Pub Date : 2024-01-09DOI: 10.1186/s12962-023-00506-z
Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Naseem Al Rahahleh
Access to convenient quality healthcare at all times is considered a basic human right; however, many countries are still striving to achieve this goal for their populations. The persistent rise in healthcare expenditure remains a significant obstacle in achieving universal health coverage on a global scale. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of financial inclusion in addressing the financial hardship related to health and medical expense concerns in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Probit models were applied to analyse nationally representative data from the Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) database. The results showed that financial inclusion had a significant impact on reducing the hardship associated with obtaining money for emergency expenses within 30 days as indicated by a significant coefficient of -0.262. Additionally, Financial inclusion substantially increases the likelihood of borrowing money for health or medical purposes in the past 12 months, with a coefficient of 0.585. Moreover, correlations were identified between low income levels and decreased likelihood of borrowing for health/medical purposes, increased difficulty in obtaining money for emergency expenses, and heightened concern regarding the ability to afford medical costs in the event of serious illness or accidents. These findings highlight the need for policy makers and health providers to prioritize financial inclusion and support programs for low-income individuals to achieve equity in health treatment for all in Saudi Arabia.
{"title":"Mitigating role of financial inclusion on the perceived difficulties, concerns, and borrowing for medical expenses in Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Naseem Al Rahahleh","doi":"10.1186/s12962-023-00506-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-023-00506-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Access to convenient quality healthcare at all times is considered a basic human right; however, many countries are still striving to achieve this goal for their populations. The persistent rise in healthcare expenditure remains a significant obstacle in achieving universal health coverage on a global scale. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of financial inclusion in addressing the financial hardship related to health and medical expense concerns in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Probit models were applied to analyse nationally representative data from the Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) database. The results showed that financial inclusion had a significant impact on reducing the hardship associated with obtaining money for emergency expenses within 30 days as indicated by a significant coefficient of -0.262. Additionally, Financial inclusion substantially increases the likelihood of borrowing money for health or medical purposes in the past 12 months, with a coefficient of 0.585. Moreover, correlations were identified between low income levels and decreased likelihood of borrowing for health/medical purposes, increased difficulty in obtaining money for emergency expenses, and heightened concern regarding the ability to afford medical costs in the event of serious illness or accidents. These findings highlight the need for policy makers and health providers to prioritize financial inclusion and support programs for low-income individuals to achieve equity in health treatment for all in Saudi Arabia.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10775537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139404793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Maternal and neonatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries is frequently caused by inadequate management of obstetric and neonatal complications and a shortage of skilled health workers. The availability of these workers is essential for effective and high-quality healthcare. To meet the needs of sexual, reproductive, maternal, new-born, child, and adolescent health by 2030, more than one million health workers, including 900 000 midwives, are required globally. Despite this, uncertainty persists regarding the return on investment in the health workforce.
Methods: The objective of this research was to determine the cost-benefit ratio of increasing investment in midwifery in Morocco from 2021 to 2030. A comparative analysis was conducted between scenarios "with" and "without" the additional investment. The costs and benefits were estimated using relevant data from national and international sources.
Results: Following the International Confederation of Midwives' recommendations, it is advised that Morocco recruit 760 midwives annually to achieve 95% of universal health coverage. This increase in midwifery could result in saving 120 593 lives by 2030, including reducing maternal deaths by 3 201, stillbirths by 48 399, and neonatal deaths by 68 993. The estimated economic benefit of investing in midwives was US$ 10 152 287 749, while the total cost was US$ 638 288 820. Consequently, the cost-benefit ratio was calculated as 15.91, indicating that investing in midwifery would provide 16 times more benefits than costs.
Conclusion: Increasing investment in midwifery appears to be an efficient strategy for achieving comprehensive maternal and child health coverage in low- and middle-income countries.
