Pub Date : 2021-09-28DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1975400
J. Bering, Samantha Smith, A. Stojanov, J. Halberstadt, Ruth Hughes
ABSTRACT Many nonbelievers may engage in supernatural thinking despite their statements to the contrary. Using belief in the afterlife as a test case, we examine, across two studies, the possible discrepancy between what people say they believe and how they reason implicitly. In Study 1, participants completed a mindfulness task during which a light went off unexpectedly. Half had previously been told that a ghost had recently been seen in the same room. Participants’ electrodermal responses and heart rate variability suggested implicit attributions to the “ghost,” and these physiological effects were unrelated to afterlife beliefs. In Study 2, compared to those in a control condition, participants who were informed that a ghost had been seen in the laboratory chose to sit further away from the alleged apparition. Surprisingly, this distancing was most pronounced among participants who did not believe in the afterlife. Cumulatively, the data indicate that self-report measures of supernatural belief may not fully capture private experience and implicit reasoning.
{"title":"The “Ghost” in the Lab: Believers’ and Non-Believers’ Implicit Responses to an Alleged Apparition","authors":"J. Bering, Samantha Smith, A. Stojanov, J. Halberstadt, Ruth Hughes","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1975400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1975400","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Many nonbelievers may engage in supernatural thinking despite their statements to the contrary. Using belief in the afterlife as a test case, we examine, across two studies, the possible discrepancy between what people say they believe and how they reason implicitly. In Study 1, participants completed a mindfulness task during which a light went off unexpectedly. Half had previously been told that a ghost had recently been seen in the same room. Participants’ electrodermal responses and heart rate variability suggested implicit attributions to the “ghost,” and these physiological effects were unrelated to afterlife beliefs. In Study 2, compared to those in a control condition, participants who were informed that a ghost had been seen in the laboratory chose to sit further away from the alleged apparition. Surprisingly, this distancing was most pronounced among participants who did not believe in the afterlife. Cumulatively, the data indicate that self-report measures of supernatural belief may not fully capture private experience and implicit reasoning.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46853296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-21DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1952370
Drexler L. Ortiz, C. Costigan
ABSTRACT Individuals vary in how much exploration and commitment they invest in their identities, which results in different identity “statuses” across a population. Although the majority of Filipinos in Canada identify as Christian, how they each formed their religious identity status may be different, which would be important to understand given the strong relation between mental health and religiosity. Filipino Canadian youth (N = 181) aged 14 to 25 completed online questionnaires about their religious identity status, religiosity, and mental health. A cluster analysis was conducted on youth’s engagement with religious identity formation processes, and results revealed five religious identity statuses: Internalized, Ruminative Moratorium, Undifferentiated, Foreclosed, and Indifferent. Filipino youth with different religious identity statuses had distinct religious experiences and endorsed different levels of mental health. The study highlights the diverse religious experiences in a religiously homogeneous ethnic group which may have implications for mental health.
{"title":"Religious Identity Formation of Filipino Canadian Youth: Exploring Cluster Differences in Religiosity and Mental Health","authors":"Drexler L. Ortiz, C. Costigan","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1952370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1952370","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Individuals vary in how much exploration and commitment they invest in their identities, which results in different identity “statuses” across a population. Although the majority of Filipinos in Canada identify as Christian, how they each formed their religious identity status may be different, which would be important to understand given the strong relation between mental health and religiosity. Filipino Canadian youth (N = 181) aged 14 to 25 completed online questionnaires about their religious identity status, religiosity, and mental health. A cluster analysis was conducted on youth’s engagement with religious identity formation processes, and results revealed five religious identity statuses: Internalized, Ruminative Moratorium, Undifferentiated, Foreclosed, and Indifferent. Filipino youth with different religious identity statuses had distinct religious experiences and endorsed different levels of mental health. The study highlights the diverse religious experiences in a religiously homogeneous ethnic group which may have implications for mental health.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1952370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42184676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-14DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1946266
B. Zarzycka, M. Puchalska‐Wasyl, M. Łysiak
ABSTRACT During adolescence, biological, psychological, and social changes naturally propel youth to confront religious matters and form outlooks, moral beliefs, and religious attitudes. However, it is not uncommon for them to manifest changes of affiliation with a religious group or a total removal of all religious expressions within their lives. In Poland, a decline in the level of religiosity of young people has been reported for years. This study aimed to analyze how processes of deconversion affect adolescents’ quality of life. In total, 272 respondents aged between 14 and 18 (M = 15.74, SD = 1.14) participated in the research. The Adolescent Deconversion Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents were applied. The results showed that existential emptiness and faith abandonment predicted lower adolescent satisfaction, since they weakened the sense of family support. However, moral criticism predicted higher social integration, because adolescents who criticize moral rules taught by religion had a stronger sense of peer support.
