Pub Date : 2018-12-15DOI: 10.25088/complexsystems.27.4.415
U. Srinivasa Rao, J. L
A two-state, one-dimensional cellular automaton (1D CA) with uniform linear rules on an r + 1-neighborhood replicates any arbitrary binary image given as an initial configuration. By these linear rules, any cell gets updated by an EX-OR operation of the states of extreme (first and last) cells of its r + 1-neighborhood. These linear rules replicate the binary image in two ways on the 1D CA: one is without changing the position of the original binary image at time step t 0 and the other is by changing the position of the original binary image at time step t 0. Based on the two ways of replication, we have classified the linear rules into three types. In this paper, we have proven that the binary image of size m gets replicated exactly at time step 2k of the uniform linear rules on the r + 1-neighborhood 1D CA, where k is the least positive integer satisfying the inequality m r ≤ 2k. We have also proved that there are exactly r * 2k -m cells between the last cell of
{"title":"Replication of a Binary Image on a One-Dimensional Cellular Automaton with Linear Rules","authors":"U. Srinivasa Rao, J. L","doi":"10.25088/complexsystems.27.4.415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25088/complexsystems.27.4.415","url":null,"abstract":"A two-state, one-dimensional cellular automaton (1D CA) with uniform linear rules on an r + 1-neighborhood replicates any arbitrary binary image given as an initial configuration. By these linear rules, any cell gets updated by an EX-OR operation of the states of extreme (first and last) cells of its r + 1-neighborhood. These linear rules replicate the binary image in two ways on the 1D CA: one is without changing the position of the original binary image at time step t 0 and the other is by changing the position of the original binary image at time step t 0. Based on the two ways of replication, we have classified the linear rules into three types. In this paper, we have proven that the binary image of size m gets replicated exactly at time step 2k of the uniform linear rules on the r + 1-neighborhood 1D CA, where k is the least positive integer satisfying the inequality m r ≤ 2k. We have also proved that there are exactly r * 2k -m cells between the last cell of","PeriodicalId":46935,"journal":{"name":"Complex Systems","volume":"2022 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72849809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-15DOI: 10.25088/COMPLEXSYSTEMS.22.1.75
Luan Carlos de S. M. Ozelim, André Luís Brasil Cavalcante, L. P. D. F. Borges
{"title":"10.25088/ComplexSystems.22.1.61","authors":"Luan Carlos de S. M. Ozelim, André Luís Brasil Cavalcante, L. P. D. F. Borges","doi":"10.25088/COMPLEXSYSTEMS.22.1.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25088/COMPLEXSYSTEMS.22.1.75","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46935,"journal":{"name":"Complex Systems","volume":"22 1","pages":"75-99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2013-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69221109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.25088/complexsystems.22.3.247
R. Anderson
{"title":"High-Probability Trajectories in the Phase Space and the System Complexity","authors":"R. Anderson","doi":"10.25088/complexsystems.22.3.247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25088/complexsystems.22.3.247","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46935,"journal":{"name":"Complex Systems","volume":"22 1","pages":"247-309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69221112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spin glasses are disordered magnetic systems that exhibit a variety of properties that are characteristic of “complex systems”. After a brief review of the systems themselves, I will discuss how spin glass concepts have found use in and, in some cases, further advanced areas such as computer science, biology, and other fields: what one might term “old complexity”. I will then turn to a discussion of more recent concepts and ideas that have flowed from studies of spin glasses, and using these introduce a proposal for a kind of “new complexity”.
