Papillomavirus Research最新文献

Background

Flat penile lesions (FPL) in heterosexual men are thought to play a role in the transmission of HPV. We investigated the association between FPL and penile HPV, and explored determinants of FPL in men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods

In 2015–2016, MSM were recruited based on HIV and penile HPV status in a previous cohort. MSM self-completed a questionnaire. Peniscopy was performed after application of acetic acid to visualize FPL. Penile physician-collected samples were tested for HPV-DNA using the highly sensitive SPF10-PCR DEIA/LiPA25 system. HPV viral load (VL) was determined using a quantitative type-specific (q)PCR targeting the L1-region. Presence of HPV and HIV, HPV VL and circumcision status were compared between MSM with and without FPL.

Results

We included 116 MSM, of whom 59/116 (51%) MSM were HIV-positive and 54/116 (47%) had FPL. A penile HPV infection was present in 31/54 (57%) MSM with FPL and 34/62 (55%) MSM without FPL (p = 0.8). There was no difference between MSM with and without FPL regarding presence of penile HPV infection, HPV VL, HIV status or circumcision status (p > 0.05 for all).

Conclusion

Among MSM in Amsterdam, we found no association between FPL and penile HPV, HPV VL, HIV status or circumcision status.

Few studies have assessed adolescent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine attitudes and whether they are associated with vaccination uptake. This study characterized HPV vaccine attitudes among male and female adolescents, identified factors associated with attitude changes, and examined associations between attitudes and vaccination receipt. Surveys were administered to adolescents aged 15–16 years who had not completed the HPV vaccine series. A modified version of the Carolina HPV Immunization Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (CHIAS) was employed to assess barriers, harms, ineffectiveness, and uncertainties scores. Surveys were available from 108 participants; 63% were male and 33% had initiated the HPV vaccine series at baseline. CHIAS scores significantly decreased (i.e., became more favorable) between baseline and follow-up for barriers (p = 0.01) and uncertainties (p < 0.01). At least one sociodemographic/clinical factor was associated with changes in each score. Attitude changes were not associated with receipt of HPV vaccine, although adolescents with higher baseline harms scores were significantly less likely to receive an HPV vaccine dose (OR = 0.67). Adolescents’ HPV vaccine attitudes slightly improved over a one-year period during which an intervention was implemented. More research is needed to learn how parent and adolescent HPV vaccine attitudes form, and how best to address concerns about vaccine harms.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a benign neoplasm of the larynx caused mainly by human papillomavirus type 6 or 11 and its standard treatment involves repeated surgical debulking of the laryngeal tumors. However, significant morbidity and occasional mortality due to multiple recurrences occur. Conditional reprogramming (CR) was used to establish a HPV-6 positive culture from an RRP patient, named GUMC-403. High-throughput screening was performed at the National Center for Advanced Technology (NCATS) to identify potential drugs to treat this rare but morbid disease. GUMC-403 cells were screened against the NPC library of >2800 approved drugs and the MIPE library of >1900 investigational drugs to identify new uses for FDA-approved drugs or drugs that have undergone significant research and development. From the two libraries, we identified a total of 13 drugs that induced significant cytotoxicity in RRP cells at IC50 values that were clinically achievable. We validated the efficacy of the drugs in vitro using CR 2D and 3D models and further refined our list of drugs to panobinostat, dinaciclib and forskolin as potential therapies for RRP patients.

Background

We aimed to review the burden and the potential impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines on HPV-related diseases in the Republic of Korea and to discuss cervical cancer prevention practices in this country.

Methods

Cancer burden statistics were retrieved from GLOBOCAN-2018 and Statistics Korea. HPV disease burden was assessed via systematic review. Vaccine types relative contribution (RC) was estimated using data from an international project using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens.

Results

Despite a downtrend in cervical cancer in recent years, Korean rates remain high. In contrast, oropharyngeal cancer incidence has gradually increased and other anogenital cancers remain rare.

In Korea, HPV prevalence in general population is around 20%. In cervical cancer, RC of HPVs 16/18 (74.0%) increased to 92.0% when including HPVs 31/33/45/52/58. Limited information was available for other HPV-related cancer sites.

Regarding prevention, since the inclusion of the HPV vaccine into the National Immunization Program, almost half (49%) of the target cohort in 2016 had received the first dose of vaccine. Further, percentage of women screened with pap has increased from 41.1%-2009 to 53.0%-2016.

Conclusions

HPV-related disease burden in Korea is significant. Results suggest that the combination of effective and high coverage HPV vaccination and screening programmes could substantially impact on HPV-related disease in Korea.

