Competition & Change最新文献_第3页

Product specialisation, global competition, and industrial decline: Portugal’s path to crisis 产品专业化、全球竞争和工业衰退:葡萄牙的危机之路

IF 3.9 2区社会学 Q2 BUSINESS

Competition & Change

Pub Date : 2023-04-19 DOI: 10.1177/10245294231168521

V. Stadheim

A widely held view in economics and comparative capitalism states that the crisis in the eurozone was a crisis of labour cost competitiveness. This view maintains that a divergence in unit labour costs engendered a cleavage between the euro area’s core and periphery. Critics have disputed this and drawn attention to export specialisation, along with global competition, rather than intra-European competition. To make progress on this agenda, this article focuses on structures of production as a source of crisis vulnerability. It advances the notion that countries have unique forms of articulation within global capitalism, and that this matters to understanding national crisis trajectories. Focussing on the Portuguese case, the article scrutinises the interactions between export specialisation, global competition and industrial decline. The article shows that Portugal’s current account deficit developed within a context of industrial change and deindustrialisation, which was facilitated competition from China and Eastern Europe. By stressing industrial patterns and global competition, the article provides a more concrete analysis of production than most accounts of the eurozone crisis.

经济学和比较资本主义学界普遍持有的观点认为，欧元区危机是劳动力成本竞争力危机。这种观点认为，单位劳动力成本的差异造成了欧元区核心国家和外围国家之间的分裂。批评人士对此提出了质疑，并将注意力转向出口专业化，以及全球竞争，而不是欧洲内部的竞争。为了在这一议程上取得进展，本文将重点放在作为危机脆弱性来源的生产结构上。它提出了这样一种观点，即各国在全球资本主义中具有独特的联系形式，这对理解各国的危机轨迹很重要。本文以葡萄牙为例，仔细研究了出口专业化、全球竞争和工业衰退之间的相互作用。这篇文章表明，葡萄牙的经常账户赤字是在产业变革和去工业化的背景下形成的，这促进了来自中国和东欧的竞争。通过强调产业模式和全球竞争，这篇文章提供了比大多数欧元区危机的报道更具体的生产分析。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond corporate financialization: From global value chains to the conundrum of intangible investments 超越企业金融化:从全球价值链到无形投资难题

IF 3.9 2区社会学 Q2 BUSINESS

Competition & Change

Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1177/10245294231168935

George Liagouras

The article presents a constructive critique of the ‘financialization of the firm’ hypothesis. Without calling into question the idea that financialization has been a major structural change over the last four decades, it argues that the financialization of the firm argument has been pushed too far, especially regarding its ‘crowding-out’ and ‘drain’ effects on investment. Instead, the capacity of finance to accelerate the process of ‘creative destruction’ through the reallocation of capital has not been sufficiently taken into consideration. Consequently, the corporate financialization approaches tend to underestimate other structural changes in business organization, like the associated rise of Global Value Chains (GVCs) and intangible investments, both conceptualized by the ‘smiling curve’ notion. These secular changes challenge the categories of investment and capital we inherited from industrial capitalism. It remains, however, that we do not know how to measure intangible investment.

本文对“企业金融化”假说提出了建设性的批评。在没有质疑金融化在过去四十年中是一个主要的结构性变化的观点的情况下，它认为公司的金融化已经被推得太远了，特别是在其对投资的“挤出”和“流失”影响方面。相反，金融通过资本重新配置加速“创造性破坏”过程的能力没有得到充分考虑。因此，企业金融化方法往往低估了企业组织中的其他结构性变化，如全球价值链(GVCs)和无形投资的相关崛起，两者都是由“微笑曲线”概念概念化的。这些长期变化挑战了我们从工业资本主义继承下来的投资和资本类别。然而，我们仍然不知道如何衡量无形投资。

引用次数: 1

The Gulf’s shifting geoeconomy and China’s structural power: From the petrodollar to the petroyuan? 海湾地区不断变化的地缘经济与中国的结构性力量：从石油美元到石油人民币？

