首页 > 最新文献

International Journal of Housing Policy最新文献

英文 中文
Accessing adequate housing for older Black women in Toronto: a document review of housing related government strategies and action plans 多伦多老年黑人妇女获得适当住房:与住房有关的政府战略和行动计划的文件审查
IF 3.5 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1080/19491247.2022.2117584
Nicoda Foster, L. Kapiriri, M. Grignon, K. McKenzie
Abstract The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights include recommendations and protections for housing as a human right. The rising costs of housing has created difficulties for many individuals, particularly older adults/seniors. This study aimed to determine whether Ontario housing related policies and strategy documents address access to adequate housing for older racialised women, specifically older Black women. The theory of intersectionality and the stages model were used as analytical frameworks to review provincial and municipal government documents in Ontario, Canada to determine the degree to which they address adequate housing for older Black women. A thematic content analysis was completed for eight policy documents that were both municipal and provincial. The results suggest that access to adequate housing was not considered to the full scope and housing policies do not reflect the complex social reality of racialised older women. Addressing the housing challenges for older racialised women would require an increased focus on policies that are all encompassing.
《世界人权宣言》和《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》对住房作为一项人权提出了建议和保护。住房成本的上涨给许多人,特别是老年人带来了困难。本研究旨在确定安大略省住房相关政策和战略文件是否涉及老年种族化妇女,特别是老年黑人妇女获得适当住房的问题。交叉性理论和阶段模型被用作分析框架,以审查加拿大安大略省的省和市政府文件,以确定它们在多大程度上解决老年黑人妇女的适足住房问题。完成了对八份市级和省级政策文件的专题内容分析。结果表明,获得适当住房的机会没有得到充分考虑,住房政策没有反映种族化老年妇女的复杂社会现实。解决老年种族化妇女的住房挑战需要更多地关注包罗万象的政策。
{"title":"Accessing adequate housing for older Black women in Toronto: a document review of housing related government strategies and action plans","authors":"Nicoda Foster, L. Kapiriri, M. Grignon, K. McKenzie","doi":"10.1080/19491247.2022.2117584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2022.2117584","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights include recommendations and protections for housing as a human right. The rising costs of housing has created difficulties for many individuals, particularly older adults/seniors. This study aimed to determine whether Ontario housing related policies and strategy documents address access to adequate housing for older racialised women, specifically older Black women. The theory of intersectionality and the stages model were used as analytical frameworks to review provincial and municipal government documents in Ontario, Canada to determine the degree to which they address adequate housing for older Black women. A thematic content analysis was completed for eight policy documents that were both municipal and provincial. The results suggest that access to adequate housing was not considered to the full scope and housing policies do not reflect the complex social reality of racialised older women. Addressing the housing challenges for older racialised women would require an increased focus on policies that are all encompassing.","PeriodicalId":47119,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Housing Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"403 - 416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74366315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Conceptualising ‘residential investment’: separating the inseparable in asset-based economies 概念化“住宅投资”:分离资产经济中不可分割的部分
IF 3.5 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-09-11 DOI: 10.1080/19491247.2022.2089081
Phoebe Stirling, Frances Brill, Andrew Purves
{"title":"Conceptualising ‘residential investment’: separating the inseparable in asset-based economies","authors":"Phoebe Stirling, Frances Brill, Andrew Purves","doi":"10.1080/19491247.2022.2089081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2022.2089081","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47119,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Housing Policy","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78006063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Big houses on a small island: legislating Singapore’s ‘good class’ bungalows 小岛上的大房子:新加坡“好阶级”平房的立法
IF 3.5 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-09-04 DOI: 10.1080/19491247.2022.2105193
Edward S W Ti
Abstract Land reform in post-independent Singapore was led by compulsory purchase predominantly in the 1960s–70s and resulted in numerous kampungs or villages being demolished. With efficient assembly of land, high-rise public flats were built to accommodate the country’s burgeoning population. Today, 95 per cent of residents reside in high-rise dwellings and Singapore is the 3rd most densely populated country globally. Remarkably, planning regulations protect a housing typology known as ‘good class bungalows’ (GCBs). Though housing less than 0.2 per cent of Singapore households, GCBs collectively take up 7 per cent of the available land for housing. Numbering less than three thousand, GCBs have statutorily required large minimum lot sizes and are situated in Singapore’s choiciest residential enclaves. Development of GCB land to more intensive use is strictly prohibited. In this article, I examine the legal policies and socioeconomic rationale for maintaining this uniquely Singaporean institution, concluding that there are indeed cogent justifications for its existence.