{"title":"Investing in midwifery for sustainable development goals in low- and middle-income countries: a cost-benefit analysis.","authors":"Chakib Boukhalfa, Brahim Ouakhzan, Hanane Masbah, Leila Acharai, Saad Zbiri","doi":"10.1186/s12962-023-00507-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-023-00507-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Maternal and neonatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries is frequently caused by inadequate management of obstetric and neonatal complications and a shortage of skilled health workers. The availability of these workers is essential for effective and high-quality healthcare. To meet the needs of sexual, reproductive, maternal, new-born, child, and adolescent health by 2030, more than one million health workers, including 900 000 midwives, are required globally. Despite this, uncertainty persists regarding the return on investment in the health workforce.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The objective of this research was to determine the cost-benefit ratio of increasing investment in midwifery in Morocco from 2021 to 2030. A comparative analysis was conducted between scenarios \"with\" and \"without\" the additional investment. The costs and benefits were estimated using relevant data from national and international sources.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following the International Confederation of Midwives' recommendations, it is advised that Morocco recruit 760 midwives annually to achieve 95% of universal health coverage. This increase in midwifery could result in saving 120 593 lives by 2030, including reducing maternal deaths by 3 201, stillbirths by 48 399, and neonatal deaths by 68 993. The estimated economic benefit of investing in midwives was US$ 10 152 287 749, while the total cost was US$ 638 288 820. Consequently, the cost-benefit ratio was calculated as 15.91, indicating that investing in midwifery would provide 16 times more benefits than costs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Increasing investment in midwifery appears to be an efficient strategy for achieving comprehensive maternal and child health coverage in low- and middle-income countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10768217/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139098940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1186/s12962-023-00505-0
Wenqing Wu, Shujie Long, Arcadio A Cerda, Leidy Y Garcia, Mihajlo Jakovljevic
Background: In China, the healthcare financing structure involves multiple parties, including the government, society and individuals. Medicare Fund is an important way for the Government and society to reduce the burden of individual medical costs. However, with the aging of the population, the demand of Medicare Fund is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the sustainability of the healthcare financing structure in the context of population ageing.
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to organize the characteristics of population ageing as well as healthcare financing in China. On this basis, it analyzes the impact mechanism of population ageing on healthcare financing and the sustainability of existing healthcare financing.
Methods: This paper mainly adopts the method of literature research and inductive summarization. Extracting data from Health Statistics Yearbook of China and Labor and Social Security Statistics Yearbook of China. Collected about 60 pieces of relevant literature at home and abroad.
Results: China has already entered a deeply ageing society. Unlike developed countries in the world, China's population ageing has distinctive feature of ageing before being rich. A healthcare financing scheme established by China, composing of the government, society, and individuals, is reasonable. However, under the pressure of population ageing, China's current healthcare financing scheme will face enormous challenges. Scholars are generally pessimistic about the sustainability of China's healthcare financing scheme.
Conclusions: Population ageing will increase the expenditure and reduce the income of the Medicare Fund. This will further affect the sustainability of the healthcare financing structure. As a consequence, the state should pay particular attention to this issue and take action to ensure that the Fund continues to operate steadily.
{"title":"Population ageing and sustainability of healthcare financing in China.","authors":"Wenqing Wu, Shujie Long, Arcadio A Cerda, Leidy Y Garcia, Mihajlo Jakovljevic","doi":"10.1186/s12962-023-00505-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-023-00505-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In China, the healthcare financing structure involves multiple parties, including the government, society and individuals. Medicare Fund is an important way for the Government and society to reduce the burden of individual medical costs. However, with the aging of the population, the demand of Medicare Fund is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the sustainability of the healthcare financing structure in the context of population ageing.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this paper is to organize the characteristics of population ageing as well as healthcare financing in China. On this basis, it analyzes the impact mechanism of population ageing on healthcare financing and the sustainability of existing healthcare financing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This paper mainly adopts the method of literature research and inductive summarization. Extracting data from Health Statistics Yearbook of China and Labor and Social Security Statistics Yearbook of China. Collected about 60 pieces of relevant literature at home and abroad.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>China has already entered a deeply ageing society. Unlike developed countries in the world, China's population ageing has distinctive feature of ageing before being rich. A healthcare financing scheme established by China, composing of the government, society, and individuals, is reasonable. However, under the pressure of population ageing, China's current healthcare financing scheme will face enormous challenges. Scholars are generally pessimistic about the sustainability of China's healthcare financing scheme.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Population ageing will increase the expenditure and reduce the income of the Medicare Fund. This will further affect the sustainability of the healthcare financing structure. As a consequence, the state should pay particular attention to this issue and take action to ensure that the Fund continues to operate steadily.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10729482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138803752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.1186/s12962-023-00500-5
Patricia Cubi-Molla, David Mott, Nadine Henderson, Bernarda Zamora, Mendel Grobler, Martina Garau
Background: The value of a life is regularly monetised by government departments for informing resource allocation. Guidance documents indicate how economic evaluation should be conducted, often specifying precise values for different impacts. However, we find different values of life and health are used in analyses by departments within the same government despite commonality in desired outcomes. This creates potential inconsistencies in considering trade-offs within a broader public sector spending budget. We provide evidence to better inform the political process and to raise important issues in assessing the value of public expenditure across different sectors.
