Pub Date : 2022-04-06DOI: 10.1007/s10610-022-09508-8
S. Tomczyk, Diana Pielmann, S. Schmidt
{"title":"More Than a Glance: Investigating the Differential Efficacy of Radicalizing Graphical Cues with Right-Wing Messages","authors":"S. Tomczyk, Diana Pielmann, S. Schmidt","doi":"10.1007/s10610-022-09508-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-022-09508-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46991,"journal":{"name":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46697870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1007/s10610-022-09505-x
C. P. Schröder, Jannik Bruns, Lena Lehmann, Laura-Romina Goede, Thomas Bliesener, S. Tomczyk
{"title":"Radicalization in Adolescence: the Identification of Vulnerable Groups","authors":"C. P. Schröder, Jannik Bruns, Lena Lehmann, Laura-Romina Goede, Thomas Bliesener, S. Tomczyk","doi":"10.1007/s10610-022-09505-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-022-09505-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46991,"journal":{"name":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44744816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.1007/s10610-022-09506-w
Carolina Villacampa, C. Torres, Xavier Miranda
{"title":"Institutional Response to Trafficking in Human Beings in Spain: Are All Victims Equally Protected?","authors":"Carolina Villacampa, C. Torres, Xavier Miranda","doi":"10.1007/s10610-022-09506-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-022-09506-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46991,"journal":{"name":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48767957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1007/s10610-022-09520-y
Seena Fazel, Amir Sariaslan, Thomas Fanshawe
Risk assessment tools are widely used throughout the criminal justice system to assist in making decisions about sentencing, supervision, and treatment. In this article, we discuss several methodological and practical limitations associated with risk assessment tools currently in use. These include variable predictive performance due to the exclusion of important background predictors; high costs, including the need for regular staff training, in order to use many tools; development of tools using suboptimal methods and poor transparency in how they create risk scores; included risk factors being based on dated evidence; and ethical concerns highlighted by legal scholars and criminologists, such as embedding systemic biases and uncertainty about how these tools influence judicial decisions. We discuss the potential that specific predictors, such as living in a deprived neighbourhood, may indirectly select for individuals in racial or ethnic minority groups. To demonstrate how these limitations and ethical concerns can be addressed, we present the example of OxRec, a risk assessment tool used to predict recidivism for individuals in the criminal justice system. OxRec was developed in Sweden and has been externally validated in Sweden and the Netherlands. The advantages of OxRec include its predictive accuracy based on rigorous multivariable testing of predictors, transparent reporting of results and the final model (including how the probability score is derived), scoring simplicity (i.e. without the need for additional interview), and the reporting of a wide range of performance measures, including those of discrimination and calibration, the latter of which is rarely reported but a key metric. OxRec is intended to be used alongside professional judgement, as a support for decision-making, and its performance measures need to be interpreted in this light. The reported calibration of the tool in external samples clearly suggests no systematic overestimation of risk, including in large subgroups.
