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From Community to State: The Development of the Aksumite Polity (Northern Ethiopia and Eritrea), c. 400 BC–AD 800 从社区到国家:阿克苏米特政体(埃塞俄比亚北部和厄立特里亚)的发展,公元前400年-公元800年
IF 3.8 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-06-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10814-018-9122-x
R. Fattovich
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引用次数: 1
Early Platforms, Early Plazas: Exploring the Precursors to Mississippian Mound-and-Plaza Centers 早期的平台,早期的广场:探索密西西比土丘和广场中心的先驱
IF 3.8 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-06-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10814-018-9121-y
Megan C. Kassabaum
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引用次数: 27
Geoarchaeology in China: Historical Trends and Future Prospects 中国地质考古:历史趋势与未来展望
IF 3.8 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10814-018-9119-5
Michael J. Storozum, Junna Zhang, Hui Wang, Xiaolin Ren, Zhen Qin, Lan Li
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引用次数: 5
Correction to: Urbanization in Iron Age Europe: Trajectories, Patterns, and Social Dynamics 更正:铁器时代欧洲的城市化:轨迹、模式和社会动态
IF 3.8 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-03-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10814-018-9116-8
Manuel Fernández-Götz
The original version of this article unfortunately contained an error. The copyright for Fig. 12 was incorrectly published in the article. Due to the copyright disagreement, the author would like to replace the incorrect Fig. 12 and its caption, with a new Fig. 12. Also, the author would like to correct the caption with a relevant credit line. The corrected Fig. 12 and caption are given below. Figure 12 The oppidum of Monte Bernorio at the foothills of the Cantabrian Mountains (photo: M. Fernández-Götz).
遗憾的是,本文的原始版本有一处错误。文章中错误地公布了图 12 的版权。由于版权问题,作者希望用新的图 12 替换错误的图 12 及其标题。此外,作者还希望在标题中更正相关的署名。更正后的图 12 和标题如下。图 12 坎塔布里亚山脚下的贝尔诺里欧山(Oppidum)(摄影:M. Fernández-Götz )。
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引用次数: 0
Studying Figurines 学习公仔
IF 3.8 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-02-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10814-018-9117-7
Joyce Marcus
Earlier generations of Mesoamerican scholars created figurine types and chronologies, laying the foundation for today’s archaeologists who have been linking figurines to household archaeology, gender studies, performance, materiality, embodiment, animism, political economy, agency, and identity. Scholars are establishing a figurine’s life history from clay procurement to manufacture, manipulation, and circulation; assessing the changes over time in the meaning and function of handmade and mold-made figurines; reembedding figurines into the dynamic, social, and animate world from which they emanated; and linking figurines to associated artifacts in the house, courtyards, caches, burials, and neighborhood middens.
早期的中美洲学者创造了小雕像类型和年代学,为今天的考古学家奠定了基础,他们将小雕像与家庭考古学、性别研究、表演、物质性、化身、万物有灵论、政治经济学、代理和身份联系起来。学者们正在建立一个小雕像从粘土采集到制造、操作和流通的生命史;评估手工制作和模具制作的小雕像在意义和功能上随时间的变化;将小雕像重新嵌入其产生的动态、社会和有生命的世界;以及将小雕像与房屋、庭院、藏匿处、墓葬和邻里冢中的相关文物联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
“Every Tradesman Must Also Be a Merchant”: Behavioral Ecology and Household-Level Production for Barter and Trade in Premodern Economies "每个商人都必须是商人":前现代经济中易货贸易和贸易的行为生态学与家庭层面的生产
IF 3.8 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-02-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10814-018-9118-6
Kathryn Demps, Bruce Winterhalder
While archaeologists now have demonstrated that barter and trade of material commodities began in prehistory, theoretical efforts to explain these findings are just beginning. We adapt the central place foraging model from behavioral ecology and the missing-market model from development economics to investigate conditions favoring the origins of household-level production for barter and trade in premodern economies. Interhousehold exchange is constrained by production, travel and transportation, and transaction costs; however, we predict that barter and trade become more likely as the number and effect of the following factors grow in importance: (1) local environmental heterogeneity differentiates households by production advantages; (2) preexisting social mechanisms minimize transaction costs; (3) commodities have low demand elasticity; (4) family size, gender role differentiation, or seasonal restrictions on household production lessen opportunity costs to participate in exchange; (5) travel and transportation costs are low; and (6) exchange opportunities entail commodities that also can function as money. Population density is not a direct cause of exchange but is implicated inasmuch as most of the factors we identify as causal at the household level become more salient as population density increases. We review archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic evidence for premodern marketing, observing that the model assumptions, variables, and predictions generally receive preliminary support. Overall, we argue that case study and comparative investigation of the origins of marketing will benefit from explicit modeling within the framework of evolutionary anthropology.