Methods: Our document analysis identifies thresholds, explicitly or implicitly, as observed in government-related publications in the following public sectors: health, social care, transport, and environment. We include both demand-side and supply-side thresholds, understood as societies' and governments' willingness to pay for health gains. We look at key countries that introduced formal economic evaluation processes early on and have impacted other countries' policy development: Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. We also present a framework to consider how governments allocate resources across different public services.
Results: Our analysis supports that identifying and describing the Value of a Life from disparate public sector activities in a manner that facilitates comparison is theoretically meaningful. The optimal allocation of resources across sectors depends on the relative position of benefits across different attributes, weighted by the social value that society puts on them. The value of a Quality-Adjusted Life Year is generally used as a demand-side threshold by Departments of transport and environment. It exceeds those used in health, often by a large enough proportion to be a multiple thereof. Decisions made across departments are generally based on an unspecified rationing rule.
Conclusions: Comparing government expenditure across different public sector departments, in terms of the value of each department outcome, is not only possible but also desirable. It is essential for an optimal resource allocation to identify the relevant social attributes and to quantify the value of these attributes for each department.
{"title":"Resource allocation in public sector programmes: does the value of a life differ between governmental departments?","authors":"Patricia Cubi-Molla, David Mott, Nadine Henderson, Bernarda Zamora, Mendel Grobler, Martina Garau","doi":"10.1186/s12962-023-00500-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-023-00500-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The value of a life is regularly monetised by government departments for informing resource allocation. Guidance documents indicate how economic evaluation should be conducted, often specifying precise values for different impacts. However, we find different values of life and health are used in analyses by departments within the same government despite commonality in desired outcomes. This creates potential inconsistencies in considering trade-offs within a broader public sector spending budget. We provide evidence to better inform the political process and to raise important issues in assessing the value of public expenditure across different sectors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our document analysis identifies thresholds, explicitly or implicitly, as observed in government-related publications in the following public sectors: health, social care, transport, and environment. We include both demand-side and supply-side thresholds, understood as societies' and governments' willingness to pay for health gains. We look at key countries that introduced formal economic evaluation processes early on and have impacted other countries' policy development: Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. We also present a framework to consider how governments allocate resources across different public services.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analysis supports that identifying and describing the Value of a Life from disparate public sector activities in a manner that facilitates comparison is theoretically meaningful. The optimal allocation of resources across sectors depends on the relative position of benefits across different attributes, weighted by the social value that society puts on them. The value of a Quality-Adjusted Life Year is generally used as a demand-side threshold by Departments of transport and environment. It exceeds those used in health, often by a large enough proportion to be a multiple thereof. Decisions made across departments are generally based on an unspecified rationing rule.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Comparing government expenditure across different public sector departments, in terms of the value of each department outcome, is not only possible but also desirable. It is essential for an optimal resource allocation to identify the relevant social attributes and to quantify the value of these attributes for each department.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10722785/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138804002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-09DOI: 10.1186/s12962-023-00504-1
Yazed AlRuthia, Almaha H Alfakhri, Ibtisam Alharbi, Fadi Ali Alghamdi, Miteb A Alanazi, Abdullah Abdulrahman Alrabiah, Anwar Abdulrazzag Alsouan, Abdulrahman Abdullah Alshaikh, Majed Ali Almasaoud
Background: Psoriasis, an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting skin and joints, has varying prevalence rates globally. It manifests in five types, with chronic plaque psoriasis being the most common. Treatment, which has no definitive cure, aims for complete resolution of skin symptoms and depends on disease extent, severity, and impact on patients' lives. Biologics are an emerging treatment for psoriasis, targeting specific inflammatory pathways for potentially safer, more effective outcomes. However, these come with significant costs, necessitating more research to ensure value for money. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Risankizumab versus Adalimumab, the most commonly utilized biologic for managing psoriasis in Saudi Arabia.
Methods: This study retrospectively compared the effectiveness and direct medical cost of Risankizumab and Adalimumab in treating chronic plaque psoriasis in adults from two Saudi Arabian healthcare centers. The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and body surface area (BSA) were used to assess treatment effectiveness, with patient data sourced from electronic medical records. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine various factors affecting treatment outcomes. An economic evaluation was conducted to examine the cost-effectiveness of the two drugs, considering four scenarios with varying dosage patterns and costs. Analysis was performed from the perspective of public healthcare payers and considered all utilized health services.
