Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.22459/her.25.02.2019.07
C. Gaither, E. Kuehler, W. Zipperer, E. Aka, B. Barger
Research conducted in various contexts suggests that urban greenspace, primarily trees, helps to reduce crime rates and other negative aspects of place. This study contributes to that literature by examining residents’ reporting of activities they do to create, maintain, and protect the urban forest in Atlanta, Georgia (USA), and the association of this involvement with blight measures. Using binary logistic regression, we found that urban forest engagement did not mediate egregious blight conditions but did reduce the presence of litter. Rather, residence in predominantly African American communities was the most consistent predictor of more substantial indicators of blight. Except for litter, these are overwhelming conditions, often involving absentee property owners. Redress requires municipal-level, bureaucratic 1 Corresponding author: cassandra.johnson@usda.gov Human Ecology Review, Volume 25, Number 2, 2019 92 interventions, which can be complex. Urban forest engagement appears relatively ineffectual in combating the worst kinds of blight but may aid in reducing more pedestrian forms.
{"title":"Trees and Trash: Examining the Link Between Urban Forest Engagement and Blight in Atlanta, Georgia, United States","authors":"C. Gaither, E. Kuehler, W. Zipperer, E. Aka, B. Barger","doi":"10.22459/her.25.02.2019.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/her.25.02.2019.07","url":null,"abstract":"Research conducted in various contexts suggests that urban greenspace, primarily trees, helps to reduce crime rates and other negative aspects of place. This study contributes to that literature by examining residents’ reporting of activities they do to create, maintain, and protect the urban forest in Atlanta, Georgia (USA), and the association of this involvement with blight measures. Using binary logistic regression, we found that urban forest engagement did not mediate egregious blight conditions but did reduce the presence of litter. Rather, residence in predominantly African American communities was the most consistent predictor of more substantial indicators of blight. Except for litter, these are overwhelming conditions, often involving absentee property owners. Redress requires municipal-level, bureaucratic 1 Corresponding author: cassandra.johnson@usda.gov Human Ecology Review, Volume 25, Number 2, 2019 92 interventions, which can be complex. Urban forest engagement appears relatively ineffectual in combating the worst kinds of blight but may aid in reducing more pedestrian forms.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"91-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43636710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.22459/her.25.02.2019.09
Ryan P. Thombs, Andrew K. Jorgenson
Previous research suggests that the urbanization–CO2 emissions relationship is contingent on various structural factors. We aim to advance this area of scholarship by investigating how manufacturing influences urbanization’s association with national-level CO2 emissions. In particular, we focus on the extent to which manufacturing is a moderator of the urbanization–CO2 emissions relationship. To do so, we use an interaction between standard measures of urbanization and manufacturing in panel models of national-level anthropogenic CO2 emissions for an overall global sample as well as various reduced samples of nations defined by income level and region. We find that emissions are positively associated with this interaction for our global sample as well as for samples restricted to highincome nations and for nations in Asia. These results highlight the role that the organization of manufacturing and production plays in shaping national economies and, in turn, the urbanization–CO2 emissions relationship in different regional and structural contexts.