{"title":"Deconversion Processes and Quality of Life among Polish Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Social Support","authors":"B. Zarzycka, M. Puchalska‐Wasyl, M. Łysiak","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1946266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1946266","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During adolescence, biological, psychological, and social changes naturally propel youth to confront religious matters and form outlooks, moral beliefs, and religious attitudes. However, it is not uncommon for them to manifest changes of affiliation with a religious group or a total removal of all religious expressions within their lives. In Poland, a decline in the level of religiosity of young people has been reported for years. This study aimed to analyze how processes of deconversion affect adolescents’ quality of life. In total, 272 respondents aged between 14 and 18 (M = 15.74, SD = 1.14) participated in the research. The Adolescent Deconversion Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents were applied. The results showed that existential emptiness and faith abandonment predicted lower adolescent satisfaction, since they weakened the sense of family support. However, moral criticism predicted higher social integration, because adolescents who criticize moral rules taught by religion had a stronger sense of peer support.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1946266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48078087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1899639
B. Spilka, K. Ladd
ABSTRACT Prof. Ralph Hood’s career can be approached from many angles. One such perspective is that his work has consistently engaged in-depth interactions with people to understand the thick, rich, details of their individual stories. The context for these investigations has been predominately one of mystical or ineffable experiences that occur in “thin spaces” involving decisive moments with regard to identity and behavior. In this paper, we explore the emergence of these themes in his work and conclude by observing how his thinking suggests opportunities for additional cross-disciplinary conversations.
{"title":"A Psychology of Religion via Thick Phenomenology in Thin Places","authors":"B. Spilka, K. Ladd","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1899639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899639","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Prof. Ralph Hood’s career can be approached from many angles. One such perspective is that his work has consistently engaged in-depth interactions with people to understand the thick, rich, details of their individual stories. The context for these investigations has been predominately one of mystical or ineffable experiences that occur in “thin spaces” involving decisive moments with regard to identity and behavior. In this paper, we explore the emergence of these themes in his work and conclude by observing how his thinking suggests opportunities for additional cross-disciplinary conversations.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47388280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1899638
Z. Chen, Janki Patel
ABSTRACT Mysticism has so far been studied primarily at an individual level and often in the context of a religious tradition. However, one can and often does acquire strong spiritual experience in a mundane and interpersonal context, such as with one’s soulmate. The current study used a semistructured interview to investigate mystical experiences in the deep-bond relationships. The 42 participants were individuals who reported to have had a relationship in which they experienced a deep bond with another person (e.g., friend, significant other, mother). Interview questions were adapted from the Mysticism Scale to cover nine facets of mysticism. We identified 23 themes structured under three mysticism factors: introvertive, extrovertive, and interpretive mysticism. The structure of mysticism that emerged from the data was tested against the three-factor model, and the content of mysticism in human relationships was analyzed. The results showed the possibility for relational spirituality and potential of using an innovative mixed method to study mysticism in mundane interpersonal settings.
{"title":"Spiritual Experiences in Soulmate Relationships: Qualitative and Network Analysis of the Mystical Bond","authors":"Z. Chen, Janki Patel","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1899638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899638","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mysticism has so far been studied primarily at an individual level and often in the context of a religious tradition. However, one can and often does acquire strong spiritual experience in a mundane and interpersonal context, such as with one’s soulmate. The current study used a semistructured interview to investigate mystical experiences in the deep-bond relationships. The 42 participants were individuals who reported to have had a relationship in which they experienced a deep bond with another person (e.g., friend, significant other, mother). Interview questions were adapted from the Mysticism Scale to cover nine facets of mysticism. We identified 23 themes structured under three mysticism factors: introvertive, extrovertive, and interpretive mysticism. The structure of mysticism that emerged from the data was tested against the three-factor model, and the content of mysticism in human relationships was analyzed. The results showed the possibility for relational spirituality and potential of using an innovative mixed method to study mysticism in mundane interpersonal settings.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899638","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45014259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1916242
Peter C. Hill
ABSTRACT Based on the premise that psychologists of religion and spirituality tend to define our objects of interest only on our own terms and not on the terms of the people we study, it is suggested that we need to be more intellectually humble in our work. The empirical study of intellectual humility is provided as a case in point. Recent research by the author and his colleagues provide evidence that research findings showing that religious people are less intellectually humble than non-religious people may be a function of how intellectual humility is being measured. When theistic humility is accounted for in the measure of intellectual humility, religious people not only demonstrate intellectual humility, but such humility predicts well-being. Implications and recommendations for the study of religiousness and spirituality are provided.
