Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2023.2193222
Milad Abbasiharofteh, Miriam Krüger, Jan Kinne, David Lenz, Bernd Resch
ABSTRACT The lack of large-scale data revealing the interactions among firms has constrained empirical studies. Utilizing relational web data has remained unexplored as a remedy for this data problem. We constructed a Digital Layer by scraping the inter-firm hyperlinks of 600,000 German firms and linked the Digital Layer with several traditional indicators. We showcase the use of this developed dataset by testing whether the Digital Layer data can replicate several theoretically motivated and empirically supported stylized facts. The results show that the intensity and quality of firms’ hyperlinks are strongly associated with the innovation capabilities of firms and, to a lesser extent, with hyperlink relations to geographically distant and cognitively close firms. Finally, we discuss the implications of the Digital Layer approach for an evidence-based assessment of sectoral and place-based innovation policies.
{"title":"The digital layer: alternative data for regional and innovation studies","authors":"Milad Abbasiharofteh, Miriam Krüger, Jan Kinne, David Lenz, Bernd Resch","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2023.2193222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2023.2193222","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The lack of large-scale data revealing the interactions among firms has constrained empirical studies. Utilizing relational web data has remained unexplored as a remedy for this data problem. We constructed a Digital Layer by scraping the inter-firm hyperlinks of 600,000 German firms and linked the Digital Layer with several traditional indicators. We showcase the use of this developed dataset by testing whether the Digital Layer data can replicate several theoretically motivated and empirically supported stylized facts. The results show that the intensity and quality of firms’ hyperlinks are strongly associated with the innovation capabilities of firms and, to a lesser extent, with hyperlink relations to geographically distant and cognitively close firms. Finally, we discuss the implications of the Digital Layer approach for an evidence-based assessment of sectoral and place-based innovation policies.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"507 - 529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46822830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-28DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2023.2184037
P. Elhorst, M. Abreu, P. Amaral, A. Bhattacharjee, Steven Bond‐Smith, C. Chasco, L. Corrado, J. Ditzen, D. Felsenstein, F. Fuerst, V. Monastiriotis, F. Quatraro, Umed Temursho, D. Tsiotas, Jihai Yu
ABSTRACT This editorial summarizes the papers in issue 18(2) (2023). The first paper extends the Solow–Swan growth model with spatial dependence, pollution and time delay. The second paper investigates the (mis)match between relative factor costs and the output elasticities of production factors due to innovations in the European Union’s Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3). The third paper studies whether and in what way price regulation of gasoline affects competition and collusion between gasoline stations. The fourth paper provides empirical evidence that public library programmes encourage labour force participation in underdeveloped regions. The fifth paper proposes a general nesting spatial stochastic frontier model and a maximum likelihood estimation procedure to determine inefficiencies across units of observations. The sixth paper proposes a dynamic spatial autoregressive model in which the overall spatial weight matrix is composed of a convex combination of multiple underlying spatial weight matrices and the coefficients of all regressors are heterogeneous.
{"title":"Raising the bar (24)","authors":"P. Elhorst, M. Abreu, P. Amaral, A. Bhattacharjee, Steven Bond‐Smith, C. Chasco, L. Corrado, J. Ditzen, D. Felsenstein, F. Fuerst, V. Monastiriotis, F. Quatraro, Umed Temursho, D. Tsiotas, Jihai Yu","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2023.2184037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2023.2184037","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This editorial summarizes the papers in issue 18(2) (2023). The first paper extends the Solow–Swan growth model with spatial dependence, pollution and time delay. The second paper investigates the (mis)match between relative factor costs and the output elasticities of production factors due to innovations in the European Union’s Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3). The third paper studies whether and in what way price regulation of gasoline affects competition and collusion between gasoline stations. The fourth paper provides empirical evidence that public library programmes encourage labour force participation in underdeveloped regions. The fifth paper proposes a general nesting spatial stochastic frontier model and a maximum likelihood estimation procedure to determine inefficiencies across units of observations. The sixth paper proposes a dynamic spatial autoregressive model in which the overall spatial weight matrix is composed of a convex combination of multiple underlying spatial weight matrices and the coefficients of all regressors are heterogeneous.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"153 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42674597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-28DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2023.2186474
R. S. Silveira Neto, Diego Firmino Costa da Silva, Filipe Matheus Cavalcanti
ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to provide evidence about the association between illegal drugs and urban crimes in Brazil at the neighbourhood level, specifically considering the case of the Recife Metropolitan Region. We apply spatial econometric models to estimate a reliable relationship between drug trafficking and possession and homicide and violent property crimes. The main results indicate strong and robust associations between drug trafficking and both kinds of crimes, but not between drug possession and violent crimes. The set of evidence is obtained even after controlling for the influence of a large set of crime determinants, including not only traditional local socioeconomic conditions affecting violence, but also the presence of slums, employment access, and the presence of bars and restaurants in neighbourhoods.
