Pub Date : 2022-11-24DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2022.2151642
L. Morales, Eleonora Dávalos
ABSTRACT One explanation for the increasing number of hectares of coca is that eradication strategies displace coca crops but fail to completely clear affected areas. In the drug policy literature, that dynamic shifting is commonly known as the balloon effect. This study integrates georeferenced agricultural data through spatially explicit econometric models to test the hypothesis that forced eradication displaces coca crops. Using annual data for 1116 contiguous municipalities in Colombia, we estimate a spatial Durbin error model. Our results suggest that, on average, aerial fumigation in a municipality diffuses the benefits of this crime control strategy to neighbouring municipalities.
{"title":"Diffusion of crime control benefits: forced eradication and coca crops in Colombia","authors":"L. Morales, Eleonora Dávalos","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2022.2151642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2022.2151642","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT One explanation for the increasing number of hectares of coca is that eradication strategies displace coca crops but fail to completely clear affected areas. In the drug policy literature, that dynamic shifting is commonly known as the balloon effect. This study integrates georeferenced agricultural data through spatially explicit econometric models to test the hypothesis that forced eradication displaces coca crops. Using annual data for 1116 contiguous municipalities in Colombia, we estimate a spatial Durbin error model. Our results suggest that, on average, aerial fumigation in a municipality diffuses the benefits of this crime control strategy to neighbouring municipalities.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"292 - 317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44808981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-23DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2022.2144640
Ignacio García-Manrique Ocaña, Ó. Marcenaro-Gutierrez, L. López-Agudo
ABSTRACT This paper studies how COVID-19 lockdown restrictions encouraged and allowed people to form habits of increased mobile phone usage in Spain, even after the most restrictive measures were lifted. We have used data from the mobile network of a national telecommunications operator to study the influence of 15 different mobility restrictions on citizens’ use of mobile phones from 15 March 2020 to 15 April 2021 in a big Spanish city. In order to approach this issue, a quasi-experimental technique (before and after methodology) was implemented. We found that the use of smartphones presented an initial reduction with the first and most drastic mobility restrictions, but showed a growing use after their removal. However, user mobility was negatively influenced by all the mobility restrictions.
{"title":"The relationship between mobile broadband usage and user mobility with lockdown restrictions in Spain","authors":"Ignacio García-Manrique Ocaña, Ó. Marcenaro-Gutierrez, L. López-Agudo","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2022.2144640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2022.2144640","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper studies how COVID-19 lockdown restrictions encouraged and allowed people to form habits of increased mobile phone usage in Spain, even after the most restrictive measures were lifted. We have used data from the mobile network of a national telecommunications operator to study the influence of 15 different mobility restrictions on citizens’ use of mobile phones from 15 March 2020 to 15 April 2021 in a big Spanish city. In order to approach this issue, a quasi-experimental technique (before and after methodology) was implemented. We found that the use of smartphones presented an initial reduction with the first and most drastic mobility restrictions, but showed a growing use after their removal. However, user mobility was negatively influenced by all the mobility restrictions.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"346 - 367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42334323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-26DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2022.2118363
Yong Bao, Xiao Zhou
ABSTRACT This paper proposes two models that incorporate both heterogeneity and multiple sources of spatial correlation for dynamic panels. One uses convex combinations of them to form a single weight matrix. The second one includes explicitly different spatial weight matrices to form a higher order model. We use a Bayesian scheme for model estimation by deriving the full conditional distributions of heterogeneous parameters. Our Monte Carlo experiments demonstrate their finite-sample performance relative to a baseline model. In our empirical study we find the importance of including both geographical and non-geographical information in capturing correlations in real house price growth in the United States.