{"title":"Intellectual Humility in the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","authors":"Peter C. Hill","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1916242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1916242","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on the premise that psychologists of religion and spirituality tend to define our objects of interest only on our own terms and not on the terms of the people we study, it is suggested that we need to be more intellectually humble in our work. The empirical study of intellectual humility is provided as a case in point. Recent research by the author and his colleagues provide evidence that research findings showing that religious people are less intellectually humble than non-religious people may be a function of how intellectual humility is being measured. When theistic humility is accounted for in the measure of intellectual humility, religious people not only demonstrate intellectual humility, but such humility predicts well-being. Implications and recommendations for the study of religiousness and spirituality are provided.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1916242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42530799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1899641
H. Streib, Z. Chen
ABSTRACT How are mystical experiences related to self-rated spirituality? Is the recently developed short 8-item version of Hood’s Mysticism Scale an efficient measurement? The current study expands evidence for both questions using N = 1,582 American and N = 1,492 German samples measured in three waves, average 4 to 5 years apart. Results show that the 8-item brief M-Scale has good psychometric property evidenced by 1) measurement invariance across time, and 2) good test–retest reliability. Results further demonstrate that the 8-item brief M-Scale 3) moderates the effect of self-rated religiosity on self-rated spirituality, and 4) mediates the prediction of self-rated religiosity on self-rated spirituality over time. We conclude that the M-Scale can be used as a measure for self-attributed spirituality and that the 8-item brief version of the M-Scale can be used when questionnaire length is an issue.
{"title":"Evidence for the Brief Mysticism Scale: Psychometric Properties, and Moderation and Mediation Effects in Predicting Spiritual Self-Identification","authors":"H. Streib, Z. Chen","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1899641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899641","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How are mystical experiences related to self-rated spirituality? Is the recently developed short 8-item version of Hood’s Mysticism Scale an efficient measurement? The current study expands evidence for both questions using N = 1,582 American and N = 1,492 German samples measured in three waves, average 4 to 5 years apart. Results show that the 8-item brief M-Scale has good psychometric property evidenced by 1) measurement invariance across time, and 2) good test–retest reliability. Results further demonstrate that the 8-item brief M-Scale 3) moderates the effect of self-rated religiosity on self-rated spirituality, and 4) mediates the prediction of self-rated religiosity on self-rated spirituality over time. We conclude that the M-Scale can be used as a measure for self-attributed spirituality and that the 8-item brief version of the M-Scale can be used when questionnaire length is an issue.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899641","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43669571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1916241
Crystal L. Park
ABSTRACT Intrinsic and extrinsic (I/E) religious motives remain a perennial topic of interest within the psychology of religion. Yet, the status of this construct remains unclear despite many decades of research. The present overview describes conceptual and methodological concerns regarding I/E, including issues of definition, measurement, and cultural considerations. Historical and contemporary research findings regarding relations of I/E with prosociality and psychological well-being are reviewed, along with a discussion of inconsistent findings and limitations. The article concludes with suggestions for integrating research on religious motives into a broader perspective on motivation.
{"title":"Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religious Motivation: Retrospect and Prospect","authors":"Crystal L. Park","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1916241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1916241","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Intrinsic and extrinsic (I/E) religious motives remain a perennial topic of interest within the psychology of religion. Yet, the status of this construct remains unclear despite many decades of research. The present overview describes conceptual and methodological concerns regarding I/E, including issues of definition, measurement, and cultural considerations. Historical and contemporary research findings regarding relations of I/E with prosociality and psychological well-being are reviewed, along with a discussion of inconsistent findings and limitations. The article concludes with suggestions for integrating research on religious motives into a broader perspective on motivation.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1916241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42934031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1899640
W. Williamson, Christopher F. Silver
ABSTRACT This study explored the lived experience of adversity as spiritual struggles among fundamentalists. Ten Christian fundamentalists participated in phenomenological interviews and provided descriptions of their experiences with adversity. A hermeneutic-thematic analysis of transcribed interviews derived a structured pattern of five interdependent themes that described meaning in the experience of adversity for all participants. In adversity, they were aware of a specific adversary as the source of adversity; an alternation between negative-positive emotions; standing up against or down from the adversary; struggling through the adversity; and spiritual change. Themes are discussed in relation to the existential grounds of body, others, and time, and research.
