Pub Date : 2019-09-01Epub Date: 2019-01-03DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676993
Christine Anh-Thu Tran, Jenna Verena Zschaebitz, Michael Campbell Spaeder
Blood culture acquisition is integral in the assessment of patients with sepsis, though there exists a lack of clarity relating to clinical states that warrant acquisition. We investigated the clinical status of critically ill children in the timeframe proximate to acquisition of blood cultures. The associated rates of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (72%) and sepsis (57%) with blood culture acquisition were relatively low suggesting a potential overutilization of blood cultures. Efforts are needed to improve decision making at the time that acquisition of blood cultures is under consideration and promote percutaneous blood draws over indwelling lines.
{"title":"Epidemiology of Blood Culture Utilization in a Cohort of Critically Ill Children.","authors":"Christine Anh-Thu Tran, Jenna Verena Zschaebitz, Michael Campbell Spaeder","doi":"10.1055/s-0038-1676993","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0038-1676993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood culture acquisition is integral in the assessment of patients with sepsis, though there exists a lack of clarity relating to clinical states that warrant acquisition. We investigated the clinical status of critically ill children in the timeframe proximate to acquisition of blood cultures. The associated rates of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (72%) and sepsis (57%) with blood culture acquisition were relatively low suggesting a potential overutilization of blood cultures. Efforts are needed to improve decision making at the time that acquisition of blood cultures is under consideration and promote percutaneous blood draws over indwelling lines.</p>","PeriodicalId":46947,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Semantics","volume":"4 1","pages":"144-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6687448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83628605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The scalar approach to negative polarity item (NPI) licensing assumes that NPIs are allowable in contexts in which the introduction of the NPI leads to proposition strengthening (e.g. Kadmon & Landman 1993; Krifka 1995; Lahiri 1997; Chierchia 2006). A straightforward processing prediction from such a theory is that NPIs facilitate inference verification from sets to subsets. Three experiments are reported that test this proposal. In each experiment, participants evaluated whether inferences from sets to subsets were valid. Crucially, we manipulated whether the premises contained an NPI. In Experiment 1, participants completed a metalinguistic reasoning task and Experiments 2 and 3 tested reading times using a self-paced reading task. Contrary to expectations, no facilitation was observed when the NPI was present in the premise compared to when it was absent. In fact, the NPI significantly slowed down reading times in the inference region. Our results therefore favour those scalar theories that predict that the NPI is costly to process (Chierchia 2006), or other, non-scalar theories (Ladusaw 1992; Giannakidou 1998; Szabolcsi 2004; Postal 2005) that likewise predict NPI processing cost but, unlike Chierchia (2006), expect the magnitude of the processing cost to vary with the actual pragmatics of the NPI.
{"title":"The Effect of Negative Polarity Items on Inference Verification.","authors":"Anna Szabolcsi, Lewis Bott, Brian McElree","doi":"10.1093/jos/ffn008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffn008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The scalar approach to negative polarity item (NPI) licensing assumes that NPIs are allowable in contexts in which the introduction of the NPI leads to proposition strengthening (e.g. Kadmon & Landman 1993; Krifka 1995; Lahiri 1997; Chierchia 2006). A straightforward processing prediction from such a theory is that NPIs facilitate inference verification from sets to subsets. Three experiments are reported that test this proposal. In each experiment, participants evaluated whether inferences from sets to subsets were valid. Crucially, we manipulated whether the premises contained an NPI. In Experiment 1, participants completed a metalinguistic reasoning task and Experiments 2 and 3 tested reading times using a self-paced reading task. Contrary to expectations, no facilitation was observed when the NPI was present in the premise compared to when it was absent. In fact, the NPI significantly slowed down reading times in the inference region. Our results therefore favour those scalar theories that predict that the NPI is costly to process (Chierchia 2006), or other, non-scalar theories (Ladusaw 1992; Giannakidou 1998; Szabolcsi 2004; Postal 2005) that likewise predict NPI processing cost but, unlike Chierchia (2006), expect the magnitude of the processing cost to vary with the actual pragmatics of the NPI.</p>","PeriodicalId":46947,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Semantics","volume":"25 4","pages":"411-450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jos/ffn008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29875859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01Epub Date: 2007-10-09DOI: 10.1093/jos/ffm018
Andrew Kehler, Laura Kertz, Hannah Rohde, Jeffrey L Elman
For more than three decades, research into the psycholinguistics of pronoun interpretation has argued that hearers use various interpretation 'preferences' or 'strategies' that are associated with specific linguistic properties of antecedent expressions. This focus is a departure from the type of approach outlined in Hobbs (1979), who argues that the mechanisms supporting pronoun interpretation are driven predominantly by semantics, world knowledge and inference, with particular attention to how these are used to establish the coherence of a discourse. On the basis of three new experimental studies, we evaluate a coherence-driven analysis with respect to four previously proposed interpretation biases-based on grammatical role parallelism, thematic roles, implicit causality, and subjecthood-and argue that the coherence-driven analysis can explain the underlying source of the biases and predict in what contexts evidence for each will surface. The results further suggest that pronoun interpretation is incrementally influenced by probabilistic expectations that hearers have regarding what coherence relations are likely to ensue, together with their expectations about what entities will be mentioned next, which, crucially, are conditioned on those coherence relations.
