: Interlocking Compressed Earth Bricks (ICEB) is one of the alternative low carbon building materials replacing conventional brick. This study evaluates the embodied environmental impact of ICEB production in terms of embodied environmental implications for global warming potential (GWP). The life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis methodology was performed to identify and quantify the environmental performance of brick production from cradle-to-gate. Additionally, the emission in terms of GWP is analyzed using GaBi software. The system investigated includes raw materials and machinery used for brick production and transportation. Energy use and emissions are quantified, and the potential environmental effects are assessed. Sensitivity analyses were calculated on the percentage of cement content of 15% and 10% of the soil weight. The results show that the embodied carbon for 1 kg clay bricks in Sabah is 0.202 kgCO 2 -eq. Cement usage in brick production contributes the most significant environmental impact with carbon emissions of 0.172 kgCO 2 . The carbon emission of ICEB found a slight improvement compared to the conventional fired clay bricks (FCB). The result on sensitivity analyses found that the GWP reduced to 27-51% as the percentage of cement content was reduced at 10 and 15%. The findings proved that carbon emissions could be reduced with a lower cement usage in the mix design of ICEB.
{"title":"ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EVALUATION ON INTERLOCKING COMPRESSED EARTH BRICK USING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT","authors":"Nurul Shahadahtul Afizah Asman","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.3525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.3525","url":null,"abstract":": Interlocking Compressed Earth Bricks (ICEB) is one of the alternative low carbon building materials replacing conventional brick. This study evaluates the embodied environmental impact of ICEB production in terms of embodied environmental implications for global warming potential (GWP). The life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis methodology was performed to identify and quantify the environmental performance of brick production from cradle-to-gate. Additionally, the emission in terms of GWP is analyzed using GaBi software. The system investigated includes raw materials and machinery used for brick production and transportation. Energy use and emissions are quantified, and the potential environmental effects are assessed. Sensitivity analyses were calculated on the percentage of cement content of 15% and 10% of the soil weight. The results show that the embodied carbon for 1 kg clay bricks in Sabah is 0.202 kgCO 2 -eq. Cement usage in brick production contributes the most significant environmental impact with carbon emissions of 0.172 kgCO 2 . The carbon emission of ICEB found a slight improvement compared to the conventional fired clay bricks (FCB). The result on sensitivity analyses found that the GWP reduced to 27-51% as the percentage of cement content was reduced at 10 and 15%. The findings proved that carbon emissions could be reduced with a lower cement usage in the mix design of ICEB.","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135320941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF SUBLAKE SLOPES AND LIQUEFACTION HAZARD IN LAKE TOBA, INDONESIA","authors":"Listia Ariani","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.4077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.4077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Studies on recycled gypsum as a geotechnical improvement material have been extensively conducted, as the increase in gypsum board waste has become an urgent issue. In this paper, to investigate a method to measure gypsum hemihydrate content in a shorter period, the test results of the density method obtained in previous studies are reviewed to confirm whether sufficient accuracy could be secured even in a shortened measurement period. The results obtained showed that the way of the density test for cement is effective in measuring the density of gypsum, gypsum hemihydrate content could be estimated from the density with some accuracy, even with an elapsed period of 1 d, and a difference of only approximately 5% was observed. In addition, the density method was validated through a full-scale experiment using a rotary kiln furnace. The gypsum hemihydrate content obtained from the density method was consistent with that obtained from the X-ray diffraction analysis.