Results: The data for 70 patients were analyzed, with comparable baseline characteristics between groups. While Risankizumab led to a greater reduction in PASI scores and BSA affected, these results were not statistically significant. The annual treatment cost for Risankizumab was higher than Adalimumab. Various scenarios were studied, considering real acquisition costs, double dosing for Adalimumab, and the use of biosimilars. A scenario assuming double dosing for Adalimumab and a 40% discount for Risankizumab demonstrated both cost and efficacy advantages in 71.25% of cases.
Conclusions: This study compared the effectiveness and cost of Risankizumab and Adalimumab for treating chronic plaque psoriasis in Saudi Arabian hospitals. Although Risankizumab showed a greater reduction in symptoms, the difference was not statistically significant. However, under certain scenarios, Risankizumab demonstrated cost and efficacy advantages. These findings may influence treatment decisions for psoriasis, but further research is needed.
背景:银屑病是一种免疫介导的慢性炎症性疾病,主要影响皮肤和关节,在全球的发病率各不相同。银屑病分为五种类型,其中以慢性斑块型银屑病最为常见。目前尚无根治方法,治疗目的是彻底消除皮肤症状,并取决于疾病的范围、严重程度和对患者生活的影响。生物制剂是一种新兴的银屑病治疗方法,它以特定的炎症通路为靶点,具有更安全、更有效的潜在疗效。然而,生物制剂成本高昂,因此有必要开展更多研究,以确保物有所值。本研究旨在比较利桑珠单抗与阿达木单抗的疗效,后者是沙特阿拉伯最常用的治疗银屑病的生物制剂:本研究回顾性比较了利坦单抗和阿达木单抗治疗沙特阿拉伯两家医疗中心成人慢性斑块状银屑病的疗效和直接医疗成本。评估治疗效果时使用了银屑病面积和严重程度指数(PASI)和体表面积(BSA),患者数据来自电子病历。进行了多元回归分析,以研究影响治疗效果的各种因素。在考虑了四种不同剂量模式和成本的情况下,对两种药物的成本效益进行了经济评估。分析从公共医疗支付方的角度进行,并考虑了所有使用的医疗服务:结果:分析了 70 名患者的数据,两组患者的基线特征具有可比性。虽然利桑珠单抗能使患者的 PASI 评分和 BSA 下降更多,但这些结果在统计学上并不显著。利桑珠单抗的年度治疗费用高于阿达木单抗。考虑到实际购买成本、阿达木单抗的双重剂量以及生物仿制药的使用,研究了各种方案。假设阿达木单抗使用双剂量,利桑珠单抗使用40%的折扣,在71.25%的病例中,成本和疗效均有优势:这项研究比较了利桑珠单抗和阿达木单抗在沙特阿拉伯医院治疗慢性斑块状银屑病的疗效和成本。尽管利桑珠单抗能更有效地减轻症状,但两者之间的差异在统计学上并不显著。不过,在某些情况下,利桑珠单抗在成本和疗效上都具有优势。这些发现可能会影响银屑病的治疗决策,但还需要进一步研究。
{"title":"Comparative effectiveness and cost evaluation of Risankizumab and Adalimumab in the management of psoriasis: a real-world study in Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Yazed AlRuthia, Almaha H Alfakhri, Ibtisam Alharbi, Fadi Ali Alghamdi, Miteb A Alanazi, Abdullah Abdulrahman Alrabiah, Anwar Abdulrazzag Alsouan, Abdulrahman Abdullah Alshaikh, Majed Ali Almasaoud","doi":"10.1186/s12962-023-00504-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-023-00504-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psoriasis, an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting skin and joints, has varying prevalence rates globally. It manifests in five types, with chronic plaque psoriasis being the most common. Treatment, which has no definitive cure, aims for complete resolution of skin symptoms and depends on disease extent, severity, and impact on patients' lives. Biologics are an emerging treatment for psoriasis, targeting specific inflammatory pathways for potentially safer, more effective outcomes. However, these come with significant costs, necessitating more research to ensure value for money. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Risankizumab versus Adalimumab, the most commonly utilized biologic for managing psoriasis in Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study retrospectively compared the effectiveness and direct medical cost of Risankizumab and Adalimumab in treating chronic plaque psoriasis in adults from two Saudi Arabian healthcare centers. The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and body surface area (BSA) were used to assess treatment effectiveness, with patient data sourced from electronic medical records. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine various factors affecting treatment outcomes. An economic evaluation was conducted to examine the cost-effectiveness of the two drugs, considering four scenarios with varying dosage patterns and costs. Analysis was performed from the perspective of public healthcare payers and considered all utilized health services.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The data for 70 patients were analyzed, with comparable baseline characteristics between groups. While Risankizumab led to a greater reduction in PASI scores and BSA affected, these results were not statistically significant. The annual treatment cost for Risankizumab was higher than Adalimumab. Various scenarios were studied, considering real acquisition costs, double dosing for Adalimumab, and the use of biosimilars. A scenario assuming double dosing for Adalimumab and a 40% discount for Risankizumab demonstrated both cost and efficacy advantages in 71.25% of cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study compared the effectiveness and cost of Risankizumab and Adalimumab for treating chronic plaque psoriasis in Saudi Arabian hospitals. Although Risankizumab showed a greater reduction in symptoms, the difference was not statistically significant. However, under certain scenarios, Risankizumab demonstrated cost and efficacy advantages. These findings may influence treatment decisions for psoriasis, but further research is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10709881/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138803150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Although the treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) under Nigeria's National Health Insurance Authority is haemodialysis (HD), the cost of managing ESRD is understudied in Nigeria. Therefore, this study estimated the provider and patient direct costs of haemodialysis and managing ESRD in Abuja, Nigeria.