{"title":"Heterogeneous spatial dynamic panels with an application to US housing data","authors":"Yong Bao, Xiao Zhou","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2022.2118363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2022.2118363","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper proposes two models that incorporate both heterogeneity and multiple sources of spatial correlation for dynamic panels. One uses convex combinations of them to form a single weight matrix. The second one includes explicitly different spatial weight matrices to form a higher order model. We use a Bayesian scheme for model estimation by deriving the full conditional distributions of heterogeneous parameters. Our Monte Carlo experiments demonstrate their finite-sample performance relative to a baseline model. In our empirical study we find the importance of including both geographical and non-geographical information in capturing correlations in real house price growth in the United States.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"259 - 285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46073860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-14DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2022.2123111
Ioanna Tziolas, J. Elhorst
ABSTRACT In 2011, Fogli and Veldkamp adopted a time–space recursive spatial econometric model to investigate whether the female labour force participation rate varies with past participation rates in their own and in contiguous US counties, based on decennial data over the period 1940–2000, but their results are problematic. The applied estimators are different from the provided descriptions, the predicted contributions of the control variables are not in line with expectations, and the coefficients of the temporal and spatiotemporal lags of the dependent variable indicate instability. This replication study demonstrates that a dynamic spatial econometric model with common factors yields more convincing results in favour of the postulated model.
{"title":"The rise and spread of female labour force participation at the US county level","authors":"Ioanna Tziolas, J. Elhorst","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2022.2123111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2022.2123111","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 2011, Fogli and Veldkamp adopted a time–space recursive spatial econometric model to investigate whether the female labour force participation rate varies with past participation rates in their own and in contiguous US counties, based on decennial data over the period 1940–2000, but their results are problematic. The applied estimators are different from the provided descriptions, the predicted contributions of the control variables are not in line with expectations, and the coefficients of the temporal and spatiotemporal lags of the dependent variable indicate instability. This replication study demonstrates that a dynamic spatial econometric model with common factors yields more convincing results in favour of the postulated model.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"143 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43899248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-07DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2022.2123552
A. B. Ferreira Neto
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the effect of public library programmes and participation on unemployment and labour force participation in Appalachia. Appalachia is an economically distressed area, mostly rural, and with a sustained lower level of labour force participation and a higher level of unemployment. As public library programmes can be cyclical to business cycles, that is, labour market outcomes, I use public library staff and the amount computers available as instruments. While ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates show no effect of adult or children’s programmes and participation on local labour market outcomes, spatial econometric estimates provide evidence of direct and indirect effects of adults programmes and participation on labour force participation.
{"title":"Do public libraries impact local labour markets? Evidence from Appalachia","authors":"A. B. Ferreira Neto","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2022.2123552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2022.2123552","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper investigates the effect of public library programmes and participation on unemployment and labour force participation in Appalachia. Appalachia is an economically distressed area, mostly rural, and with a sustained lower level of labour force participation and a higher level of unemployment. As public library programmes can be cyclical to business cycles, that is, labour market outcomes, I use public library staff and the amount computers available as instruments. While ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates show no effect of adult or children’s programmes and participation on local labour market outcomes, spatial econometric estimates provide evidence of direct and indirect effects of adults programmes and participation on labour force participation.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"216 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45387801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-07DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2022.2123553
Osman Doğan, Suleyman Taspinar
ABSTRACT In this paper we consider a high-order spatial generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model to account for the volatility clustering patterns observed over space. The model consists of a log-volatility equation that includes the high-order spatial lags of the log-volatility term and the squared outcome variable. We use a transformation approach to turn the model into a mixture of normals model, and then introduce a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation approach coupled with a data-augmentation technique. Our simulation results show that the Bayesian estimator has good finite sample properties. We apply a first-order version of the spatial GARCH model to US house price returns at the metropolitan statistical area level over the period 2006Q1–2013Q4 and show that there is significant variation in the log-volatility estimates over space in each period.
