empire","authors":"Julia Rudolph","doi":"10.1086/725943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725943","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48701943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines how German technocrats created revisionist plans to “unscramble” Africa in the 1930s. In particular, it studies how their schemes emerged from the transnational Eurafrican movement in the interwar period. The mixture of technical expertise and imperial ideologies in Eurafrican planning made Eurafricanism remarkably elastic in political terms, connecting liberal democratic and fascist states in the interwar era. Bureaucrats and colonial thinkers in Nazi Germany helped produce such projects, but also oriented them toward the realization of fascist imperial goals, using Eurafricanism as a tool of territorial revisionism. As a result, the technopolitics of African infrastructure development both depended on and informed the knowledge and ideology that defined fascist geopolitics. Although these blueprints never came to fruition, they point to the importance of spatial categories and technopolitical actors in the ideology and practice of National Socialism. Further, Nazi planners’ engagement with Eurafricanism indicates how interwar imperialism connected Nazi Germany to other imperial powers in Europe.
{"title":"Unscrambling Africa: From Eurafrican Technopolitics to the Fascist New Order","authors":"Andrew Denning","doi":"10.1086/726159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726159","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines how German technocrats created revisionist plans to “unscramble” Africa in the 1930s. In particular, it studies how their schemes emerged from the transnational Eurafrican movement in the interwar period. The mixture of technical expertise and imperial ideologies in Eurafrican planning made Eurafricanism remarkably elastic in political terms, connecting liberal democratic and fascist states in the interwar era. Bureaucrats and colonial thinkers in Nazi Germany helped produce such projects, but also oriented them toward the realization of fascist imperial goals, using Eurafricanism as a tool of territorial revisionism. As a result, the technopolitics of African infrastructure development both depended on and informed the knowledge and ideology that defined fascist geopolitics. Although these blueprints never came to fruition, they point to the importance of spatial categories and technopolitical actors in the ideology and practice of National Socialism. Further, Nazi planners’ engagement with Eurafricanism indicates how interwar imperialism connected Nazi Germany to other imperial powers in Europe.","PeriodicalId":46828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46515810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reconstructs the consequences of the loss of hinterlands for the port cities of Trieste and Danzig after the Great War, as well as the consequences of the (often conflict-ridden) integration of those hinterlands into new territories. How did these changes reconfigure the relationship of port cities and hinterlands, of port cities and the state, and of ports vis-à-vis each other? Against the background of the instability of the postwar years, the article examines how different political and commercial actors conceived of these reconfigurations and how they both shaped and responded to their sudden and unpredictable local manifestations. Subsequently, it investigates political and economic efforts to mitigate the loss of economic hinterlands through internationalization, especially of infrastructure. Furthermore, it sheds new light on the relationship between the disintegration of the continental empires, on the one hand, and the dynamics of interwar globalization and deglobalization, on the other. The post-1918 transformation of imperial port cities and their respective hinterlands are ideal case studies to understand how changes in political sovereignty affect commercial agency within the port cities, and how this change produces pessimistic narratives of decline that do not always correlate with economic developments.
{"title":"Trieste and Danzig after the Great War: Imperial Collapse, Narratives of Loss, Reconfigured Globalization","authors":"Marco Bresciani, Klaus Richter","doi":"10.1086/726394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726394","url":null,"abstract":"This article reconstructs the consequences of the loss of hinterlands for the port cities of Trieste and Danzig after the Great War, as well as the consequences of the (often conflict-ridden) integration of those hinterlands into new territories. How did these changes reconfigure the relationship of port cities and hinterlands, of port cities and the state, and of ports vis-à-vis each other? Against the background of the instability of the postwar years, the article examines how different political and commercial actors conceived of these reconfigurations and how they both shaped and responded to their sudden and unpredictable local manifestations. Subsequently, it investigates political and economic efforts to mitigate the loss of economic hinterlands through internationalization, especially of infrastructure. Furthermore, it sheds new light on the relationship between the disintegration of the continental empires, on the one hand, and the dynamics of interwar globalization and deglobalization, on the other. The post-1918 transformation of imperial port cities and their respective hinterlands are ideal case studies to understand how changes in political sovereignty affect commercial agency within the port cities, and how this change produces pessimistic narratives of decline that do not always correlate with economic developments.","PeriodicalId":46828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42419996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Magic, Science, and Religion in Early Modern Europe","authors":"Michael D. Bailey","doi":"10.1086/725948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725948","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42042425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":In the Shadow of Leviathan: John Locke and the Politics of Conscience","authors":"Ian Harris","doi":"10.1086/725937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725937","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60730020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the decision-making process of Francoist repression during the Spanish Civil War. Most historians assume that the different phases and methods of Francoist repression were manifestations of a single “extermination plan” allegedly drafted by anti-Republican conspirators before the war and implemented immediately following the coup d’état of July 17–19, 1936. By carefully observing the escalation of the rebels’ repressive policies and decision-making processes in July and August 1936, this article revises that interpretation. It argues that a repressive exterminatory policy that disregarded all legal considerations was the result of a number of incremental decisions made between July 23 and July 31, 1936, by Generals Queipo de Llano, Franco, and Mola. Drawing inspiration from a long historiographical tradition in holocaust and genocide studies, the article discusses the contextual factors and power dynamics behind these decisions. It shows how the rebels secretly and gradually implemented the exterminatory policy in rebel territory throughout August, and how their policy was reinforced by Franco’s accession to absolute power.
本文分析了西班牙内战中弗朗哥主义镇压的决策过程。大多数历史学家认为，弗朗哥主义镇压的不同阶段和方法是一个单一的“灭绝计划”的表现，据称是由反共和派阴谋者在战前起草的，并在1936年7月17日至19日的政变后立即实施。通过仔细观察1936年7月和8月叛军镇压政策的升级和决策过程，本文修正了这一解释。它认为，无视所有法律考虑的镇压性灭绝政策是1936年7月23日至7月31日期间由Queipo de Llano, Franco和Mola将军做出的一系列渐进决定的结果。从大屠杀和种族灭绝研究的悠久史学传统中汲取灵感，本文讨论了这些决定背后的背景因素和权力动态。它展示了整个8月，叛军如何在叛军领土上秘密地、逐步地实施灭绝政策，以及他们的政策如何因佛朗哥获得绝对权力而得到加强。
{"title":"The Path to Mass Murder: Rebel Decision Making and Francoist Power in the Spanish Civil War","authors":"Ángel Alcalde","doi":"10.1086/726130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726130","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the decision-making process of Francoist repression during the Spanish Civil War. Most historians assume that the different phases and methods of Francoist repression were manifestations of a single “extermination plan” allegedly drafted by anti-Republican conspirators before the war and implemented immediately following the coup d’état of July 17–19, 1936. By carefully observing the escalation of the rebels’ repressive policies and decision-making processes in July and August 1936, this article revises that interpretation. It argues that a repressive exterminatory policy that disregarded all legal considerations was the result of a number of incremental decisions made between July 23 and July 31, 1936, by Generals Queipo de Llano, Franco, and Mola. Drawing inspiration from a long historiographical tradition in holocaust and genocide studies, the article discusses the contextual factors and power dynamics behind these decisions. It shows how the rebels secretly and gradually implemented the exterminatory policy in rebel territory throughout August, and how their policy was reinforced by Franco’s accession to absolute power.","PeriodicalId":46828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48827898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：