Method: The study was a cross-sectional survey from both healthcare provider and consumer perspectives. We collected data from public and private tertiary hospitals (n = 6) and ESRD patients (n = 230) receiving haemodialysis in the selected hospitals. We estimated the direct providers' costs using fixed and variable costs. Patients' direct costs included drugs, laboratory services, transportation, feeding, and comorbidities. Additionally, data on the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients were collected. The costs were summarized in descriptive statistics using means and percentages. A generalized linear model (gamma with log link) was used to predict the patient characteristics associated with patients' cost of haemodialysis.
Results: The mean direct cost of haemodialysis was $152.20 per session (providers: $123.69; and patients: $28.51) and $23,742.96 annually (providers: $19,295.64; and patients: $4,447.32). Additionally, patients spent an average of $2,968.23 managing comorbidities. The drivers of providers' haemodialysis costs were personnel and supplies. Residing in other towns (HD:β = 0.55, ρ = 0.001; ESRD:β = 0.59, ρ = 0.004), lacking health insurance (HD:β = 0.24, ρ = 0.038), attending private health facility (HD:β = 0.46, ρ < 0.001; ESRD: β = 0.75, ρ < 0.001), and greater than six haemodialysis sessions per month (HD:β = 0.79, ρ < 0.001; ESRD: β = 0.99, ρ < 0.001) significantly increased the patient's out-of-pocket spending on haemodialysis and ESRD.
Conclusion: The costs of haemodialysis and managing ESRD patients are high. Providing public subsidies for dialysis and expanding social health insurance coverage for ESRD patients might reduce the costs.
{"title":"Cost analysis of the management of end-stage renal disease patients in Abuja, Nigeria.","authors":"Yakubu Adole Agada-Amade, Daniel Chukwuemeka Ogbuabor, Ejemai Eboreime, Obinna Emmanuel Onwujekwe","doi":"10.1186/s12962-023-00502-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-023-00502-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although the treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) under Nigeria's National Health Insurance Authority is haemodialysis (HD), the cost of managing ESRD is understudied in Nigeria. Therefore, this study estimated the provider and patient direct costs of haemodialysis and managing ESRD in Abuja, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study was a cross-sectional survey from both healthcare provider and consumer perspectives. We collected data from public and private tertiary hospitals (n = 6) and ESRD patients (n = 230) receiving haemodialysis in the selected hospitals. We estimated the direct providers' costs using fixed and variable costs. Patients' direct costs included drugs, laboratory services, transportation, feeding, and comorbidities. Additionally, data on the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients were collected. The costs were summarized in descriptive statistics using means and percentages. A generalized linear model (gamma with log link) was used to predict the patient characteristics associated with patients' cost of haemodialysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean direct cost of haemodialysis was $152.20 per session (providers: $123.69; and patients: $28.51) and $23,742.96 annually (providers: $19,295.64; and patients: $4,447.32). Additionally, patients spent an average of $2,968.23 managing comorbidities. The drivers of providers' haemodialysis costs were personnel and supplies. Residing in other towns (HD:β = 0.55, ρ = 0.001; ESRD:β = 0.59, ρ = 0.004), lacking health insurance (HD:β = 0.24, ρ = 0.038), attending private health facility (HD:β = 0.46, ρ < 0.001; ESRD: β = 0.75, ρ < 0.001), and greater than six haemodialysis sessions per month (HD:β = 0.79, ρ < 0.001; ESRD: β = 0.99, ρ < 0.001) significantly increased the patient's out-of-pocket spending on haemodialysis and ESRD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The costs of haemodialysis and managing ESRD patients are high. Providing public subsidies for dialysis and expanding social health insurance coverage for ESRD patients might reduce the costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10704650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138803163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1186/s12962-023-00501-4
Yuansheng Wan, Jinyu Liu, Xiaolian Zhan, Yu Zhang, Ruxu You
Background: According to the Chinese guidelines for lipid management (2023), evolocumab in combination with statins was recommended as secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, because of the variation in the price of evolocumab and its different methods of confirming clinical efficacy, it was necessary to explore its economics and the impact of different methods of confirming efficacy on its economic studies.