Papillomaviruses infect humans and animals, most often causing benign proliferations on skin or mucosal surfaces. Rarely, these infections persist and progress to cancer. In humans, this transformation most often occurs with high-risk papillomaviruses, where viral integration is a critical event in carcinogenesis. The first aim of this study was to sequence the viral genome of canine papillomavirus (CPV) 16 from a pigmented viral plaque that progressed to metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in a dog. The second aim was to characterize multiple viral genomic deletions and translocations as well as host integration sites. The full viral genome was identified using a combination of PCR and high throughput sequencing. CPV16 is most closely related to chipapillomaviruses CPV4, CPV9, and CPV12 and we propose CPV16 be classified as a chipapillomavirus. Assembly of the full viral genome enabled identification of deletion of portions of the E1 and E2/E4 genes and two viral translocations within the squamous cell carcinoma. Genome walking was performed which identified four sites of viral integration into the host genome. This is the first description of integration of a canine papillomavirus into the host genome, raising the possibility that CPV16 may be a potential canine high-risk papillomavirus type.

Evidence is emerging that a complex interplay between high-risk human papillomavirus infection, the local microenvironment and the immune system is critical for cervical carcinogenesis. To establish persistence, the virus has to evade or overcome immune control. At the transition from precancer to cancer, however, chronic stromal inflammation and immune deviation build up, which may eventually determine the course of disease. Understanding the molecular basis underlying these pivotal stage-specific changes may help to define new tools for better diagnosis and therapy that are required to efficiently combat human papillomavirus-associated disease.

Immunization of adolescent girls with VLP vaccines, made of L1 proteins from the most medically significant high risk HPV types, is a major strategy for prevention of cervical cancer plus other HPV-associated cancers. Maximal population impact, including through herd immunity, requires high vaccination coverage. However, protection of unvaccinated women requires secondary prevention through cytology screening. Unfortunately in countries with the highest incidence/mortality due to cervical cancer HPV vaccination (or cytology screening) is not sufficiently available. Vaccination programme costs and a lack of accessibility of the populations for immunization remain significant hurdles. Several approaches could increase effective implementation of HPV vaccination. 1) Use of a single immunization of the current VLP vaccines. 2) Vaccination bundled with other paediatric vaccines with lower dosage to facilitate delivery, improve coverage and reduce costs through established logistics. 3) Local manufacture with lower cost systems (e.g. bacteria) for VLP or capsomer based vaccine production and utilization of additional protective epitopes (e.g L2) for increasing breadth of protection. However, all the latter need appropriate clinical validation. Gender neutral vaccination and extending routine vaccination strategies to women up to age 30 years in combination with at least one HPV screening test can also hasten impact on cancer incidence.

The switch from primary cytology to primary high risk papillomavirus (HR-HPV) testing for cervical screening is now being implemented in a number of countries. The advantages of this are to increase screening sensitivity which will save lives, and at the same time to extend screening intervals. The challenge with HR-HPV testing is its relatively poor specificity which means identifying a large number of women who are HR-HPV positive with negative cytology. One way of tackling this is to use early recall, in order to select referral to colposcopy to those women who do not clear the virus over a period of 1-2 years, as done in the recently published English Pilot Study. Another challenge in optimising screening is to recognise that wide coverage with prophylactic vaccination will require fewer screens over the lifetime of vaccinated women to maintain cost-effectiveness. HR-HPV testing allows self sampling which could both encourage more women to be screened and be more convenient for those who do wish to be screened. Cervical cancer prevention which combines vaccination and screening now offers a future in which cervical cancer could become a rarity, but efficient strategies need to be implemented.

Background

In addition to screening by Pap smears, vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) can dramatically reduce cervical cancers caused by the virus. The acceptance of HPV vaccination is directly related to HPV knowledge. This research aimed to evaluate knowledge about HPV and vaccination among men and women aged 16–25 years who use the public health system in Brazil.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study of sexually active young adults recruited from 119 primary care units between 2016 and 2017. All participants answered a face-to-face standardized questionnaire.

Results

Of 8581 participants, the mean percentage of correct answers about HPV and vaccination was 51.79% (95% CI 50.90-52.67), but 75.91% (95% CI 74.13-77.69) had awareness of the HPV vaccination. Women answered a higher proportion of questions correctly than men did (p = 0.0003). Lower education level was the variable that most interfered with knowledge. The best information sources for knowledge were both health professionals and the media (1.33%, 95% CI 1.03-1.70).

Conclusions

The results emphasize the importance of educational programs about HPV and vaccination among young adults, especially in socially disadvantaged populations. These findings can help to increase the vaccination rate in the country and to stimulate public health policies.