{"title":"Bayesian inference in spatial GARCH models: an application to US house price returns","authors":"Osman Doğan, Suleyman Taspinar","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2022.2123553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2022.2123553","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper we consider a high-order spatial generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model to account for the volatility clustering patterns observed over space. The model consists of a log-volatility equation that includes the high-order spatial lags of the log-volatility term and the squared outcome variable. We use a transformation approach to turn the model into a mixture of normals model, and then introduce a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation approach coupled with a data-augmentation technique. Our simulation results show that the Bayesian estimator has good finite sample properties. We apply a first-order version of the spatial GARCH model to US house price returns at the metropolitan statistical area level over the period 2006Q1–2013Q4 and show that there is significant variation in the log-volatility estimates over space in each period.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"410 - 428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44345725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2022.2131286
L. Corrado, P. Amaral, L. Dijkstra, Dg Regio, E. V. Leeuwen, Özge Öner, G. Ottaviano
Co-editors: Maria Abreu, University of Cambridge, UK Pedro V. Amaral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil Arnab Bhattacharjee, Heriot-Watt University, UK Steven Bond-Smith, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA Coro Chasco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Jan Ditzen (Digital Media Editor), Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy Daniel Felsenstein, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Franz Fuerst, University of Cambridge, UK Philip McCann, Alliance Manchester Business School, Manchester University, UK Vassilis Monastiriotis, London School of Economics, UK Francesco Quatraro, University of Torino, Italy Umed Temursho, IOpedia, Spain and University of Central Asia, Kyrgyz Republic Dimitrios Tsiotas, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece Jihai Yu, Peking University, China
{"title":"Spatial Economic Analysis","authors":"L. Corrado, P. Amaral, L. Dijkstra, Dg Regio, E. V. Leeuwen, Özge Öner, G. Ottaviano","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2022.2131286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2022.2131286","url":null,"abstract":"Co-editors: Maria Abreu, University of Cambridge, UK Pedro V. Amaral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil Arnab Bhattacharjee, Heriot-Watt University, UK Steven Bond-Smith, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA Coro Chasco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Jan Ditzen (Digital Media Editor), Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy Daniel Felsenstein, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Franz Fuerst, University of Cambridge, UK Philip McCann, Alliance Manchester Business School, Manchester University, UK Vassilis Monastiriotis, London School of Economics, UK Francesco Quatraro, University of Torino, Italy Umed Temursho, IOpedia, Spain and University of Central Asia, Kyrgyz Republic Dimitrios Tsiotas, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece Jihai Yu, Peking University, China","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"17 1","pages":"585 - 586"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47699941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2022.2056231
Mengyu Li, M. Lenzen, L. Pedauga, Arunima Malik
ABSTRACT The frequency of disasters has been increasing over the past decades, fuelled by natural phenomena and climate-related events. Policymakers require robust methodologies to assess supply-chain impacts of disasters. Input–output-based disaster approaches are able to assess such impacts; however, they rely on some assumptions, such as the fixed production-recipe assumption for industries or the possibility of negative final demand. This study presents an improved disaster analysis approach, called minimum disruption, in order to assess more realistically the impacts of a disaster on essential and non-essential sectors. In particular, we propose a priority-weighted approach for incorporating decision-makers’ priorities for transitioning economies to post-disaster equilibrium. We showcase the new approach by modelling the actual occurrences during Venezuela’s economic crises.
{"title":"A minimum-disruption approach to input–output disaster analysis","authors":"Mengyu Li, M. Lenzen, L. Pedauga, Arunima Malik","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2022.2056231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2022.2056231","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The frequency of disasters has been increasing over the past decades, fuelled by natural phenomena and climate-related events. Policymakers require robust methodologies to assess supply-chain impacts of disasters. Input–output-based disaster approaches are able to assess such impacts; however, they rely on some assumptions, such as the fixed production-recipe assumption for industries or the possibility of negative final demand. This study presents an improved disaster analysis approach, called minimum disruption, in order to assess more realistically the impacts of a disaster on essential and non-essential sectors. In particular, we propose a priority-weighted approach for incorporating decision-makers’ priorities for transitioning economies to post-disaster equilibrium. We showcase the new approach by modelling the actual occurrences during Venezuela’s economic crises.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"17 1","pages":"446 - 470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60063994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2022.2125177
P. Elhorst, M. Abreu, P. Amaral, A. Bhattacharjee, Steven Bond‐Smith, C. Chasco, L. Corrado, J. Ditzen, D. Felsenstein, F. Fuerst, P. McCann, V. Monastiriotis, F. Quatraro, Umed Temursho, D. Tsiotas, Jihai Yu
ABSTRACT This editorial summarizes the papers in issue 17(4) (2022). The first paper combines input–output modelling with priority weighting to analyse supply-chain impacts of disasters. The second paper examines skill-based functional specialization of value chains in Brazil using interregional and international value-added measures. The third paper questions the common belief that agglomeration economies are the driving force behind cluster formation using an agent-based model. The fourth paper applies modern instrumental variables techniques to measure the impact of forced migration flows from Venezuela to Colombia on house prices. The fifth paper explores the impact of an ageing population on per capita labour income, consumption and wealth at the regional level using a multivariate spatial econometric model. The sixth paper examines the impact of neighbouring countries on migrants’ aggregate decisions to remit based on an advanced spatial econometric origin–destination model.