Objective: The purpose of this paper was to assess the cost-effectiveness of evolocumab with statins versus statins alone for patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) in China and to investigate the impact of different clinical effectiveness modeling approaches on economic outcomes.
Methods: A Markov cohort state-transition model was used to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) based on Chinese observational data on cardiovascular event rates, efficacy from the Asian subgroup of the FOURIER trial, cost and utility from the Chinese Yearbook of Health Statistics, health insurance data, and published studies conducted in China. This study conducted subgroup analyses for different populations and dosing regimens; sensitivity analyses for parameters such as cost, utility, and cardiovascular event rates; and scenario analyses on hospital hierarchy, time horizon, starting age, and price for statins.
Results: ICERs ranged from 27423 to 214777 Chinese yuan(CNY) per QALY gained, all below the willingness-to-pay threshold of CNY 257094. Only when the time horizon became small, the ICERs were greater than the willingness-to-pay. The probabilities that adding evolocumab to statins was cost-effective ranged from 76 to 98%. When the time horizon became small, i.e. evolocumab was discontinued before the age of 75 (after conversion), the corresponding ICERs were almost always greater than the willingness-to-pay. ICERs for modelling approaches based on clinical endpoints were 1.34 to 1.95 times higher than ICERs for modelling approaches based on reduced LDL-C levels.
Conclusions: From the Chinese healthcare and private payer perspectives, adding evolocumab to statin therapy in AMI patients is more likely to be a cost-effective treatment option at the current list price of CNY 283.8. However, evolocumab may not be cost-effective if used for shorter periods of time. The results based on different clinical effectiveness modeling approaches were significantly different.
{"title":"Methodology and results of cost-effectiveness of LDL-C lowering with evolocumab in patients with acute myocardial infarction in China.","authors":"Yuansheng Wan, Jinyu Liu, Xiaolian Zhan, Yu Zhang, Ruxu You","doi":"10.1186/s12962-023-00501-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-023-00501-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>According to the Chinese guidelines for lipid management (2023), evolocumab in combination with statins was recommended as secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, because of the variation in the price of evolocumab and its different methods of confirming clinical efficacy, it was necessary to explore its economics and the impact of different methods of confirming efficacy on its economic studies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this paper was to assess the cost-effectiveness of evolocumab with statins versus statins alone for patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) in China and to investigate the impact of different clinical effectiveness modeling approaches on economic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Markov cohort state-transition model was used to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) based on Chinese observational data on cardiovascular event rates, efficacy from the Asian subgroup of the FOURIER trial, cost and utility from the Chinese Yearbook of Health Statistics, health insurance data, and published studies conducted in China. This study conducted subgroup analyses for different populations and dosing regimens; sensitivity analyses for parameters such as cost, utility, and cardiovascular event rates; and scenario analyses on hospital hierarchy, time horizon, starting age, and price for statins.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ICERs ranged from 27423 to 214777 Chinese yuan(CNY) per QALY gained, all below the willingness-to-pay threshold of CNY 257094. Only when the time horizon became small, the ICERs were greater than the willingness-to-pay. The probabilities that adding evolocumab to statins was cost-effective ranged from 76 to 98%. When the time horizon became small, i.e. evolocumab was discontinued before the age of 75 (after conversion), the corresponding ICERs were almost always greater than the willingness-to-pay. ICERs for modelling approaches based on clinical endpoints were 1.34 to 1.95 times higher than ICERs for modelling approaches based on reduced LDL-C levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>From the Chinese healthcare and private payer perspectives, adding evolocumab to statin therapy in AMI patients is more likely to be a cost-effective treatment option at the current list price of CNY 283.8. However, evolocumab may not be cost-effective if used for shorter periods of time. The results based on different clinical effectiveness modeling approaches were significantly different.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10690971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138470979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.1186/s12962-023-00503-2
Sadeq Rezaei, Majid Babaei
Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and therapy-resistant form of breast cancer with a significant economic burden on patients and healthcare systems. Therefore, we completed a systematic review to classify and synthesize the literature on the direct and indirect costs of TNBC.