IF 3.9 2区社会学 Q2 BUSINESS

Competition & Change

Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/10245294221095222

Salam Alshareef

Oil trade-related monetary arrangements have far-reaching impacts on the international monetary system and the global financial circuit. Current arrangements were set in the mid-1970s through the establishment of the petrodollar regime. This article empirically assesses the effective and potential impacts of the change in the integration pattern of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in the global economy on the two pillars of the petrodollar: recycling oil export revenue into the US economy and invoicing oil exclusively in dollars. The results show that the effectiveness of the petrodollar regime has been significantly reduced as China has overtaken the United States as the largest destination for the recycling of the oil receipts from the GCC through the trade channel. This article investigates the possible further expansion of oil settlements in the renminbi (RMB), based on China–GCC relations, following China’s release of the petroyuan contracts. The structure and the weight of their trade and investment relations constitute solid grounds to settle bilateral oil trade in RMBs. Moreover, China’s targeted and regulated financial opening provides operating channels for overseas holders of RMBs to invest in China’s relatively attractive assets. To better discern the GCC’s inclination to change their oil-invoicing arrangements, this article analyses their participation in the RMB internationalization channel.

与石油有关的货币安排对国际货币体系和全球金融循环产生了深远影响。目前的安排是在20世纪70年代中期通过建立石油美元制度制定的。本文实证评估了海湾合作委员会（GCC）国家在全球经济中一体化模式的变化对石油美元的两大支柱的有效和潜在影响：将石油出口收入回收到美国经济中，以及仅以美元计价。结果表明，随着中国取代美国成为通过贸易渠道回收海湾合作委员会石油收入的最大目的地，石油美元制度的有效性显著降低。本文基于中国与海湾合作委员会的关系，调查了在中国发布石油人民币合同后，石油结算可能进一步扩大的人民币结算。两国贸易和投资关系的结构和分量构成了以人民币结算双边石油贸易的坚实基础。此外，中国有针对性和规范性的金融开放为人民币海外持有者投资中国相对有吸引力的资产提供了运营渠道。为了更好地了解海湾合作委员会改变其石油发票安排的倾向，本文分析了他们参与人民币国际化渠道的情况。

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引用次数: 6

Corporate social responsibility as management idea: Between universal applicability and context dependency 企业社会责任作为管理理念:在普遍适用性与情境依赖性之间

IF 3.9 2区社会学 Q2 BUSINESS

Competition & Change

Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/10245294231164699

Lutz Preuss

The international spread of the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has ignited a debate whether CSR is universally applicable or context dependent. To shed new light on this question, I propose to treat CSR as a management idea that consists of nested levels of abstraction, namely relatively abstract ‘management rhetorics’, within which more prescriptive ‘management models’ reside, which contain concrete ‘management techniques’. I then analyse the global diffusion of one CSR management technique, a CSR guidance document by UK-based business association Business in the Community (BITC), which suggests that companies could address CSR as four material areas: Workplace, Environment, Marketplace and Community. Following its life-cycle through the innovation, diffusion, institutionalization, dormancy and rebirth stages allows me to identify forms of horizontal diffusion, that is, diffusion among peers within a particular sector or country, and vertical diffusion, that is, between organizations that stand in a hierarchical relationship to each other. At each stage of the life-cycle, the success of the management technique seems to be aided by factors that treat the management technique as universally applicable. In themselves, all of these claims to universal applicability are easily countered by a more critical reading of the argumentation; yet, it is the way in which the nested levels influence each other, that is, the management technique feeding into management models and management rhetorics, that tends to give the notion of universal applicability of CSR its persuasiveness.

企业社会责任(CSR)概念在国际上的传播引发了一场关于企业社会责任是普遍适用还是取决于具体情况的争论。为了阐明这个问题，我建议将企业社会责任视为一种管理理念，它由嵌套的抽象层次组成，即相对抽象的“管理修辞”，其中包含更规范的“管理模型”，其中包含具体的“管理技术”。然后，我分析了一种企业社会责任管理技术的全球传播，这是一份由英国商业协会社区商业(BITC)发布的企业社会责任指导文件，该文件建议公司可以将企业社会责任作为四个重要领域:工作场所、环境、市场和社区。通过创新、扩散、制度化、休眠和重生的生命周期，我可以确定水平扩散的形式，即在特定部门或国家内的同行之间的扩散，以及垂直扩散的形式，即在彼此处于等级关系的组织之间。在生命周期的每一个阶段，管理技术的成功似乎都得到了将管理技术视为普遍适用的因素的帮助。就其本身而言，所有这些普遍适用性的主张都很容易被对论证进行更批判性的解读所反驳;然而，这是嵌套的层次相互影响的方式，也就是说，管理技术融入管理模型和管理修辞，这往往赋予企业社会责任普遍适用性的概念其说服力。