{"title":"The spatial association between drugs and urban violence: an analysis for the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Brazil","authors":"R. S. Silveira Neto, Diego Firmino Costa da Silva, Filipe Matheus Cavalcanti","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2023.2186474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2023.2186474","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to provide evidence about the association between illegal drugs and urban crimes in Brazil at the neighbourhood level, specifically considering the case of the Recife Metropolitan Region. We apply spatial econometric models to estimate a reliable relationship between drug trafficking and possession and homicide and violent property crimes. The main results indicate strong and robust associations between drug trafficking and both kinds of crimes, but not between drug possession and violent crimes. The set of evidence is obtained even after controlling for the influence of a large set of crime determinants, including not only traditional local socioeconomic conditions affecting violence, but also the presence of slums, employment access, and the presence of bars and restaurants in neighbourhoods.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"486 - 506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45137286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2023.2180532
Luca Andriani, Pier Paolo Angelini, A. Filippetti
ABSTRACT Diversity boosts innovation and creativity in urban contexts, but it can also undermine civicness by negatively impacting individuals’ trust of other citizens, also hampering economic and institutional performance. By employing a spatial analysis approach using geocoded data from 5776 residents in three major urban Italian areas, we explore whether sharing geographical space in a context of socio-economic difference (in terms of income and education) affects individuals’ choices to be civically engaged. The evidence reveals that the geographical proximity of an individual to others with different socio-economic characteristics decreases their civic engagement. A key challenge when designing urban policies is to reconcile the positive effects of diversity as it influences different economic–societal aspects, with the associated social tensions.
{"title":"Civic engagement and socio-economic proximity in urban areas","authors":"Luca Andriani, Pier Paolo Angelini, A. Filippetti","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2023.2180532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2023.2180532","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Diversity boosts innovation and creativity in urban contexts, but it can also undermine civicness by negatively impacting individuals’ trust of other citizens, also hampering economic and institutional performance. By employing a spatial analysis approach using geocoded data from 5776 residents in three major urban Italian areas, we explore whether sharing geographical space in a context of socio-economic difference (in terms of income and education) affects individuals’ choices to be civically engaged. The evidence reveals that the geographical proximity of an individual to others with different socio-economic characteristics decreases their civic engagement. A key challenge when designing urban policies is to reconcile the positive effects of diversity as it influences different economic–societal aspects, with the associated social tensions.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"437 - 461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47274385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-10DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2023.2181384
P. Gao, Zixiang Lu
ABSTRACT Spatial econometrics has few studies on multivariate ordinal responses. This study proposes a dynamic multivariate spatial ordered probit (DMSOP) model, which is the first attempt to capture temporal and spatial dependencies simultaneously for multivariate ordinal responses. The parameters are calculated using Bayesian inference based on Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. The DMSOP model performs effectively with the simulated data. Furthermore, the DMSOP model is applied to two response variables, namely, the life satisfaction and self-rated health of adults in 25 provinces in China. The empirical results show that the model can effectively measure the spatial and temporal dependencies for multivariate ordinal responses.