Methods: Databases including ISI Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched for all related articles assessing the economic burden of TNBC from 2010 until December 2022. The quality and eligibility assessments were done accordingly. We adjusted all costs to January 2023 $US.
Results: From 881 records, 15 studies were eligible. We found that studies are widely disparate in the timetable, study design, patient populations, and cost components assessed. The annual per-patient direct costs of metastatic TNBC (mTNBC) were about $24,288 to $316,800. For early TNCB patients (eTNBC) this was about $21,120 to $105,600. Cancer management anticancer therapy costs account for the majority of direct costs. Along with an increase in cancer stage and line of therapy, healthcare costs were increased. Moreover, the indirect costs of patients with mTNBC and eTNBC were about $1060.875 and about $186,535 for each patient respectively.
Conclusion: The results showed that the direct and indirect costs of TNBC, mainly those of mTNBC, were substantial, suggesting attention to medical progress in cancer prognosis and therapy approaches.
背景:三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)是一种侵袭性和治疗耐药的乳腺癌,给患者和医疗保健系统带来了巨大的经济负担。因此,我们对TNBC的直接成本和间接成本的文献进行了系统的分类和综合。方法:检索2010年至2022年12月ISI Web of Science、Scopus、PubMed、Google Scholar等数据库中评估TNBC经济负担的所有相关文章。据此进行了质量和资格评估。我们将所有费用调整为2023年1月$US。结果:从881份记录中,有15项研究符合条件。我们发现研究在时间表、研究设计、患者群体和评估的成本组成方面存在很大差异。转移性TNBC (mTNBC)的年度每位患者直接费用约为24288美元至316800美元。对于早期TNCB患者(eTNBC),这一数字约为21,120至105,600美元。癌症管理、抗癌治疗费用占直接费用的大部分。随着癌症分期和治疗方法的增加,医疗保健费用也增加了。此外,mTNBC和eTNBC患者的间接成本分别约为每位患者10600.875美元和186535美元。结论:TNBC(以mTNBC为主)的直接和间接成本较高,应重视肿瘤预后和治疗方法的医学进展。
{"title":"A systematic literature review on direct and indirect costs of triple-negative breast cancer.","authors":"Sadeq Rezaei, Majid Babaei","doi":"10.1186/s12962-023-00503-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-023-00503-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and therapy-resistant form of breast cancer with a significant economic burden on patients and healthcare systems. Therefore, we completed a systematic review to classify and synthesize the literature on the direct and indirect costs of TNBC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Databases including ISI Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched for all related articles assessing the economic burden of TNBC from 2010 until December 2022. The quality and eligibility assessments were done accordingly. We adjusted all costs to January 2023 $US.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 881 records, 15 studies were eligible. We found that studies are widely disparate in the timetable, study design, patient populations, and cost components assessed. The annual per-patient direct costs of metastatic TNBC (mTNBC) were about $24,288 to $316,800. For early TNCB patients (eTNBC) this was about $21,120 to $105,600. Cancer management anticancer therapy costs account for the majority of direct costs. Along with an increase in cancer stage and line of therapy, healthcare costs were increased. Moreover, the indirect costs of patients with mTNBC and eTNBC were about $1060.875 and about $186,535 for each patient respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results showed that the direct and indirect costs of TNBC, mainly those of mTNBC, were substantial, suggesting attention to medical progress in cancer prognosis and therapy approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10688084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138463550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.1186/s12962-023-00499-9
Qiran Wei, YuTing Xu, Wei Liu, Xin Guan
Objective: The aim of this article is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy (ABE + ET) vs. ET as adjuvant treatment for high-risk hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR+/HER2-) early breast cancer in China.
Methods: From the perspective of the Chinese health care system, a 5-state Markov model was developed with a lifetime horizon. Data of the monarchE phase III clinical trial were used to model the invasive disease-free survival (iDFS) and standard parameters models were used for data extrapolation. Costs were obtained from national data sources, expert opinions and published literature using 2023 US dollars and discounted by 5%. The results were evaluated in terms of life-years (LYs) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses and scenario analyses were performed to test the robustness of the basic results.