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引用次数: 1

Illiberal Versus Externally Fomented growth model readjustment: post-GFC state aid in the EU’s semi-periphery 非自由与外部驱动的增长模式调整：全球金融危机后欧盟半边缘国家援助

IF 3.9 2区社会学 Q2 BUSINESS

Competition & Change

Pub Date : 2023-03-11 DOI: 10.1177/10245294231162176

Andrea Éltető, Gergő Medve-Bálint

Most foreign capital-led, export-oriented Eastern EU member states and the consumption-driven Southern European countries suffered a heavy blow during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2008–09. The GFC exposed the vulnerability of these economies to external shocks and raised the need for readjustment of their growth models through state intervention. While the rise of illiberal governments drove readjustment in the East, the main driver was externally fomented in the South. This article focuses on state aid, a particular instrument of industrial policy, which has been a main vehicle for growth model readjustment. We seek to explore whether the provision of state aid in the two European semi-peripheries contributes to long-term post-crisis recovery by promoting competitive investments in two Eastern (Hungary and Poland) and two Southern EU members (Portugal and Spain). Relying on the European Commission’s state aid database, we show that after 2013, in the consumption-driven South, governments aimed to strengthen supply through aid, while in the export-oriented East, they were more concerned about promoting exporting firms. The article thus reveals how state aid may preserve and reinforce existing growth models in the semi-periphery even if strategic aims and rhetoric target readjustment.

2008-2009年全球金融危机期间，大多数以外国资本为主导、出口导向的东欧成员国和以消费为导向的南欧国家遭受了沉重打击。GFC暴露了这些经济体对外部冲击的脆弱性，并提出了通过国家干预调整其增长模式的必要性。虽然非自由政府的崛起推动了东部的调整，但主要驱动力是南方的外部煽动。本文关注的是国家援助，这是一种特殊的产业政策工具，一直是调整增长模式的主要工具。我们试图探讨在两个欧洲半周边地区提供国家援助是否有助于通过促进在两个东部（匈牙利和波兰）和两个南部欧盟成员国（葡萄牙和西班牙）的竞争性投资来促进危机后的长期复苏。根据欧盟委员会的国家援助数据库，我们发现，2013年之后，在消费驱动型的南方，政府旨在通过援助加强供应，而在出口导向型的东方，他们更关心促进出口企业的发展。因此，文章揭示了国家援助如何在战略目标和言论目标调整的情况下，保持和加强半边缘地区现有的增长模式。

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引用次数: 0

‘In time, every worker a capitalist’: Accumulation by legitimation and authoritarian neoliberalism in Thatcher’s Britain “假以时日，每个工人都是资本家”:撒切尔时代英国的合法积累与威权主义新自由主义

IF 3.9 2区社会学 Q2 BUSINESS

Competition & Change

Pub Date : 2023-01-18 DOI: 10.1177/10245294231153028

Thomas Da Costa Vieira

In this article, I show that current literature on authoritarian neoliberalism has not only overlooked the crucial role of legitimation in authoritarian neoliberal regimes, both pre- and post-2008, it has also failed to properly conceptualise it. While existing scholarship mainly pictures neoliberal governments as pursuing legitimation to ensure accumulation remains unopposed, I instead argue that neoliberal governments see legitimation as an instrument of, and precondition for, accumulation – as directly feeding into it. Indeed, my contribution shows that governments aim to transform citizens into neoliberal subjects that actively and willingly participate in neoliberal accumulation. I call this project, which relies on state-driven mass behavioural change, a strategy of ‘accumulation by legitimation’. The article illustrates this with the case of Thatcherism, analysing newly released governmental archival sources through a Marxist-Foucauldian framework. I unearth the Thatcher government’s propaganda campaign and employee involvement policy, which were a combined effort to influence the British people through governmental education, share ownership as well as communication and consultation in industry. The objective was to turn British workers into self-identifying capitalists that would willingly support the market order and accept its imperatives by themselves, such as the need to moderate their own wage demands. Thatcherites saw this as a prerequisite for their employment and counter-inflationary policies to work. This far-reaching strategy however faced significant obstacles, both from inside government and from British capital, illustrating key contradictions in neoliberalism. While neoliberal ideas endure, this sheds light on the incomplete and fragile character of neoliberal hegemony up to today.