{"title":"ESTIMATING GYPSUM HEMIHYDRATE CONTENT USING DENSITY OF GYPSUM RECYCLED FROM WASTE GYPSUM BOARD","authors":"Hiroaki Sano","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.3736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.3736","url":null,"abstract":": Studies on recycled gypsum as a geotechnical improvement material have been extensively conducted, as the increase in gypsum board waste has become an urgent issue. In this paper, to investigate a method to measure gypsum hemihydrate content in a shorter period, the test results of the density method obtained in previous studies are reviewed to confirm whether sufficient accuracy could be secured even in a shortened measurement period. The results obtained showed that the way of the density test for cement is effective in measuring the density of gypsum, gypsum hemihydrate content could be estimated from the density with some accuracy, even with an elapsed period of 1 d, and a difference of only approximately 5% was observed. In addition, the density method was validated through a full-scale experiment using a rotary kiln furnace. The gypsum hemihydrate content obtained from the density method was consistent with that obtained from the X-ray diffraction analysis.","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: In this study, the previously proposed earthquake damage assessment method for reinforced concrete (RC) piers was verified through seismic response analysis of an entire bridge. The method measures the acceleration histories at the bottom and top of the pier during earthquakes to estimate the ratio of the initial natural frequency to the lowest natural frequency during earthquakes using time-frequency analysis since it is related to earthquake damage. The previous study verified the method through numerical analysis and shaking table test results of a single pier. However, since the actual pier is connected to the adjacent pier and abutment via the girder, it is important to consider the dynamics of the entire bridge. Therefore, this study verified the method through numerical analysis of the entire bridge. It was found that the method can detect damage to each pier when accelerations in the bridge axis direction are used because the natural frequency only changes for a damaged pier. On the other hand, the method cannot detect which pier is damaged and can only detect if any piers are damaged when accelerations in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis are used since the natural frequency changed even for undamaged piers. It was verified that the difference between the two directions was caused due to the constraint conditions of the bearings.
{"title":"EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT FOR RC PIERS BY TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS CONSIDERING ENTIRE BRIDGE","authors":"Aiko Furukawa","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.4023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.4023","url":null,"abstract":": In this study, the previously proposed earthquake damage assessment method for reinforced concrete (RC) piers was verified through seismic response analysis of an entire bridge. The method measures the acceleration histories at the bottom and top of the pier during earthquakes to estimate the ratio of the initial natural frequency to the lowest natural frequency during earthquakes using time-frequency analysis since it is related to earthquake damage. The previous study verified the method through numerical analysis and shaking table test results of a single pier. However, since the actual pier is connected to the adjacent pier and abutment via the girder, it is important to consider the dynamics of the entire bridge. Therefore, this study verified the method through numerical analysis of the entire bridge. It was found that the method can detect damage to each pier when accelerations in the bridge axis direction are used because the natural frequency only changes for a damaged pier. On the other hand, the method cannot detect which pier is damaged and can only detect if any piers are damaged when accelerations in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis are used since the natural frequency changed even for undamaged piers. It was verified that the difference between the two directions was caused due to the constraint conditions of the bearings.","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135320948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Lake Toba has emerged as a captivating tourist destination in Indonesia, and the government is currently dedicated to enhancing the tourism experience through extensive infrastructure development initiatives. As progress continues, the hazard map for the region notably emphasizes its susceptibility to liquefaction. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate risk of soil settlement arising from potential liquefaction within the Tourism infrastructure of Lake Toba. According to the data collected, it was evident that the prevailing soil layer was dominated by sand and shallow groundwater, rendering it prone to earthquakes, increasing liquefaction potential. Soil settlement was also found in Lake Toba, which further magnified the possibility of liquefaction incidents. The analysis of liquefaction potential was carried out following the empirical method by Idriss-Boulanger (2014) in determining Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) values. Furthermore, the assessment focused on soil settlement that was observed during instances of liquefaction, by employing methods outlined in Tokimatsu and Seed (1984), Ishihara and Yoshimine (1992), and Cetin (2009). The results showed that the areas exhibited a high liquefaction potential, as evidenced by significantly elevated LPI values. This study centered on settlement reaching up to 1.5 meters during liquefaction events, underscoring the imperative need to implement targeted measures for effective mitigation of this potential hazard.