Results: In the base-case analysis result, the model projected improved outcomes (by 0.65 LYs and 0.72 QALYs) and increased costs (by $16,057.72) for incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of $24,841/LY and $22,385/QALY for ABE + ET vs. ET patients. The results in scenario analysis estimated the ICERs of ABE + ET treatment to be $16,959/LY and $15,264/QALY in a mixture cure model, and $13,560/LY and $12,191/QALY in a non-mixture cure model. The model was sensitive to outcome discount rate and utility of iDFS.
Conclusion: ABE + ET might not have an economic advantage over ET at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of one time the per capita GDP in China, but was expected to be more cost-effective at a WTP threshold of three times the per capita GDP. Further analysis will be conducted once data from longer-term studies become available.
{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy in high-risk HR+/HER2-early breast cancer in China.","authors":"Qiran Wei, YuTing Xu, Wei Liu, Xin Guan","doi":"10.1186/s12962-023-00499-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-023-00499-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this article is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy (ABE + ET) vs. ET as adjuvant treatment for high-risk hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR+/HER2-) early breast cancer in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From the perspective of the Chinese health care system, a 5-state Markov model was developed with a lifetime horizon. Data of the monarchE phase III clinical trial were used to model the invasive disease-free survival (iDFS) and standard parameters models were used for data extrapolation. Costs were obtained from national data sources, expert opinions and published literature using 2023 US dollars and discounted by 5%. The results were evaluated in terms of life-years (LYs) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses and scenario analyses were performed to test the robustness of the basic results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the base-case analysis result, the model projected improved outcomes (by 0.65 LYs and 0.72 QALYs) and increased costs (by $16,057.72) for incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of $24,841/LY and $22,385/QALY for ABE + ET vs. ET patients. The results in scenario analysis estimated the ICERs of ABE + ET treatment to be $16,959/LY and $15,264/QALY in a mixture cure model, and $13,560/LY and $12,191/QALY in a non-mixture cure model. The model was sensitive to outcome discount rate and utility of iDFS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ABE + ET might not have an economic advantage over ET at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of one time the per capita GDP in China, but was expected to be more cost-effective at a WTP threshold of three times the per capita GDP. Further analysis will be conducted once data from longer-term studies become available.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10683222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138446578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-25DOI: 10.1186/s12962-023-00485-1
Esso-Hanam Atake
Background: Sixteen of the 30 countries with a high tuberculosis (TB) burden are in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Over 25% of TB deaths occur in the Africa region. This study aims to estimate the productivity changes of TB programs in 16 SSA countries where TB is endemic.
Methods: We used Hicks-Moorsteen index to compute and decompose Total factor productivity (TFP), and the β-convergence and σ-convergence tests to check for convergence patterns among SSA countries.
Results: We found that technological change has been the main driver of the TFP growth, and that increasing technical efficiency may be the first objective in efforts to improve TFP of TB programs. Moreover, the convergence tests reveal significant homogeneity in terms of TFP change between SSA countries studied.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that improving technical efficiency of TB programs mainly calls for better resource allocation, capacity building in governance and management of programs, improved training of the health providers and stronger prevention policies. Policymakers must design models for integration of TB treatment under the universal health insurance schemes.
{"title":"Health system productivity in sub-Saharan Africa: tuberculosis control in high burden countries.","authors":"Esso-Hanam Atake","doi":"10.1186/s12962-023-00485-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12962-023-00485-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sixteen of the 30 countries with a high tuberculosis (TB) burden are in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Over 25% of TB deaths occur in the Africa region. This study aims to estimate the productivity changes of TB programs in 16 SSA countries where TB is endemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used Hicks-Moorsteen index to compute and decompose Total factor productivity (TFP), and the β-convergence and σ-convergence tests to check for convergence patterns among SSA countries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that technological change has been the main driver of the TFP growth, and that increasing technical efficiency may be the first objective in efforts to improve TFP of TB programs. Moreover, the convergence tests reveal significant homogeneity in terms of TFP change between SSA countries studied.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that improving technical efficiency of TB programs mainly calls for better resource allocation, capacity building in governance and management of programs, improved training of the health providers and stronger prevention policies. Policymakers must design models for integration of TB treatment under the universal health insurance schemes.</p>","PeriodicalId":47054,"journal":{"name":"Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10676588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138441454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}