{"title":"Untangling Strings","authors":"L. Hakvoort, Avi Gilboa","doi":"10.36850/tegd-e423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/tegd-e423","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":471449,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trial and error","volume":"28 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138947105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marije aan het Rot, Merle-Marie Pittelkow, D. Elisabeth Eckhardt, Nils Simonsen, Brian D. Ostafin
Background and Objectives: Empathic accuracy, i.e., the degree to which one is able to accurately infer the emotions of others, may be acutely malleable. We examined this idea by testing the immediate effect of a brief mindfulness intervention or facial emotion recognition training. Methods: Participants were English- or Dutch-speaking psychology students who were assigned to one of three brief intervention conditions (all instructions given in English): (1) verbal instructions for practicing awareness of their body (mindfulness, n = 23); (2) verbal and visual instructions regarding the detection of visual cues for anger, fear, sadness, and happiness (facial emotion recognition training, n = 23); or (3) a verbal, neutral didactic lecture on mindfulness (control, n = 23). Subsequently, participants completed a Dutch-language empathic accuracy task. Results: There was no significant overall difference in empathic accuracy between the three participant subgroups, suggesting no effect of the two target interventions. Nonetheless, even though empathic accuracy appeared unaltered by facial emotion recognition training among participants who understood Dutch well, it was better after this intervention than after the control intervention among participants with a relatively limited understanding of Dutch. Limitations: The study used a small convenience sample. The control condition was listening to a lecture on mindfulness. Empathic accuracy was not assessed at baseline. Moreover, we did not formally assess language understanding, as we did not predict its presumed impact a priori. Conclusions: A better study design is needed to find out whether facial emotion recognition training can help improve empathic accuracy when the understanding of verbal cues is limited.
{"title":"Empathic Accuracy, Mindfulness, and Facial Emotion Recognition: An Experimental Study","authors":"Marije aan het Rot, Merle-Marie Pittelkow, D. Elisabeth Eckhardt, Nils Simonsen, Brian D. Ostafin","doi":"10.36850/e17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/e17","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives: Empathic accuracy, i.e., the degree to which one is able to accurately infer the emotions of others, may be acutely malleable. We examined this idea by testing the immediate effect of a brief mindfulness intervention or facial emotion recognition training. Methods: Participants were English- or Dutch-speaking psychology students who were assigned to one of three brief intervention conditions (all instructions given in English): (1) verbal instructions for practicing awareness of their body (mindfulness, n = 23); (2) verbal and visual instructions regarding the detection of visual cues for anger, fear, sadness, and happiness (facial emotion recognition training, n = 23); or (3) a verbal, neutral didactic lecture on mindfulness (control, n = 23). Subsequently, participants completed a Dutch-language empathic accuracy task. Results: There was no significant overall difference in empathic accuracy between the three participant subgroups, suggesting no effect of the two target interventions. Nonetheless, even though empathic accuracy appeared unaltered by facial emotion recognition training among participants who understood Dutch well, it was better after this intervention than after the control intervention among participants with a relatively limited understanding of Dutch. Limitations: The study used a small convenience sample. The control condition was listening to a lecture on mindfulness. Empathic accuracy was not assessed at baseline. Moreover, we did not formally assess language understanding, as we did not predict its presumed impact a priori. Conclusions: A better study design is needed to find out whether facial emotion recognition training can help improve empathic accuracy when the understanding of verbal cues is limited.","PeriodicalId":471449,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trial and error","volume":" 18","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A core problem that has been addressed in the scientific reform movement so far is the low rates of reproducibility of research results. Mainstream reform literature has aimed at increasing reproducibility rates by implementing procedural changes in research practice and scientific policy. At the sidelines of reform, theoreticians have worked on understanding the underlying causes of irreproducibility from the ground up. Each approach faces its own challenges. While the mainstream focus on swift practical changes has not been buttressed by sound theoretical arguments, theoretical work is slow and initially is only capable of answering questions in idealized setups, removed from real life constraints. In this article, we continue to develop theoretical foundations in understanding non-exact replications and meta-hypothesis tests in multi-site replication studies, juxtapose these theoretical intuitions with practical reform examples, and expose challenges we face. In our estimation, a major challenge in the next generation of the reform movement is to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical advancements.