{"title":"SOIL SETTLEMENT RISK FROM LIQUEFACTION AT LAKE TOBA TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE, NORTH SUMATERA, INDONESIA","authors":"Rizal Hafidzsyah","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.4029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.4029","url":null,"abstract":": Lake Toba has emerged as a captivating tourist destination in Indonesia, and the government is currently dedicated to enhancing the tourism experience through extensive infrastructure development initiatives. As progress continues, the hazard map for the region notably emphasizes its susceptibility to liquefaction. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate risk of soil settlement arising from potential liquefaction within the Tourism infrastructure of Lake Toba. According to the data collected, it was evident that the prevailing soil layer was dominated by sand and shallow groundwater, rendering it prone to earthquakes, increasing liquefaction potential. Soil settlement was also found in Lake Toba, which further magnified the possibility of liquefaction incidents. The analysis of liquefaction potential was carried out following the empirical method by Idriss-Boulanger (2014) in determining Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) values. Furthermore, the assessment focused on soil settlement that was observed during instances of liquefaction, by employing methods outlined in Tokimatsu and Seed (1984), Ishihara and Yoshimine (1992), and Cetin (2009). The results showed that the areas exhibited a high liquefaction potential, as evidenced by significantly elevated LPI values. This study centered on settlement reaching up to 1.5 meters during liquefaction events, underscoring the imperative need to implement targeted measures for effective mitigation of this potential hazard.","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: This experimental study is to determine the velocity vector and flow contours in a reservoir with a bottom outlet. Velocity vector flow and contour characteristics are studied by making laboratory studies using acrylic models. The model combines the first pond as a constant head tank and the second pond as a reservoir with a hole at the bottom or bottom outlet. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is an optical visualization qualitative and quantitative technique for measuring the velocity of a fluid by measuring the slight movement of a particle or object in a particular fluid area by observing the location of the tracer particle used in education and research detail. The PIV method relies on recording particle images and measuring object markers (tracer particles) distribution at several locations to measure instantaneous velocity and different phases, velocity fluctuations, and accelerations well in fluid flow. Brown shellac was chosen and used for tracer particles after several experiments using other seeding materials such as white shellack, glitter, and glycerine. The brown shellack is crushed manually, filtered to pass sieve 30 (0.5 mm), and retained on sieve 50 (0.3 mm). The recorded image file is then read and processed to obtain the magnitude and direction of velocity at the tracer particle locations captured in the image recording. The experiment was carried out by running the water flow from the constant head to the reservoir model by giving tracer particles of brown shellac. Experiments produce the most significant velocity around the bottom outlet is 265 cm/s or 2.65 m/s.
{"title":"VELOCITY AND FLOW PATTERN AROUND BOTTOM OUTLET AS REVEALED BY PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY","authors":"Agatha Padma Laksitaningtyas","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.4036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.4036","url":null,"abstract":": This experimental study is to determine the velocity vector and flow contours in a reservoir with a bottom outlet. Velocity vector flow and contour characteristics are studied by making laboratory studies using acrylic models. The model combines the first pond as a constant head tank and the second pond as a reservoir with a hole at the bottom or bottom outlet. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is an optical visualization qualitative and quantitative technique for measuring the velocity of a fluid by measuring the slight movement of a particle or object in a particular fluid area by observing the location of the tracer particle used in education and research detail. The PIV method relies on recording particle images and measuring object markers (tracer particles) distribution at several locations to measure instantaneous velocity and different phases, velocity fluctuations, and accelerations well in fluid flow. Brown shellac was chosen and used for tracer particles after several experiments using other seeding materials such as white shellack, glitter, and glycerine. The brown shellack is crushed manually, filtered to pass sieve 30 (0.5 mm), and retained on sieve 50 (0.3 mm). The recorded image file is then read and processed to obtain the magnitude and direction of velocity at the tracer particle locations captured in the image recording. The experiment was carried out by running the water flow from the constant head to the reservoir model by giving tracer particles of brown shellac. Experiments produce the most significant velocity around the bottom outlet is 265 cm/s or 2.65 m/s.","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF A COMBINATION OF STEEL FIBER WASTE TYRE AND CRUMB RUBBER ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE","authors":"","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.s7650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.s7650","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EFFECT OF SEVERAL LIME MATERIALS ON SPLIT MASTIC ASPHALT PROPERTIES","authors":"Syahputra A Gani","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.3936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.3936","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135321640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FLOOD CHARACTERISTICS IN THE LOWER CITARUM RIVER, INDONESIA AND THEIR POSSIBLE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES","authors":"Angga Prawirakusuma","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.3993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.3993","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：