{"title":"Manufacturing the Urban Rift: Manufacturing as a Moderator of the Urbanization–CO2 Emissions Relationship, 2000–2013","authors":"Ryan P. Thombs, Andrew K. Jorgenson","doi":"10.22459/her.25.02.2019.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/her.25.02.2019.09","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research suggests that the urbanization–CO2 emissions relationship is contingent on various structural factors. We aim to advance this area of scholarship by investigating how manufacturing influences urbanization’s association with national-level CO2 emissions. In particular, we focus on the extent to which manufacturing is a moderator of the urbanization–CO2 emissions relationship. To do so, we use an interaction between standard measures of urbanization and manufacturing in panel models of national-level anthropogenic CO2 emissions for an overall global sample as well as various reduced samples of nations defined by income level and region. We find that emissions are positively associated with this interaction for our global sample as well as for samples restricted to highincome nations and for nations in Asia. These results highlight the role that the organization of manufacturing and production plays in shaping national economies and, in turn, the urbanization–CO2 emissions relationship in different regional and structural contexts.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"4 4","pages":"143-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41266017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.22459/her.25.02.2019.08
Brian Petersen, D. Stuart, Ryan Gunderson
Despite increasing scientific evidence supporting the need for immediate and transformative action, effective responses to address climate change remain stymied. Scholars have identified climate change denial as a factor in thwarting policy responses to climate change. We examine new forms of climate change denial that are critical to recognize as the general public and policy-makers consider actions to limit warming. Here we apply a Marxist conception of ideology to broaden our understanding of climate denialism (Marx & Engels, 1977). We introduce the concept of “ideological denialism,” which conceals underlying contradictions and perpetuates the current social order. The ideological denial of climate change involves recognizing climate change as a problem, yet fails to diagnose the root causes and prescribes solutions that maintain the current system. We argue that ideological denialism typically stems from a failure to recognize a growth-dependent economic system as a root driver of climate change. We examine degrowth as a possible means to reorganize social relations with potential to more effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming.
{"title":"Reconceptualizing Climate Change Denial: Ideological Denialism Misdiagnoses Climate Change and Limits Effective Action","authors":"Brian Petersen, D. Stuart, Ryan Gunderson","doi":"10.22459/her.25.02.2019.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/her.25.02.2019.08","url":null,"abstract":"Despite increasing scientific evidence supporting the need for immediate and transformative action, effective responses to address climate change remain stymied. Scholars have identified climate change denial as a factor in thwarting policy responses to climate change. We examine new forms of climate change denial that are critical to recognize as the general public and policy-makers consider actions to limit warming. Here we apply a Marxist conception of ideology to broaden our understanding of climate denialism (Marx & Engels, 1977). We introduce the concept of “ideological denialism,” which conceals underlying contradictions and perpetuates the current social order. The ideological denial of climate change involves recognizing climate change as a problem, yet fails to diagnose the root causes and prescribes solutions that maintain the current system. We argue that ideological denialism typically stems from a failure to recognize a growth-dependent economic system as a root driver of climate change. We examine degrowth as a possible means to reorganize social relations with potential to more effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47794126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.22459/her.25.02.2019.03
J. Kelly, T. J. Doherty, T. Gabel, W. Disbrow
In this paper, we summarize the state of the literature regarding attacks on humans from large carnivores, and classify them, where possible, according to three common precursors of such attacks including human provocation and animal disease. We found the risk of a large carnivore attacking a human is relatively low in comparison to other natural threats, such as being struck by lightning. Our recommendations include ways for humans to coexist with large carnivores, such as aversive conditioning of habituated carnivores. Finally, we argue for a more standardized method of obtaining attack information across scholars and practitioners such as the use of consistent timelines, regions and sources, the inclusion of gray literature, and the recording of causal factors such as provocation and disease. Empirical knowledge of carnivore attacks can augment and inform individual and culturally influenced understandings with the potential for more humane, effective, and locally appropriate wildlife management and conservation techniques.
{"title":"Large Carnivore Attacks on Humans: The State of Knowledge","authors":"J. Kelly, T. J. Doherty, T. Gabel, W. Disbrow","doi":"10.22459/her.25.02.2019.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/her.25.02.2019.03","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we summarize the state of the literature regarding attacks on humans from large carnivores, and classify them, where possible, according to three common precursors of such attacks including human provocation and animal disease. We found the risk of a large carnivore attacking a human is relatively low in comparison to other natural threats, such as being struck by lightning. Our recommendations include ways for humans to coexist with large carnivores, such as aversive conditioning of habituated carnivores. Finally, we argue for a more standardized method of obtaining attack information across scholars and practitioners such as the use of consistent timelines, regions and sources, the inclusion of gray literature, and the recording of causal factors such as provocation and disease. Empirical knowledge of carnivore attacks can augment and inform individual and culturally influenced understandings with the potential for more humane, effective, and locally appropriate wildlife management and conservation techniques.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"15-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44594626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.22459/her.25.02.2019.05
A. Aragon, C. Gaither, M. Madden, Scott L. Goodrick
{"title":"The “Efficiency Concern”: Exploring Wildfire Risk on Heirs’ Property in Macon‑Bibb County, Georgia, United States of America","authors":"A. Aragon, C. Gaither, M. Madden, Scott L. Goodrick","doi":"10.22459/her.25.02.2019.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/her.25.02.2019.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"51-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45079863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.22459/her.25.02.2019.01
Pele Cannon, Mihnea Tănăsescu
It is perhaps inevitable that we become concerned about things in proportion to their rate of disappearance: interest in wildlife has never been greater than today, when wildlife is scarcest. This holds particularly true for large carnivores, the beasts of our evolutionary past that now need saving from us, their former prey. But far from our dominant position easing our anxieties vis-à-vis the monsters of the wild, we continue to be both fascinated and terrified, wanting to bring wild things back without really knowing how to live with them.