{"title":"Towards a More Evidence-Based Risk Assessment for People in the Criminal Justice System: the Case of OxRec in the Netherlands.","authors":"Seena Fazel, Amir Sariaslan, Thomas Fanshawe","doi":"10.1007/s10610-022-09520-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10610-022-09520-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Risk assessment tools are widely used throughout the criminal justice system to assist in making decisions about sentencing, supervision, and treatment. In this article, we discuss several methodological and practical limitations associated with risk assessment tools currently in use. These include variable predictive performance due to the exclusion of important background predictors; high costs, including the need for regular staff training, in order to use many tools; development of tools using suboptimal methods and poor transparency in how they create risk scores; included risk factors being based on dated evidence; and ethical concerns highlighted by legal scholars and criminologists, such as embedding systemic biases and uncertainty about how these tools influence judicial decisions. We discuss the potential that specific predictors, such as living in a deprived neighbourhood, may indirectly select for individuals in racial or ethnic minority groups. To demonstrate how these limitations and ethical concerns can be addressed, we present the example of OxRec, a risk assessment tool used to predict recidivism for individuals in the criminal justice system. OxRec was developed in Sweden and has been externally validated in Sweden and the Netherlands. The advantages of OxRec include its predictive accuracy based on rigorous multivariable testing of predictors, transparent reporting of results and the final model (including how the probability score is derived), scoring simplicity (i.e. without the need for additional interview), and the reporting of a wide range of performance measures, including those of discrimination and calibration, the latter of which is rarely reported but a key metric. OxRec is intended to be used alongside professional judgement, as a support for decision-making, and its performance measures need to be interpreted in this light. The reported calibration of the tool in external samples clearly suggests no systematic overestimation of risk, including in large subgroups.</p>","PeriodicalId":46991,"journal":{"name":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9458683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33464849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-02-16DOI: 10.1007/s10610-022-09504-y
Tom Smith
Pre-trial detention empowers criminal courts to imprison defendants before they have been convicted of an offence. This is a significant power which should be subject to a rigourous decision-making process. A 2016 study of pre-trial detention practice in England and Wales highlighted concerns about such processes, recommending changes to law and practice in that jurisdiction. In 2017, several of these recommendations became law. This article details a follow-up empirical study, conducted in 2020, which sought to examine the impact of these changes on day-to-day pre-trial detention practice in criminal courts. After analysing the data, the article concludes that the changes in fact had minimal impact on practice, and suggests that changing the law does not necessarily translate into a change in the culture of pre-trial detention practice.
{"title":"The Practice of Pre-trial Detention in England & Wales - Changing Law and Changing Culture.","authors":"Tom Smith","doi":"10.1007/s10610-022-09504-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-022-09504-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pre-trial detention empowers criminal courts to imprison defendants before they have been convicted of an offence. This is a significant power which should be subject to a rigourous decision-making process. A 2016 study of pre-trial detention practice in England and Wales highlighted concerns about such processes, recommending changes to law and practice in that jurisdiction. In 2017, several of these recommendations became law. This article details a follow-up empirical study, conducted in 2020, which sought to examine the impact of these changes on day-to-day pre-trial detention practice in criminal courts. After analysing the data, the article concludes that the changes in fact had minimal impact on practice, and suggests that changing the law does not necessarily translate into a change in the culture of pre-trial detention practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":46991,"journal":{"name":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8853394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39944632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-20DOI: 10.1007/s10610-021-09499-y
Moamen Gouda, Shimaa Hanafy
{"title":"Does democracy or personal freedom affect the flow and return of IS foreign fighters?","authors":"Moamen Gouda, Shimaa Hanafy","doi":"10.1007/s10610-021-09499-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-021-09499-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46991,"journal":{"name":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52235575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-12DOI: 10.1007/s10610-021-09500-8
Philip Dau, C. Vandeviver, Maite Dewinter, F. Witlox, T. Vander Beken
{"title":"Policing Directions: a Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Police Presence","authors":"Philip Dau, C. Vandeviver, Maite Dewinter, F. Witlox, T. Vander Beken","doi":"10.1007/s10610-021-09500-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-021-09500-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46991,"journal":{"name":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43331630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1007/s10610-021-09498-z
Jana Meier, Nicole Bögelein, Frank Neubacher
{"title":"A Biographical Perspective on Processes of Radicalisation","authors":"Jana Meier, Nicole Bögelein, Frank Neubacher","doi":"10.1007/s10610-021-09498-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-021-09498-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46991,"journal":{"name":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41429725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-09DOI: 10.1007/s10610-021-09495-2
Iris Glas
{"title":"Crime Is Down and so Is Fear? Analyzing Resident Perceptions of Neighborhood Unsafety in Rotterdam, the Netherlands","authors":"Iris Glas","doi":"10.1007/s10610-021-09495-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-021-09495-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46991,"journal":{"name":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47890956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-27DOI: 10.1007/s10610-021-09490-7
Milou van Dijk, J. Maesschalck, T. Daems
{"title":"Beyond Custody Versus Care: Understanding the Ethical Dilemmas of Prison Officers in Belgium","authors":"Milou van Dijk, J. Maesschalck, T. Daems","doi":"10.1007/s10610-021-09490-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-021-09490-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46991,"journal":{"name":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47664671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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