虽然考古学家现在已经证明物质商品的易货贸易和贸易始于史前,但解释这些发现的理论工作才刚刚开始。我们调整了行为生态学中的中心地觅食模型和发展经济学中的缺失市场模型,研究了有利于前现代经济中以物易物和贸易的家庭生产起源的条件。家庭间的交换受到生产、旅行和运输以及交易成本的限制;然而,我们预测,随着以下因素的数量和影响越来越重要,以物易物和贸易变得更有可能:(1)当地环境的异质性使家庭因生产优势而不同;(2)已有的社会机制将交易成本降至最低;(3)商品的需求弹性较低;(4)家庭规模、性别角色差异或家庭生产的季节性限制降低了参与交换的机会成本;(5)旅行和运输成本较低;(6)交换机会涉及的商品也可充当货币。人口密度并不是交换的直接原因,但由于我们在家庭层面发现的大多数因果因素都会随着人口密度的增加而变得更加突出,因此人口密度也与交换有关。我们回顾了前现代市场营销的考古学、人种史学和人种学证据,发现模型假设、变量和预测一般都得到了初步支持。总之,我们认为,在进化人类学的框架内建立明确的模型将有利于对营销起源进行案例研究和比较调查。
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引用次数: 0
Early Complex Society on the North and Central Peruvian Coast: New Archaeological Discoveries and New Insights 秘鲁北部和中部海岸的早期复杂社会:考古新发现与新见解
IF 3.8 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10814-017-9113-3
Thomas Pozorski, Shelia Pozorski
Archaeological data from the north and central Peruvian coast are presented here as a means to explore key themes relating to social complexity, including complex society and its origins, newly resolved chronological issues, the relationship between iconography and society, and the definition of a new culture. Focusing on an early time span, from ca. 3000 to 200 cal BC, we identify key questions about the trajectory through which early Andean complexity developed, and we discuss new ideas about the chronological placement of Cerro Sechín and Chavín de Huántar. We also use an intertextual approach to study the iconography of the complex Sechín Alto polity and as a means to demonstrate duality, social hierarchy, and the origin of symbols within the society’s iconography. Finally, we highlight a newly described polity, centered in the Nepeña Valley, that is important because its urban traits presage later cultural complexity and because the recognition of this polity demonstrates the potential for similar discoveries of comparable small polities.
本文介绍了秘鲁北部和中部沿海地区的考古数据,以此探讨与社会复杂性相关的关键主题,包括复杂社会及其起源、新解决的年代问题、图像学与社会之间的关系以及新文化的定义。我们将重点放在约公元前 3000 年至公元前 200 年的早期时间跨度上,确定了有关早期安第斯复杂性发展轨迹的关键问题,并讨论了有关 Cerro Sechín 和 Chavín de Huántar 年代位置的新观点。我们还利用互文法研究了复杂的塞钦阿尔托政体的图示,并以此来展示社会图示中的二元性、社会等级和符号起源。最后,我们重点介绍了一个新描述的政体,该政体以内佩尼亚山谷(Nepeña Valley)为中心,其重要性在于它的城市特征预示了后来文化的复杂性,而且对该政体的认识显示了发现类似小政体的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
NEARCHOS. Networked Archaeological Open Science: Advances in Archaeology Through Field Analytics and Scientific Community Sharing NEARCHOS。网络化考古开放科学:通过田野分析和科学界共享推动考古学发展
IF 3.8 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-11-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10814-017-9112-4
Nicolò Marchetti, Ivana Angelini, Gilberto Artioli, Giacomo Benati, Gabriele Bitelli, Antonio Curci, Gustavo Marfia, Marco Roccetti
The full release and circulation of excavation results often takes decades, thus slowing down progress in archaeology to a degree not in keeping with other scientific fields. The nonconformity of released data for digital processing also requires vast and costly data input and adaptation. Archaeology should face the cognitive challenges posed by digital environments, changing in scope and rhythm. We advocate the adoption of a synergy between recording techniques, field analytics, and a collaborative approach to create a new epistemological perspective, one in which research questions are constantly redefined through real-time, collaborative analysis of data as they are collected and/or searched for in an excavation. Since new questions are defined in science discourse after previous results have been disseminated and discussed within the scientific community, sharing evidence in remote with colleagues, both in the process of field collection and subsequent study, will be a key innovative feature, allowing a complex and real-time distant interaction with the scholarly community and leading to more rapid improvements in research agendas and queries.