在本文中，我指出，目前关于威权主义新自由主义的文献不仅忽视了2008年之前和之后威权主义新自由主义政权中合法性的关键作用，而且也未能对其进行适当的概念化。虽然现有的学术研究主要将新自由主义政府描绘为追求合法性以确保积累不受反对，但我认为，新自由主义政府将合法性视为积累的工具和先决条件——直接促进积累。事实上，我的研究表明，政府的目标是将公民转变为积极自愿地参与新自由主义积累的新自由主义主体。我把这个依赖于国家驱动的大众行为改变的项目称为“合法化积累”战略。本文以撒切尔主义为例，通过马克思-福柯式的框架分析了新发布的政府档案资料。我发现了撒切尔政府的宣传运动和员工参与政策，这是通过政府教育、股权分享以及行业沟通和咨询来影响英国人民的综合努力。其目标是将英国工人转变为自我认同的资本家，他们愿意支持市场秩序，并自己接受它的要求，比如有必要降低自己的工资要求。撒切尔的支持者认为这是他们的就业和反通胀政策奏效的先决条件。然而，这一影响深远的战略面临着来自政府内部和英国资本的重大障碍，这说明了新自由主义的关键矛盾。虽然新自由主义思想得以延续，但这揭示了新自由主义霸权直到今天的不完整性和脆弱性。

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引用次数: 1

Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: Essential Tools for Detecting Glaucoma and Disease Progression. 光学相干断层扫描和光学相干断层扫描血管造影:检测青光眼和疾病进展的基本工具。

2区社会学 Q2 BUSINESS

Competition & Change

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-28 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1217125

Yukihiro Shiga, Takashi Nishida, Jin Wook Jeoung, Adriana Di Polo, Brad Fortune

Early diagnosis and detection of disease progression are critical to successful therapeutic intervention in glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows objective quantification in vivo of key glaucomatous structural changes in the retina and the optic nerve head (ONH). Advances in OCT technology have increased the scan speed and enhanced image quality, contributing to early glaucoma diagnosis and monitoring, as well as the visualization of critically important structures deep within the ONH, such as the lamina cribrosa. OCT angiography (OCTA) is a dye-free technique for noninvasively assessing ocular microvasculature, including capillaries within each plexus serving the macula, peripapillary retina and ONH regions, as well as the deeper vessels of the choroid. This layer-specific assessment of the microvasculature has provided evidence that retinal and choroidal vascular impairments can occur during early stages of glaucoma, suggesting that OCTA-derived measurements could be used as biomarkers for enhancing detection of glaucoma and its progression, as well as to reveal novel insights about pathophysiology. Moreover, these innovations have demonstrated that damage to the macula, a critical region for the vision-related quality of life, can be observed in the early stages of glaucomatous eyes, leading to a paradigm shift in glaucoma monitoring. Other advances in software and hardware, such as artificial intelligence-based algorithms, adaptive optics, and visible-light OCT, may further benefit clinical management of glaucoma in the future. This article reviews the utility of OCT and OCTA for glaucoma diagnosis and disease progression detection, emphasizes the importance of detecting macula damage in glaucoma, and highlights the future perspective of OCT and OCTA. We conclude that the OCT and OCTA are essential glaucoma detection and monitoring tools, leading to clinical and economic benefits for patients and society.

青光眼是世界范围内导致不可逆失明的主要原因，早期诊断和发现疾病进展对青光眼成功的治疗干预至关重要。光学相干断层扫描(OCT)是一种非侵入性成像技术，可以在体内客观量化视网膜和视神经头(ONH)的关键青光眼结构变化。OCT技术的进步提高了扫描速度，增强了图像质量，有助于青光眼的早期诊断和监测，以及ONH深处至关重要的结构的可视化，如网层。OCT血管造影(OCTA)是一种无染色技术，用于无创评估眼部微血管系统，包括黄斑、乳头周围视网膜和ONH区域的每个神经丛内的毛细血管，以及脉络膜的深层血管。这种对微血管的层特异性评估提供了证据，表明视网膜和脉络膜血管损伤可能发生在青光眼的早期阶段，这表明octa衍生的测量可以用作加强青光眼及其进展检测的生物标志物，以及揭示病理生理学的新见解。此外，这些创新表明，在青光眼的早期阶段可以观察到黄斑的损伤，黄斑是与视力相关的生活质量的关键区域，导致青光眼监测的范式转变。软件和硬件的其他进步，如基于人工智能的算法、自适应光学和可见光OCT，可能会在未来进一步有利于青光眼的临床管理。本文综述了OCT和OCTA在青光眼诊断和疾病进展检测中的应用，强调了青光眼中黄斑损伤检测的重要性，并对OCT和OCTA的未来发展前景进行了展望。我们认为OCT和OCTA是重要的青光眼检测和监测工具，为患者和社会带来了临床和经济效益。