新加坡独立后的土地改革主要在20世纪60年代至70年代以强制购买为主导,导致许多甘榜或村庄被拆除。随着土地的有效整合,高层公共公寓被建成,以容纳该国迅速增长的人口。如今,95%的居民居住在高层住宅中,新加坡是全球人口密度第三大的国家。值得注意的是,规划法规保护了一种被称为“好等级平房”(GCBs)的住房类型。尽管拥有住房的家庭不到新加坡家庭的0.2%,但gcb总共占据了可用住房用地的7%。gcb的数量不到3000个,法定要求最小地块面积较大,并且位于新加坡最高档的住宅区。严禁集约开发城建用地。在这篇文章中,我研究了维持这一独特的新加坡制度的法律政策和社会经济理由,得出结论,它的存在确实有令人信服的理由。
{"title":"Big houses on a small island: legislating Singapore’s ‘good class’ bungalows","authors":"Edward S W Ti","doi":"10.1080/19491247.2022.2105193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2022.2105193","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Land reform in post-independent Singapore was led by compulsory purchase predominantly in the 1960s–70s and resulted in numerous kampungs or villages being demolished. With efficient assembly of land, high-rise public flats were built to accommodate the country’s burgeoning population. Today, 95 per cent of residents reside in high-rise dwellings and Singapore is the 3rd most densely populated country globally. Remarkably, planning regulations protect a housing typology known as ‘good class bungalows’ (GCBs). Though housing less than 0.2 per cent of Singapore households, GCBs collectively take up 7 per cent of the available land for housing. Numbering less than three thousand, GCBs have statutorily required large minimum lot sizes and are situated in Singapore’s choiciest residential enclaves. Development of GCB land to more intensive use is strictly prohibited. In this article, I examine the legal policies and socioeconomic rationale for maintaining this uniquely Singaporean institution, concluding that there are indeed cogent justifications for its existence.","PeriodicalId":47119,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Housing Policy","volume":"123 1","pages":"612 - 628"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90153623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Housing unaffordability and mental health: dynamics across age and tenure 住房负担能力和心理健康:跨年龄和任期的动态
IF 3.5 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-09-04 DOI: 10.1080/19491247.2022.2106541
R. Arundel, Ang Li, E. Baker, R. Bentley
{"title":"Housing unaffordability and mental health: dynamics across age and tenure","authors":"R. Arundel, Ang Li, E. Baker, R. Bentley","doi":"10.1080/19491247.2022.2106541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2022.2106541","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47119,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Housing Policy","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81509718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Older people, house-sitting and ethics of care 老年人,看家和护理伦理
IF 3.5 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-30 DOI: 10.1080/19491247.2022.2097853
S. Alidoust
{"title":"Older people, house-sitting and ethics of care","authors":"S. Alidoust","doi":"10.1080/19491247.2022.2097853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2022.2097853","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47119,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Housing Policy","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85623601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Accelerating housing inequality: property investors and the changing structure of property ownership in Luxembourg 加速住房不平等:卢森堡的房地产投资者和房地产所有权结构的变化
IF 3.5 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/19491247.2022.2106540
Mădălina Mezaroş, Antoine Paccoud
{"title":"Accelerating housing inequality: property investors and the changing structure of property ownership in Luxembourg","authors":"Mădălina Mezaroş, Antoine Paccoud","doi":"10.1080/19491247.2022.2106540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2022.2106540","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47119,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Housing Policy","volume":"114 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72422590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
The right to housing under the new Latin American constitutionalism: progresses and challenges in the Ecuadorian case study 拉丁美洲新宪政制度下的住房权:厄瓜多尔个案研究的进展与挑战
IF 3.5 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-17 DOI: 10.1080/19491247.2022.2100614
Francesco Maniglio, Fernando Casado
{"title":"The right to housing under the new Latin American constitutionalism: progresses and challenges in the Ecuadorian case study","authors":"Francesco Maniglio, Fernando Casado","doi":"10.1080/19491247.2022.2100614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2022.2100614","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47119,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Housing Policy","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89664448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Housing as a base for welfare in Greece: the staircase of transition and Housing First schemes 住房作为希腊福利的基础:过渡的阶梯和住房优先计划