{"title":"Introductory Comments","authors":"Pele Cannon, Mihnea Tănăsescu","doi":"10.22459/her.25.02.2019.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/her.25.02.2019.01","url":null,"abstract":"It is perhaps inevitable that we become concerned about things in proportion to their rate of disappearance: interest in wildlife has never been greater than today, when wildlife is scarcest. This holds particularly true for large carnivores, the beasts of our evolutionary past that now need saving from us, their former prey. But far from our dominant position easing our anxieties vis-à-vis the monsters of the wild, we continue to be both fascinated and terrified, wanting to bring wild things back without really knowing how to live with them.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46364899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.22459/her.25.02.2019.06
A. Booth
The indoor biome is of growing interest among human ecologists, yet relatively poorly studied at present. Food systems offer one approach to understanding the intersection of human well-being and institutional structures within an indoor ecology case study. This study examines a food system within a Canadian university setting, with particular reference to the issue of food security—the ability of an individual to access sufficient nutritious food for a healthy life—among university faculty and staff. The results suggest that institutional structures affect employee perceptions of their precarious food and nutritional security. While university students have been studied regarding their food security status, university staff and faculty have never been similarly studied. Findings suggest that poor food security levels among staff and faculty lead to challenges in work performance and in the overall well-being of the university as a community. University leaders should take seriously issues of food security among their employees as well as their students.
{"title":"Hungry Ghosts: The Impact of Food as a Workplace Health Concern among University Staff and Faculty","authors":"A. Booth","doi":"10.22459/her.25.02.2019.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/her.25.02.2019.06","url":null,"abstract":"The indoor biome is of growing interest among human ecologists, yet relatively poorly studied at present. Food systems offer one approach to understanding the intersection of human well-being and institutional structures within an indoor ecology case study. This study examines a food system within a Canadian university setting, with particular reference to the issue of food security—the ability of an individual to access sufficient nutritious food for a healthy life—among university faculty and staff. The results suggest that institutional structures affect employee perceptions of their precarious food and nutritional security. While university students have been studied regarding their food security status, university staff and faculty have never been similarly studied. Findings suggest that poor food security levels among staff and faculty lead to challenges in work performance and in the overall well-being of the university as a community. University leaders should take seriously issues of food security among their employees as well as their students.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"69-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43884387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-16DOI: 10.22459/HER.25.01.2019.07
J. Schooneveldt
This paper reports on a developing theoretical frame for human ecology. It is based on the archetypal conceptual frames or contexts that underpin all scientific endeavors and draws on the new powerful techniques of semantic analysis. There are three archetypal scientific frames that have emerged since the Enlightenment, referred to here as the mechanistic, systemic, and interactive frames respectively. These three frames are conceptually distinct and each involves different levels of analysis. Each also operates with its own fundamental units: things (substantives or nouns) in the case of the mechanistic frame, processes (actions through time or verbs) in the case of the systemic frame, and events (experienced qualitatively) in the case of the interactive frame. All three frames are equally important for developing scientific understanding, but they are often confused in the scientific literature. Semantic analysis enables human ecologists to unscramble such confusion by drawing on the concept of archetypal meaning (sometimes referred to as the core or invariant meaning) and by defining and elaborating variations in meaning rigorously through the use of a natural semantic metalanguage (NSM). In addition, semantic analysis enables researchers to analyze the way motile organisms internalize their experiences by mapping the conceptual frame that they have internalized and use to make sense of those experiences. Traditionally, ecology and especially human ecology has been concerned with the interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment or context. It is argued that the interactive frame offers better explanations for evolution, creativity, and the experience of properties than the other two frames and provides a powerful explanatory frame for human ecology.