{"title":"Spin Glasses: Old and New Complexity","authors":"Daniel L. Stein","doi":"10.1063/1.3637770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3637770","url":null,"abstract":"Spin glasses are disordered magnetic systems that exhibit a variety of properties that are characteristic of “complex systems”. After a brief review of the systems themselves, I will discuss how spin glass concepts have found use in and, in some cases, further advanced areas such as computer science, biology, and other fields: what one might term “old complexity”. I will then turn to a discussion of more recent concepts and ideas that have flowed from studies of spin glasses, and using these introduce a proposal for a kind of “new complexity”.","PeriodicalId":46935,"journal":{"name":"Complex Systems","volume":"124 1","pages":"965-968"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2011-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84111872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the recent activities on radio‐frequency (rf) electromagnetic‐field‐assisted magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation experiments at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. An inductively coupled rf field (13.56 MHz) is continuously supplied to the disk‐shaped Hall‐type MHD generator. The first part of this paper describes a method of obtaining increased power output from a pure Argon plasma MHD power generator by incorporating an rf power source to preionize and heat the plasma. The rf heating enhances ionization of the Argon and raises the temperature of the free electron population above the nominally low 4500 K temperatures obtained without rf heating. This in turn enhances the plasma conductivity making MHD power generation feasible. We demonstrate an enhanced power output when rf heating is on approximately 5 times larger than the input power of the rf generator. The second part of this paper is a demonstration of a physical phenomenon of the rf‐stabilization of the ionization instability, that had been conjectured for some time, but had not been seen experimentally. The rf heating suppresses the ionization instability in the plasma behavior and homogenizes the nonuniformity of the plasma structures. The power‐generating performance is significantly improved with the aid of the rf power under wide seeding conditions. The increment of the enthalpy extraction ratio of around 2% is significantly greater than the fraction of the net rf power, that is, 0.16%, to the thermal input.
{"title":"Non‐Equilibrium Plasma MHD Electrical Power Generation at Tokyo Tech","authors":"T. Murakami, Y. Okuno, H. Yamasaki","doi":"10.1063/1.2897867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2897867","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the recent activities on radio‐frequency (rf) electromagnetic‐field‐assisted magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation experiments at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. An inductively coupled rf field (13.56 MHz) is continuously supplied to the disk‐shaped Hall‐type MHD generator. The first part of this paper describes a method of obtaining increased power output from a pure Argon plasma MHD power generator by incorporating an rf power source to preionize and heat the plasma. The rf heating enhances ionization of the Argon and raises the temperature of the free electron population above the nominally low 4500 K temperatures obtained without rf heating. This in turn enhances the plasma conductivity making MHD power generation feasible. We demonstrate an enhanced power output when rf heating is on approximately 5 times larger than the input power of the rf generator. The second part of this paper is a demonstration of a physical phenomenon of the rf‐stabilization of the ionization instability, that had been conjectured for some time, but had not been seen experimentally. The rf heating suppresses the ionization instability in the plasma behavior and homogenizes the nonuniformity of the plasma structures. The power‐generating performance is significantly improved with the aid of the rf power under wide seeding conditions. The increment of the enthalpy extraction ratio of around 2% is significantly greater than the fraction of the net rf power, that is, 0.16%, to the thermal input.","PeriodicalId":46935,"journal":{"name":"Complex Systems","volume":"982 1","pages":"618-625"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2008-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2897867","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58348244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We develop two novel non‐equilibrium simulation methods which are suitable for calculation of thermal conductivity with good accuracy. These methods are based on simple algorithms, and it will be very easy to extend their range of application. In particular, there are no restrictions (from e.g. the force‐field) to apply them to a variety of systems. Here, they are applied to the calculation of the thermal conductivity of amorphous polyamide‐6,6. We treat two models of the polymer with different degrees of freedoms constrained. The results suggest that the methods are quite efficient, and that thermal conductivity strongly depends on the number of degrees of freedom in the model.
{"title":"The Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous Polymers Calculated by Non‐Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulation","authors":"T. Terao, E. Lussetti, F. Müller-Plathe","doi":"10.1063/1.2897842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2897842","url":null,"abstract":"We develop two novel non‐equilibrium simulation methods which are suitable for calculation of thermal conductivity with good accuracy. These methods are based on simple algorithms, and it will be very easy to extend their range of application. In particular, there are no restrictions (from e.g. the force‐field) to apply them to a variety of systems. Here, they are applied to the calculation of the thermal conductivity of amorphous polyamide‐6,6. We treat two models of the polymer with different degrees of freedoms constrained. The results suggest that the methods are quite efficient, and that thermal conductivity strongly depends on the number of degrees of freedom in the model.","PeriodicalId":46935,"journal":{"name":"Complex Systems","volume":"982 1","pages":"486-490"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2008-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2897842","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58348162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Obata, T. Mashiyama, T. Kogure, S. Itakura, T. Sato, K. Takahashi, H. Oshima, Hiroaki Hara
A field experiment of ring‐wandering is executed on a wide playground. Blindfolded and stoppled subjects are observed to do ring‐wandering rather than random‐walking. This experiment simulates the phenomenon of ring‐wandering that climbers encounter in snowy mountains. 15 samples of walking for 13 subjects are reported. Their walking periods are about 40 minutes or 2 hours. The walking data are acquired every second, using a GPS receiver. The discrete velocity v(t) and discrete angular velocity ω(t) of the data are analyzed, using Hurst's R/S analysis and Fourier spectrum analysis. The Hurst exponents of v(t) show long‐range correlations. The Hurst exponents of ω(t) show anti‐correlations in short‐ranges and correlations in long‐ranges. These characteristics of the Hurst exponents in the present data in addition to previous data in this study series describe the ring‐wandering phenomena very well. Significant differences are not seen between 40‐minutes walking and 2‐hours walking.