发掘成果的全面发布和传播往往需要数十年的时间,这在一定程度上延缓了考古学的 发展,与其他科学领域的发展不尽相同。发布的数据不符合数字化处理的要求,也需要大量和昂贵的数据输入和调整。考古学应该面对数字环境带来的认知挑战,在范围和节奏上不断变化。我们主张采用记录技术、田野分析和协作方法之间的协同作用,创造一种新的认识论视角,即在发掘过程中收集和/或搜索数据时,通过对数据进行实时协作分析,不断重新定义研究问题。由于新问题是在科学界传播和讨论之前的成果之后才在科学话语中定义的,因此,在实地收集和后续研究过程中与同事远程共享证据将是一个关键的创新功能,可与学术界进行复杂和实时的远程互动,从而更迅速地改进研究议程和查询。
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引用次数: 0
“Elephants for Want of Towns”: Archaeological Perspectives on West African Cities and Their Hinterlands "缺乏城镇的大象":从考古学角度看西非城市及其腹地
IF 3.8 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10814-017-9114-2
J. Cameron Monroe
Sub-Saharan Africa has long been seen as lacking the potential for autochthonous urban development, and Near Eastern and European contact provided ready explanations for the emergence of precolonial cities across the continent. In the past few decades, the pace of archaeological work on African cities has accelerated, and archaeologists have increasingly deployed a functional model of the city, in which cities are defined in relation to broader hinterlands rather than particular traits. As a result, deeply rooted urban traditions have been identified in all corners of the continent. Despite the antiquity of urban traditions across Africa, however, long-distance forces clearly had wide-reaching impacts on urban developmental trajectories, and proponents of the functional model have yet to explain the specific role of long-distance forces in the process of urbanization. This review examines how multiscalar forces shaped urban trajectories in West Africa, specifically. I examine how local political entrepreneurs took advantage of the opportunities provided by local, interregional, and global forces, resulting in a heterogeneous set of urban traditions across West Africa, ranging from trading entrepôts to regional capitals. Throughout I emphasize how local agency articulated with multiscalar social and economic forces, transforming the nature of regional integration, economic specialization, and the materialization of social difference, defining qualities of urban life.
长期以来,撒哈拉以南非洲一直被认为缺乏自生城市发展的潜力,近东和欧洲的接触为非洲大陆出现前殖民城市提供了现成的解释。在过去的几十年里,非洲城市考古工作的步伐加快,考古学家越来越多地采用城市功能模式,即根据更广阔的腹地而非特定特征来定义城市。因此,在非洲大陆的各个角落都发现了根深蒂固的城市传统。尽管非洲各地的城市传统源远流长,但远距离力量显然对城市发展轨迹产生了广泛影响,而功能模型的支持者尚未解释远距离力量在城市化进程中的具体作用。本综述将具体探讨多方力量如何塑造西非的城市发展轨迹。我研究了地方政治企业家如何利用地方、地区间和全球力量提供的机遇,从而在西非形成了从贸易转口港到地区首府等一系列不同的城市传统。我自始至终都在强调地方机构如何与多财政社会和经济力量相衔接,改变地区一体化、经济专业化和社会差异的性质,这些都是城市生活的决定性特质。
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引用次数: 0
Archaeology and Inka Origins 考古学与因卡起源
IF 3.8 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-10-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10814-017-9110-6
R. Alan Covey
The recent proliferation of Andean archaeological research presents new interpretive opportunities for reconstructing different aspects of Inka origins. Early colonial historiography reveals that “Inka origins” refers to multiple aspects of the past, including the first appearance of Andean people, Inca ancestors, and the imperial title. The intellectual history of Inka archaeology demonstrates the lasting influence of Spanish colonial interpretive values, even with the gradual introduction of new scientific methods during the 20th century. Since 1970, significant advances in the archaeology of Cuzco, the Inka capital region, and other parts of the Andes have established an independent database that highlights the long-term and regional aspect of Inka origins, as well as areas where interpretive questions remain. The shift from colonial chronicles to archaeological data improves the accuracy of reconstructions of Inka origins, but it also raises some epistemological questions for the future relationships between history and archaeology in the study of ancient empires.
近期安第斯考古研究的激增为重建因卡起源的不同方面提供了新的解释机会。早期的殖民史学显示,"因卡起源 "指的是过去的多个方面,包括安第斯人的首次出现、印加祖先和帝国称号。因卡考古学的思想史表明,即使在 20 世纪逐渐引入新的科学方法的情况下,西班牙殖民时期的解释价值观仍在持续影响着因卡考古学。自 1970 年以来,库斯科、因卡首都地区和安第斯山脉其他地区的考古工作取得了重大进展,建立了一个独立的数据库,突出了因卡起源的长期性和区域性,以及仍存在解释问题的领域。从殖民编年史到考古数据的转变提高了重建因卡人起源的准确性,但也为未来研究古代帝国时历史与考古之间的关系提出了一些认识论问题。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Archaeological Research
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