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引用次数: 0

Coping with digital market re-organization: How the hotel industry strategically responds to digital platform power. 应对数字市场重组:酒店业如何战略性地应对数字平台力量。

IF 3.9 2区社会学 Q2 BUSINESS

Competition & Change

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/10245294211055612

Philip Balsiger, Thomas Jammet, Nicola Cianferoni, Muriel Surdez

How do organizations in a sector where powerful platforms have emerged cope with the new constraints and opportunities that platforms induce? A growing number of studies highlight the power of digital platforms to re-organize markets and thereby create new forms of dependence. But there are also indications that organizations are capable of countering platform power especially by demanding their regulation. This paper expands this view to investigate also strategies at the organizational level. It draws on the algorithmic game studies of strategic responses to environmental changes to study how organizations strategically respond to the rise of digital platforms. To show organizations' capacities to cope with the new digital market environment, we use a qualitative case study of the Swiss hotel sector and its reactions to so-called online travel agencies, based on interviews with hotel managers and professional representatives. We distinguish between three types of hotels-small family-run, luxury, and chain hotels, and identify three types of strategic responses: bypassing, optimizing, and mitigating. Contrary to a platform power perspective, we find some evidence for organizations' capacity to keep platforms at bay, by limiting dependence through mitigation, and platforms' reach through bypassing. Hotels also learn to "play the algorithmic game" and take advantage of platforms' technological affordances, but such strategies seem to accommodate platform power rather than countering it. Finally, we find that hotels with fewer resources (small family-run hotels) are less equipped to counter platform power, suggesting that platforms risk fostering existing hierarchies and segmentation in markets.

在一个强大的平台已经出现的行业中，组织如何应对平台带来的新限制和机遇?越来越多的研究强调了数字平台重组市场的力量，从而创造了新的依赖形式。但也有迹象表明，组织有能力对抗平台的力量，尤其是通过要求平台进行监管。本文将这一观点扩展到组织层面的战略研究。它利用对环境变化的战略反应的算法博弈研究来研究组织如何从战略上应对数字平台的兴起。为了展示企业应对新数字市场环境的能力，我们基于对酒店经理和专业代表的采访，对瑞士酒店业及其对所谓在线旅行社的反应进行了定性案例研究。我们区分了三种类型的酒店——小型家庭式酒店、豪华酒店和连锁酒店，并确定了三种类型的战略对策:绕过、优化和缓解。与平台力量的观点相反，我们发现了一些证据，表明组织有能力通过缓解来限制对平台的依赖，通过绕过来限制平台的影响。酒店也学会了“玩算法游戏”，并利用平台的技术支持，但这些策略似乎是为了适应平台的力量，而不是对抗它。最后，我们发现资源较少的酒店(小型家庭经营的酒店)对抗平台力量的能力较差，这表明平台有可能助长市场中现有的等级制度和细分。

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引用次数: 4

Book review: Labor in the Age of Finance. Pensions, politics and corporations from deindustrialization to Dodd-Frank 书评：《金融时代的劳动》。从去工业化到多德-弗兰克法案的养老金、政治和企业

IF 3.9 2区社会学 Q2 BUSINESS

Competition & Change

Pub Date : 2022-12-09 DOI: 10.1177/10245294221146218

Thibault Darcillon

引用次数: 0

Varieties of state capital: What does foreign state-led investment do in a globalized world? 国有资本的种类:在全球化的世界里，外国国家主导的投资有什么作用?

IF 3.9 2区社会学 Q2 BUSINESS

Competition & Change

Pub Date : 2022-11-25 DOI: 10.1177/10245294221139524

Milan Babic, Adam D. Dixon, Jan Fichtner

Existing studies have scrutinized the rise of states as global owners and investors, yet we still lack a good understanding of what state investment does in a globalized economy, especially in host...

现有的研究已经仔细研究了国家作为全球所有者和投资者的崛起，但我们仍然缺乏对国家投资在全球化经济中的作用的很好的理解，特别是在东道国。

引用次数: 2