{"title":"Tension Between Theory and Practice of Replication","authors":"Buzbas Erkan, Berna Devezer","doi":"10.36850/mr9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/mr9","url":null,"abstract":"A core problem that has been addressed in the scientific reform movement so far is the low rates of reproducibility of research results. Mainstream reform literature has aimed at increasing reproducibility rates by implementing procedural changes in research practice and scientific policy. At the sidelines of reform, theoreticians have worked on understanding the underlying causes of irreproducibility from the ground up. Each approach faces its own challenges. While the mainstream focus on swift practical changes has not been buttressed by sound theoretical arguments, theoretical work is slow and initially is only capable of answering questions in idealized setups, removed from real life constraints. In this article, we continue to develop theoretical foundations in understanding non-exact replications and meta-hypothesis tests in multi-site replication studies, juxtapose these theoretical intuitions with practical reform examples, and expose challenges we face. In our estimation, a major challenge in the next generation of the reform movement is to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical advancements.","PeriodicalId":471449,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trial and error","volume":"12 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135873771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fieke Terstappen, Torsten Plösch, Jorg J.A. Calis, Wessel Ganzevoort, Anouk Pels, Nina D. Paauw, Sanne J. Gordijn, Bas B. van Rijn, Michal Mokry, A. Titia Lely
Objective: Fetal growth restricted (FGR) offspring are more susceptible to develop cardiovascular and renal disease. The potential therapeutic value of sildenafil to improve fetal growth has recently been evaluated in several randomized clinical trials. Here we investigate whether administration of sildenafil during pregnancies complicated by FGR influences fetal-placental programming profiles, especially related to cardiorenal development and disease. Methods: We collected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and placental tissue within the Dutch STRIDER trial, in which sildenafil versus placebo treatment were randomly assigned to pregnancies complicated by severe early-onset FGR. Differential expression of genes of these samples were studied by whole genome RNA-sequencing. In addition, we performed gene set enrichment analysis focused on cardiovascular and renal gene sets to examine differentially expressed gene sets related to cardiorenal development and health. Results: Our study showed similar gene expression profiles between treatment groups in HUVECs (n=12 sildenafil; n=8 placebo) and placentas (n=13 per group). Prenatal sildenafil exposure did not change cardiovascular or renal programming in pregnancies complicated by FGR. In placental tissue, prenatal sildenafil altered a few gene sets involved with the nitric oxide pathway potentially reflecting the mechanism of action of sildenafil. Prenatal sildenafil also upregulated gene sets related to immune pathways in placental tissue. Conclusions: Overall, our study showed that sildenafil has the potential to alter placental (but not fetal) expression of gene sets related to immune pathways and did not support (in)direct reprogramming of cardiovascular or renal health in human pregnancies complicated by FGR.
{"title":"Prenatal Sildenafil and Fetal-placental Programming in Human Pregnancies Complicated by Fetal Growth Restriction: A Retrospective Gene Expression Analysis","authors":"Fieke Terstappen, Torsten Plösch, Jorg J.A. Calis, Wessel Ganzevoort, Anouk Pels, Nina D. Paauw, Sanne J. Gordijn, Bas B. van Rijn, Michal Mokry, A. Titia Lely","doi":"10.36850/e16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/e16","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Fetal growth restricted (FGR) offspring are more susceptible to develop cardiovascular and renal disease. The potential therapeutic value of sildenafil to improve fetal growth has recently been evaluated in several randomized clinical trials. Here we investigate whether administration of sildenafil during pregnancies complicated by FGR influences fetal-placental programming profiles, especially related to cardiorenal development and disease. Methods: We collected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and placental tissue within the Dutch STRIDER trial, in which sildenafil versus placebo treatment were randomly assigned to pregnancies complicated by severe early-onset FGR. Differential expression of genes of these samples were studied by whole genome RNA-sequencing. In addition, we performed gene set enrichment analysis focused on cardiovascular and renal gene sets to examine differentially expressed gene sets related to cardiorenal development and health. Results: Our study showed similar gene expression profiles between treatment groups in HUVECs (n=12 sildenafil; n=8 placebo) and placentas (n=13 per group). Prenatal sildenafil exposure did not change cardiovascular or renal programming in pregnancies complicated by FGR. In placental tissue, prenatal sildenafil altered a few gene sets involved with the nitric oxide pathway potentially reflecting the mechanism of action of sildenafil. Prenatal sildenafil also upregulated gene sets related to immune pathways in placental tissue. Conclusions: Overall, our study showed that sildenafil has the potential to alter placental (but not fetal) expression of gene sets related to immune pathways and did not support (in)direct reprogramming of cardiovascular or renal health in human pregnancies complicated by FGR.","PeriodicalId":471449,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trial and error","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134886432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Folco Panizza, Piero Ronzani, Carlo Martini, Lucia Savadori, Matteo Motterlini
In this report we outline the null findings of a pre-registered experiment on vaccine hesitancy in the United Kingdom. The experiment targeted vaccine misconceptions common among participants by presenting a correction to such claims endorsed by a group of medical experts. The experiment had the aim to increase vaccination intention and actual uptake during the 2021 COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Our results revealed that, contrary to a similar study conducted with Italian residents, our intervention was unsuccessful in changing participants’ attitudes and behaviour towards COVID-19 vaccines. The report concludes with a discussion of the potential reasons for these null findings.
{"title":"Medical Expert Endorsement Fails to Reduce Vaccine Hesitancy in U.K. Residents","authors":"Folco Panizza, Piero Ronzani, Carlo Martini, Lucia Savadori, Matteo Motterlini","doi":"10.36850/e15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36850/e15","url":null,"abstract":"In this report we outline the null findings of a pre-registered experiment on vaccine hesitancy in the United Kingdom. The experiment targeted vaccine misconceptions common among participants by presenting a correction to such claims endorsed by a group of medical experts. The experiment had the aim to increase vaccination intention and actual uptake during the 2021 COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Our results revealed that, contrary to a similar study conducted with Italian residents, our intervention was unsuccessful in changing participants’ attitudes and behaviour towards COVID-19 vaccines. The report concludes with a discussion of the potential reasons for these null findings.","PeriodicalId":471449,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trial and error","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135047079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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