{"title":"Bayesian analysis of a dynamic multivariate spatial ordered probit model","authors":"P. Gao, Zixiang Lu","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2023.2181384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2023.2181384","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Spatial econometrics has few studies on multivariate ordinal responses. This study proposes a dynamic multivariate spatial ordered probit (DMSOP) model, which is the first attempt to capture temporal and spatial dependencies simultaneously for multivariate ordinal responses. The parameters are calculated using Bayesian inference based on Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. The DMSOP model performs effectively with the simulated data. Furthermore, the DMSOP model is applied to two response variables, namely, the life satisfaction and self-rated health of adults in 25 provinces in China. The empirical results show that the model can effectively measure the spatial and temporal dependencies for multivariate ordinal responses.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"462 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42180863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2023.2176538
A. Bhattacharjee, O. Maietta, Fernanda Mazzotta
ABSTRACT The innovativeness of a firm not only improves its own survival chances but also can generate externalities on its neighbouring firms. We empirically examine the role of agglomeration economies in how innovativeness affects firm survival in southern Italy, using spatial weights to model spillovers. Spatial Durbin probit model estimates confirm that innovation is an important determinant of firm survival, not only for firms that are themselves innovative but also for those located close to other innovative firms. Adequate definitions of spatial scale and spatial weights are important. Spillover benefits are enhanced by agglomeration economies, but only at a very local scale.
{"title":"Spatial agglomeration, innovation and firm survival for Italian manufacturing firms","authors":"A. Bhattacharjee, O. Maietta, Fernanda Mazzotta","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2023.2176538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2023.2176538","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The innovativeness of a firm not only improves its own survival chances but also can generate externalities on its neighbouring firms. We empirically examine the role of agglomeration economies in how innovativeness affects firm survival in southern Italy, using spatial weights to model spillovers. Spatial Durbin probit model estimates confirm that innovation is an important determinant of firm survival, not only for firms that are themselves innovative but also for those located close to other innovative firms. Adequate definitions of spatial scale and spatial weights are important. Spillover benefits are enhanced by agglomeration economies, but only at a very local scale.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"318 - 345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42965454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2023.2176539
Maria Kubara, K. Kopczewska
{"title":"Akaike information criterion in choosing the optimal k-nearest neighbours of the spatial weight matrix","authors":"Maria Kubara, K. Kopczewska","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2023.2176539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2023.2176539","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43374937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2022.2158212
Hiroyasu Inoue, Yohsuke Murase, Y. Todo
ABSTRACT To prevent the spread of COVID-19, many governments have imposed lockdowns. This practice has resulted in economic stagnation across broad areas because of the shock of the lockdown propagated to other regions through supply chains. Using supply-chain data for 1.6 million firms in Japan, this study examines how the economic effects of lockdowns in multiple regions interact with each other. Our major findings are twofold. First, when multiple regions coordinate the timing of their lockdowns, their economic losses are smaller than when they do so asynchronously. Second, the benefit of synchronous lockdown in multiple regions is larger when they are connected through a larger number of supply-chain links. Our results suggest a need for policy coordination across regions and countries when lockdowns are imposed.
{"title":"Supply-chain simulations for shaping lockdown policies","authors":"Hiroyasu Inoue, Yohsuke Murase, Y. Todo","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2022.2158212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2022.2158212","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To prevent the spread of COVID-19, many governments have imposed lockdowns. This practice has resulted in economic stagnation across broad areas because of the shock of the lockdown propagated to other regions through supply chains. Using supply-chain data for 1.6 million firms in Japan, this study examines how the economic effects of lockdowns in multiple regions interact with each other. Our major findings are twofold. First, when multiple regions coordinate the timing of their lockdowns, their economic losses are smaller than when they do so asynchronously. Second, the benefit of synchronous lockdown in multiple regions is larger when they are connected through a larger number of supply-chain links. Our results suggest a need for policy coordination across regions and countries when lockdowns are imposed.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"368 - 386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45262975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2022.2157471
Jiyoung Chae
ABSTRACT Existing volatility models normally emphasize the behaviour of prices in a temporal sense and comparatively few studies have explicitly analysed the spatial variation of volatility. This paper proposes a flexible spatial volatility model for squared returns using a Box–Cox transformation that includes the linear and log-linear forms as special cases, thus providing a unified framework for simultaneously testing space-varying volatility and its functional form. The use of the model is illustrated by a substantive application to housing price data in the US city of Chicago. The estimation results suggest that housing returns in Chicago show that the volatility exhibits strong spatial dependence and the log-linear functional form is appropriate. In the final log-linear model, a new practical indicator, called neighbourhood elasticity, is proposed that determines how volatility in one neighbourhood is linked to that in surrounding neighbourhoods.