{"title":"Coherence and Coreference Revisited.","authors":"Andrew Kehler, Laura Kertz, Hannah Rohde, Jeffrey L Elman","doi":"10.1093/jos/ffm018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffm018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For more than three decades, research into the psycholinguistics of pronoun interpretation has argued that hearers use various interpretation 'preferences' or 'strategies' that are associated with specific linguistic properties of antecedent expressions. This focus is a departure from the type of approach outlined in Hobbs (1979), who argues that the mechanisms supporting pronoun interpretation are driven predominantly by semantics, world knowledge and inference, with particular attention to how these are used to establish the coherence of a discourse. On the basis of three new experimental studies, we evaluate a coherence-driven analysis with respect to four previously proposed interpretation biases-based on grammatical role parallelism, thematic roles, implicit causality, and subjecthood-and argue that the coherence-driven analysis can explain the underlying source of the biases and predict in what contexts evidence for each will surface. The results further suggest that pronoun interpretation is incrementally influenced by probabilistic expectations that hearers have regarding what coherence relations are likely to ensue, together with their expectations about what entities will be mentioned next, which, crucially, are conditioned on those coherence relations.</p>","PeriodicalId":46947,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Semantics","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jos/ffm018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30860191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various accounts of metaphor interpretation propose that it involves constructing an ad hoc concept on the basis of the concept encoded by the metaphor vehicle (i.e. the expression used for conveying the metaphor). This paper discusses some of the differences between these theories and investigates their main empirical prediction: that metaphor interpretation involves enhancing properties of the metaphor vehicle that are relevant for interpretation, while suppressing those that are irrelevant. This hypothesis was tested in a cross-modal lexical priming study adapted from early studies on lexical ambiguity. The different patterns of suppression of irrelevant meanings observed in disambiguation studies and in the experiment on metaphor reported here are discussed in terms of differences between meaning selection and meaning construction.
{"title":"Suppression in Metaphor Interpretation : Differences between Meaning Selection and Meaning Construction","authors":"Paula Rubio Fernández","doi":"10.1093/JOS/FFM006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JOS/FFM006","url":null,"abstract":"Various accounts of metaphor interpretation propose that it involves constructing an ad hoc concept on the basis of the concept encoded by the metaphor vehicle (i.e. the expression used for conveying the metaphor). This paper discusses some of the differences between these theories and investigates their main empirical prediction: that metaphor interpretation involves enhancing properties of the metaphor vehicle that are relevant for interpretation, while suppressing those that are irrelevant. This hypothesis was tested in a cross-modal lexical priming study adapted from early studies on lexical ambiguity. The different patterns of suppression of irrelevant meanings observed in disambiguation studies and in the experiment on metaphor reported here are discussed in terms of differences between meaning selection and meaning construction.","PeriodicalId":46947,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Semantics","volume":"24 1","pages":"345-371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/JOS/FFM006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61594113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book review. Communicating quantities. Linda M Moxey and Anthony J Sanford","authors":"B. Guerts","doi":"10.1093/JOS/14.1.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JOS/14.1.87","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46947,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Semantics","volume":"14 1","pages":"87-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/JOS/14.1.87","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61591572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of the Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary (Collins Birmingham University International Language Database)","authors":"Pieter A. M. Seuren","doi":"10.1093/JOS/6.1.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JOS/6.1.169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46947,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Semantics","volume":"6 1","pages":"169-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/JOS/6.1.169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61593850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The self-styling of relevance theory [Review of the book Relevance, Communication and Cognition by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson]","authors":"Pieter A. M. Seuren","doi":"10.1093/JOS/5.2.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JOS/5.2.123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46947,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Semantics","volume":"5 1","pages":"123-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/JOS/5.2.123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61592878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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