{"title":"Fluctuations in Human's Walking (IV)","authors":"T. Obata, T. Mashiyama, T. Kogure, S. Itakura, T. Sato, K. Takahashi, H. Oshima, Hiroaki Hara","doi":"10.1063/1.2897889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2897889","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment of ring‐wandering is executed on a wide playground. Blindfolded and stoppled subjects are observed to do ring‐wandering rather than random‐walking. This experiment simulates the phenomenon of ring‐wandering that climbers encounter in snowy mountains. 15 samples of walking for 13 subjects are reported. Their walking periods are about 40 minutes or 2 hours. The walking data are acquired every second, using a GPS receiver. The discrete velocity v(t) and discrete angular velocity ω(t) of the data are analyzed, using Hurst's R/S analysis and Fourier spectrum analysis. The Hurst exponents of v(t) show long‐range correlations. The Hurst exponents of ω(t) show anti‐correlations in short‐ranges and correlations in long‐ranges. These characteristics of the Hurst exponents in the present data in addition to previous data in this study series describe the ring‐wandering phenomena very well. Significant differences are not seen between 40‐minutes walking and 2‐hours walking.","PeriodicalId":46935,"journal":{"name":"Complex Systems","volume":"726 1","pages":"732-735"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2008-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2897889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58348315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Stanley, Pradeep Kumar, G. Franzese, Limei Xu, Zhen-Wei Yan, M. Mazza, S. H. Chen, F. Mallamace, S. Buldyrev
We investigate the relation between changes in dynamic and thermodynamic anomalies arising from the presence of the liquid‐liquid critical point in (i) Two models of water, TIP5P and ST2, which display a first order liquid‐liquid phase transition at low temperatures; (ii) the Jagla model, a spherically symmetric two‐scale potential known to possess a liquid‐liquid critical point, in which the competition between two liquid structures is generated by repulsive and attractive ramp interactions; and (iii) A Hamiltonian model of water where the idea of two length/energy scales is built in; this model also displays a first order liquid‐liquid phase transition at low temperatures besides the first order liquid‐gas phase transition at high temperatures. We find a correlation between the dynamic fragility crossover and the locus of specific heat maxima CPmax (“Widom line”) emanating from the critical point. Our findings are consistent with a possible relation between the previously hypothesized liquid‐liquid phase transition and the transition in the dynamics recently observed in neutron scattering experiments on confined water. More generally, we argue that this connection between CPmax and the dynamic crossover is not limited to the case of water, a hydrogen bonded network liquid, but is a more general feature of crossing the Widom line, an extension of the first‐order coexistence line in the supercritical region. We present evidence from experiments and computer simulations supporting the hypothesis that water displays polyamorphism, i.e., water separates into two distinct liquid phases. This concept of a new liquid‐liquid phase transition is finding application to other liquids as well as water, such as silicon and silica. We also discuss related puzzles, such as the mysterious behavior of confined water and the “skin” of hydration water near a biomolecule. Specifically, using molecular dynamics simulations, we also investigate the relation between the dynamic transitions of biomolecules (lysozyme and DNA) and the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of hydration water. We find that the dynamic transition of the macromolecules, sometimes called a “protein glass transition”, occurs at the temperature of dynamic crossover in the diffusivity of hydration water, and also coincides with the maxima of the isobaric specific heat CP and the temperature derivative of the orientational order parameter. We relate these findings to the hypothesis of a liquid‐liquid critical point in water. Our simulations are consistent with the possibility that the protein glass transition results from a change in the behavior of hydration water, specifically from crossing the Widom line.We investigate the relation between changes in dynamic and thermodynamic anomalies arising from the presence of the liquid‐liquid critical point in (i) Two models of water, TIP5P and ST2, which display a first order liquid‐liquid phase transition at low temperatures; (ii) the Jagla model, a sph