{"title":"Ecology in Context: A New Conceptual Frame","authors":"J. Schooneveldt","doi":"10.22459/HER.25.01.2019.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.25.01.2019.07","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on a developing theoretical frame for human ecology. It is based on the archetypal conceptual frames or contexts that underpin all scientific endeavors and draws on the new powerful techniques of semantic analysis. There are three archetypal scientific frames that have emerged since the Enlightenment, referred to here as the mechanistic, systemic, and interactive frames respectively. These three frames are conceptually distinct and each involves different levels of analysis. Each also operates with its own fundamental units: things (substantives or nouns) in the case of the mechanistic frame, processes (actions through time or verbs) in the case of the systemic frame, and events (experienced qualitatively) in the case of the interactive frame. All three frames are equally important for developing scientific understanding, but they are often confused in the scientific literature. Semantic analysis enables human ecologists to unscramble such confusion by drawing on the concept of archetypal meaning (sometimes referred to as the core or invariant meaning) and by defining and elaborating variations in meaning rigorously through the use of a natural semantic metalanguage (NSM). In addition, semantic analysis enables researchers to analyze the way motile organisms internalize their experiences by mapping the conceptual frame that they have internalized and use to make sense of those experiences. Traditionally, ecology and especially human ecology has been concerned with the interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment or context. It is argued that the interactive frame offers better explanations for evolution, creativity, and the experience of properties than the other two frames and provides a powerful explanatory frame for human ecology.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48989032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-16DOI: 10.22459/HER.25.01.2019.05
E. Robinson
This study examines the development of an urban space, from a vacant lot to a usable public space as a public park, in order to analyze how the transformation of space affects meaning for the surrounding community. I ask: In what ways does this transformation empower individuals to take advantage of subsequent reuse opportunities? Does the process by which the change takes place influence subsequent community engagement opportunities? I argue that how the spatial transformation is organized influences the potential environmental and social justice opportunities that can be created for community members, and thus its impact on the community dynamic of the defined space. For this analysis, I examine how the transformation of space affects human social interaction in a community which, historically, has been racially and economically marginalized. The development of the space was spurred by organizers who felt a public “pocket park” would add value to the community, as well as provide a space for social interaction to take place between community residents. Implemented with little engagement from community residents, I document the transformation of this space—and the positive and negative consequences of the transformation for residents—using participant observation, in-depth interviewing, and content analysis.
{"title":"Creating “People’s Park”: Toward a Redefinition of Urban Space","authors":"E. Robinson","doi":"10.22459/HER.25.01.2019.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.25.01.2019.05","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the development of an urban space, from a vacant lot to a usable public space as a public park, in order to analyze how the transformation of space affects meaning for the surrounding community. I ask: In what ways does this transformation empower individuals to take advantage of subsequent reuse opportunities? Does the process by which the change takes place influence subsequent community engagement opportunities? I argue that how the spatial transformation is organized influences the potential environmental and social justice opportunities that can be created for community members, and thus its impact on the community dynamic of the defined space. For this analysis, I examine how the transformation of space affects human social interaction in a community which, historically, has been racially and economically marginalized. The development of the space was spurred by organizers who felt a public “pocket park” would add value to the community, as well as provide a space for social interaction to take place between community residents. Implemented with little engagement from community residents, I document the transformation of this space—and the positive and negative consequences of the transformation for residents—using participant observation, in-depth interviewing, and content analysis.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46993886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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