{"title":"A flexible model for spatial volatility with an application to the Chicago housing market","authors":"Jiyoung Chae","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2022.2157471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2022.2157471","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Existing volatility models normally emphasize the behaviour of prices in a temporal sense and comparatively few studies have explicitly analysed the spatial variation of volatility. This paper proposes a flexible spatial volatility model for squared returns using a Box–Cox transformation that includes the linear and log-linear forms as special cases, thus providing a unified framework for simultaneously testing space-varying volatility and its functional form. The use of the model is illustrated by a substantive application to housing price data in the US city of Chicago. The estimation results suggest that housing returns in Chicago show that the volatility exhibits strong spatial dependence and the log-linear functional form is appropriate. In the final log-linear model, a new practical indicator, called neighbourhood elasticity, is proposed that determines how volatility in one neighbourhood is linked to that in surrounding neighbourhoods.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"387 - 409"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49192849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2023.2149974
P. Elhorst, M. Abreu, P. Amaral, A. Bhattacharjee, Steven Bond‐Smith, C. Chasco, L. Corrado, J. Ditzen, D. Felsenstein, F. Fuerst, V. Monastiriotis, F. Quatraro, Umed Temursho, D. Tsiotas, Jihai Yu
ABSTRACT This editorial summarizes the papers in issue 18(1) (2023). The first paper sets out a game-theoretic duopolistic spatial model to investigate whether online retailing causes more transportation-related emissions than offline retailing. The second paper proposes a methodology for statistically downscaling projected gross domestic product (GDP). The third paper presents a Bayesian approach for the estimation of a spatial weight matrix. The fourth paper proposes a two-step spatial non-parametric estimator for the distribution dynamics approach to study income convergence, extended with spatially dependent error terms. The fifth paper combines a gravity-RAS approach with the estimation of an econometric gravity model when regional export and import totals are available but interregional trade data are not. The sixth paper estimates the impact of country-specific immigrants settled in 611 Italian regions on the arrival of new immigrants in destination and adjacent regions. The seventh paper investigates the impact of the market potential of a region on individual wages. The eighth paper tests whether female labour force participation rates vary with past participation rates in their own and neighbouring counties.
{"title":"Raising the bar (23)","authors":"P. Elhorst, M. Abreu, P. Amaral, A. Bhattacharjee, Steven Bond‐Smith, C. Chasco, L. Corrado, J. Ditzen, D. Felsenstein, F. Fuerst, V. Monastiriotis, F. Quatraro, Umed Temursho, D. Tsiotas, Jihai Yu","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2023.2149974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2023.2149974","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This editorial summarizes the papers in issue 18(1) (2023). The first paper sets out a game-theoretic duopolistic spatial model to investigate whether online retailing causes more transportation-related emissions than offline retailing. The second paper proposes a methodology for statistically downscaling projected gross domestic product (GDP). The third paper presents a Bayesian approach for the estimation of a spatial weight matrix. The fourth paper proposes a two-step spatial non-parametric estimator for the distribution dynamics approach to study income convergence, extended with spatially dependent error terms. The fifth paper combines a gravity-RAS approach with the estimation of an econometric gravity model when regional export and import totals are available but interregional trade data are not. The sixth paper estimates the impact of country-specific immigrants settled in 611 Italian regions on the arrival of new immigrants in destination and adjacent regions. The seventh paper investigates the impact of the market potential of a region on individual wages. The eighth paper tests whether female labour force participation rates vary with past participation rates in their own and neighbouring counties.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49478616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：