IF 3.5 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-05 DOI: 10.1080/19491247.2022.2089082
Nikos Kourachanis
{"title":"Housing as a base for welfare in Greece: the staircase of transition and Housing First schemes","authors":"Nikos Kourachanis","doi":"10.1080/19491247.2022.2089082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2022.2089082","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47119,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Housing Policy","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75328825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Does paid transitional housing impact reentry outcomes during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders? Evidence from a natural experiment within an RCT 有偿过渡性住房会影响COVID-19居家令期间的重返社会结果吗?随机对照试验中自然实验的证据
IF 3.5 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-03 DOI: 10.1080/19491247.2022.2097852
Raven Simonds, Natasha B. Khade, J. Young
{"title":"Does paid transitional housing impact reentry outcomes during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders? Evidence from a natural experiment within an RCT","authors":"Raven Simonds, Natasha B. Khade, J. Young","doi":"10.1080/19491247.2022.2097852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2022.2097852","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47119,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Housing Policy","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83253916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Rent regulation: unpacking the debates 租金管制:揭秘辩论
IF 3.5 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/19491247.2022.2089079
A. Marsh, K. Gibb, A. Soaita
In the context of chronic problems with high housing costs, rent regulation has returned to the forefront of policy debate in several countries. This paper addresses three distinct questions related to rent regulation and the role of evidence. First, what are the drivers of policy change on rent regulation and what role does evidence play in shaping change? Second, what is the nature of the evidence base on rent regulation and the key messages that emerge from it? Third, how is this evidence base transmitted into policy debate? We take the example of the recent UK policy debate to examine this issue. The paper discusses the case of current policy development in Scotland to reflect upon policy drivers and the role of evidence. The paper combines insights from a recent evidence review and a decade-long policy ethnography. Not only does research indicate that evidence has played a limited role as a driver for policy change on rent regulation but the nature of the evidence base is such that there are limits on the guidance it can offer and the extent to which policy can in principle be rooted in evidence. The case of Scotland illustrates the forces at play in shaping rent regulation policy.
在住房成本高企的长期问题背景下,租金监管已回到若干国家政策辩论的前沿。本文论述了与租金管制和证据作用有关的三个不同的问题。首先,租金监管政策变化的驱动因素是什么?证据在形成变化方面发挥了什么作用?其次,租金监管证据的性质是什么?从中产生的关键信息是什么?第三,这一证据基础如何传递到政策辩论中?我们以最近英国的政策辩论为例来研究这个问题。本文讨论了苏格兰当前政策发展的情况,以反映政策驱动因素和证据的作用。这篇论文结合了最近的证据审查和长达十年的政策人种学的见解。研究不仅表明,证据在推动租金监管政策变化方面发挥的作用有限,而且证据基础的性质也限制了它所能提供的指导,以及政策原则上能在多大程度上植根于证据。苏格兰的例子说明了影响租金监管政策的各种力量。
{"title":"Rent regulation: unpacking the debates","authors":"A. Marsh, K. Gibb, A. Soaita","doi":"10.1080/19491247.2022.2089079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2022.2089079","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of chronic problems with high housing costs, rent regulation has returned to the forefront of policy debate in several countries. This paper addresses three distinct questions related to rent regulation and the role of evidence. First, what are the drivers of policy change on rent regulation and what role does evidence play in shaping change? Second, what is the nature of the evidence base on rent regulation and the key messages that emerge from it? Third, how is this evidence base transmitted into policy debate? We take the example of the recent UK policy debate to examine this issue. The paper discusses the case of current policy development in Scotland to reflect upon policy drivers and the role of evidence. The paper combines insights from a recent evidence review and a decade-long policy ethnography. Not only does research indicate that evidence has played a limited role as a driver for policy change on rent regulation but the nature of the evidence base is such that there are limits on the guidance it can offer and the extent to which policy can in principle be rooted in evidence. The case of Scotland illustrates the forces at play in shaping rent regulation policy.","PeriodicalId":47119,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Housing Policy","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82785424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
期刊
International Journal of Housing Policy
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1