{"title":"Liquid Polyamorphism: Some Unsolved Puzzles of Water in Bulk, Nanoconfined, and Biological Environments","authors":"H. Stanley, Pradeep Kumar, G. Franzese, Limei Xu, Zhen-Wei Yan, M. Mazza, S. H. Chen, F. Mallamace, S. Buldyrev","doi":"10.1063/1.2897798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2897798","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the relation between changes in dynamic and thermodynamic anomalies arising from the presence of the liquid‐liquid critical point in (i) Two models of water, TIP5P and ST2, which display a first order liquid‐liquid phase transition at low temperatures; (ii) the Jagla model, a spherically symmetric two‐scale potential known to possess a liquid‐liquid critical point, in which the competition between two liquid structures is generated by repulsive and attractive ramp interactions; and (iii) A Hamiltonian model of water where the idea of two length/energy scales is built in; this model also displays a first order liquid‐liquid phase transition at low temperatures besides the first order liquid‐gas phase transition at high temperatures. We find a correlation between the dynamic fragility crossover and the locus of specific heat maxima CPmax (“Widom line”) emanating from the critical point. Our findings are consistent with a possible relation between the previously hypothesized liquid‐liquid phase transition and the transition in the dynamics recently observed in neutron scattering experiments on confined water. More generally, we argue that this connection between CPmax and the dynamic crossover is not limited to the case of water, a hydrogen bonded network liquid, but is a more general feature of crossing the Widom line, an extension of the first‐order coexistence line in the supercritical region. We present evidence from experiments and computer simulations supporting the hypothesis that water displays polyamorphism, i.e., water separates into two distinct liquid phases. This concept of a new liquid‐liquid phase transition is finding application to other liquids as well as water, such as silicon and silica. We also discuss related puzzles, such as the mysterious behavior of confined water and the “skin” of hydration water near a biomolecule. Specifically, using molecular dynamics simulations, we also investigate the relation between the dynamic transitions of biomolecules (lysozyme and DNA) and the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of hydration water. We find that the dynamic transition of the macromolecules, sometimes called a “protein glass transition”, occurs at the temperature of dynamic crossover in the diffusivity of hydration water, and also coincides with the maxima of the isobaric specific heat CP and the temperature derivative of the orientational order parameter. We relate these findings to the hypothesis of a liquid‐liquid critical point in water. Our simulations are consistent with the possibility that the protein glass transition results from a change in the behavior of hydration water, specifically from crossing the Widom line.We investigate the relation between changes in dynamic and thermodynamic anomalies arising from the presence of the liquid‐liquid critical point in (i) Two models of water, TIP5P and ST2, which display a first order liquid‐liquid phase transition at low temperatures; (ii) the Jagla model, a sph","PeriodicalId":46935,"journal":{"name":"Complex Systems","volume":"982 1","pages":"251-271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2008-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2897798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58347931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We studied the cluster structure of ethylene glycol aqueous solutions by Brillouin and Raman scattering. We measured the ultrasonic sound velocity of the sample by Brillouin scattering. From the concentration dependence of the sound velocity, we studied the cluster structure in the solution. We showed that the number of H2O molecule neighboring a EG molecule becomes a little higher with increasing temperature and the intermolecular interaction between EG and H2O molecules weakened with increasing temperature. In Raman scattering study, We studied the hydrogen bond in the solution using the OD stretching band. We revealed that the strength of the hydrogen bond is independent of the EG concentration.
{"title":"Brillouin and Raman Scattering Study of Ethylene Glycol Aqueous Solutions","authors":"Y. Seshimo, Y. Ike, S. Kojima","doi":"10.1063/1.2897819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2897819","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the cluster structure of ethylene glycol aqueous solutions by Brillouin and Raman scattering. We measured the ultrasonic sound velocity of the sample by Brillouin scattering. From the concentration dependence of the sound velocity, we studied the cluster structure in the solution. We showed that the number of H2O molecule neighboring a EG molecule becomes a little higher with increasing temperature and the intermolecular interaction between EG and H2O molecules weakened with increasing temperature. In Raman scattering study, We studied the hydrogen bond in the solution using the OD stretching band. We revealed that the strength of the hydrogen bond is independent of the EG concentration.","PeriodicalId":46935,"journal":{"name":"Complex Systems","volume":"982 1","pages":"375-378"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2008-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2897819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58348020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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