{"title":"Raising the bar (22)","authors":"P. Elhorst, M. Abreu, P. Amaral, A. Bhattacharjee, Steven Bond‐Smith, C. Chasco, L. Corrado, J. Ditzen, D. Felsenstein, F. Fuerst, P. McCann, V. Monastiriotis, F. Quatraro, Umed Temursho, D. Tsiotas, Jihai Yu","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2022.2125177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2022.2125177","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This editorial summarizes the papers in issue 17(4) (2022). The first paper combines input–output modelling with priority weighting to analyse supply-chain impacts of disasters. The second paper examines skill-based functional specialization of value chains in Brazil using interregional and international value-added measures. The third paper questions the common belief that agglomeration economies are the driving force behind cluster formation using an agent-based model. The fourth paper applies modern instrumental variables techniques to measure the impact of forced migration flows from Venezuela to Colombia on house prices. The fifth paper explores the impact of an ageing population on per capita labour income, consumption and wealth at the regional level using a multivariate spatial econometric model. The sixth paper examines the impact of neighbouring countries on migrants’ aggregate decisions to remit based on an advanced spatial econometric origin–destination model.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"17 1","pages":"441 - 445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44117486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-27DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2022.2118361
Yihua Yu, Jian Cui, Chuwen Huang, Hanfang Yang
ABSTRACT This study examines the pricing behaviour in the gasoline market using station-level pricing data from Inner Mongolia, China. The spatial econometric findings confirm that: (1) there is a significant spatial dependence among gas stations; (2) the two state-owned oil giants, PetroChina and Sinopec, receive a positive pricing effect from their brands compared with other stations; (3) there is no significant evidence of price competition among PetroChina stations, and some evidence of competition among Sinopec stations, and more intense competition among other stations; and (4) ‘stand-alone’ (no stations nearby) stations have a price premium, but the premium is limited by the price regulation. Our results show the heterogeneity in pricing behaviour between stations, implying the need for differentiated policies to ensure orderly competition in the retail gasoline market.
{"title":"Allies or rivals? Spatial price competition in the Chinese retail gasoline market of inner Mongolia","authors":"Yihua Yu, Jian Cui, Chuwen Huang, Hanfang Yang","doi":"10.1080/17421772.2022.2118361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2022.2118361","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines the pricing behaviour in the gasoline market using station-level pricing data from Inner Mongolia, China. The spatial econometric findings confirm that: (1) there is a significant spatial dependence among gas stations; (2) the two state-owned oil giants, PetroChina and Sinopec, receive a positive pricing effect from their brands compared with other stations; (3) there is no significant evidence of price competition among PetroChina stations, and some evidence of competition among Sinopec stations, and more intense competition among other stations; and (4) ‘stand-alone’ (no stations nearby) stations have a price premium, but the premium is limited by the price regulation. Our results show the heterogeneity in pricing behaviour between stations, implying the need for differentiated policies to ensure orderly competition in the retail gasoline market.","PeriodicalId":47008,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Economic Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"197 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45687493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：