{"title":"In the Face of Adversity: A Phenomenological Study of Spiritual Struggles among “Bible-Believing” Christians","authors":"W. Williamson, Christopher F. Silver","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1899640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899640","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study explored the lived experience of adversity as spiritual struggles among fundamentalists. Ten Christian fundamentalists participated in phenomenological interviews and provided descriptions of their experiences with adversity. A hermeneutic-thematic analysis of transcribed interviews derived a structured pattern of five interdependent themes that described meaning in the experience of adversity for all participants. In adversity, they were aware of a specific adversary as the source of adversity; an alternation between negative-positive emotions; standing up against or down from the adversary; struggling through the adversity; and spiritual change. Themes are discussed in relation to the existential grounds of body, others, and time, and research.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41534654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1940531
W. Williamson, Christopher F. Silver, H. Streib
Most anyone who studies psychology of religion has encountered the name Ralph W. Hood, Jr. His perennial presence at research conferences and many contributions to the psychology of religion have now spanned more than five decades. This observation and his recent anniversary of 51 years at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) are timely reasons for dedicating a special issue to honor him in the journal he co-founded in 1992, with Laurence B. Brown and H. Newton Malony as co-editors, and himself as book review editor. Thus, we present this issue in recognition of Ralph and his considerable accomplishments in the psychology of religion. The six articles included here represent but a small sample of areas and people his research has touched. For those who have seen Ralph at research conferences, two things readily stand out: first, his trademark jeans, tie-dyed tee-shirt, and ball-cap are elevated to formal attire by the addition of a sports coat; and second, his conference presentations are always extemporaneous, enormously stimulating, and reflective of a well-read mind not only in psychology, but also in other disciplines. He can be seen conversing with established scholars on matters of research or shared personal interest, but also with young scholars who are striving to find their way into an academy that sometimes can be less than welcoming. Succinctly put, Ralph is a regular and unmistakable presence at these meetings. In his career, Ralph has served in many capacities, including president of APA Division 36, editor/co-editor of several journals (e.g., IJPR, the Archive, JSSR, etc.), editorial board member for numerous journals, and chair/member of multiple committees in professional organizations. He also has received a number of awards for his service and research contributions from APA Division 36 and other organizations. According to Bernie Spilka and Kevin Ladd (this issue), he “has been one of the most productive and innovative researchers in the psychology of religion.” He indeed has been prolific in authoring/coauthoring some 14 books (not to mention his textbook), over 65 book chapters and encyclopedia articles, and more than 160 journal articles. But perhaps the significance of his contribution to the psychology of religion is most emblematic in his longtime partnership with Bernie Spilka – another giant among us – as coauthor of The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, which was first published more than 35 years ago (Spilka et al., 1985). Since then, this work has dominated the field internationally as “the” textbook for students and scholars alike through five editions that critically summarize theories and empirical research (e.g., Hood et al., 2018). Ralph has influenced untold students and scholars in the psychology of religion. The many who know him personally can offer stories from treasure troves of memorable experiences that illustrate his deep concern for the welfare and professional development of
大多数研究宗教心理学的人都听说过小拉尔夫·胡德这个名字。50多年来，他一直在研究会议上露面，并对宗教心理学做出了许多贡献。这一观察以及最近他在查塔努加田纳西大学(University of Tennessee at Chattanooga)任教51周年的纪念日，正是他在1992年与人共同创办的杂志上专门为他制作一期特刊的及时理由。劳伦斯·b·布朗和h·牛顿·马洛尼担任联合编辑，他本人担任书评编辑。因此，我们提出这个问题，以表彰拉尔夫和他在宗教心理学方面的重大成就。这里包括的六篇文章只是他的研究触及的领域和人群的一小部分样本。对于那些在研究会议上见过拉尔夫的人来说，有两件事很容易引起注意:首先，他标志性的牛仔裤、扎染的t恤和球帽被一件运动外套提升为正装;其次，他在会议上的演讲总是即兴的，非常刺激，反映出他不仅在心理学方面，而且在其他学科方面都读得很好。可以看到他与知名学者就研究问题或共同的个人兴趣进行交谈，也可以看到他与正在努力寻找进入一个有时可能不那么受欢迎的学院的方法的年轻学者交谈。简而言之，拉尔夫是这些会议的常客。在他的职业生涯中，Ralph担任过许多职位，包括APA第36分部的主席，几个期刊的编辑/联合编辑(例如，IJPR, the Archive, JSSR等)，许多期刊的编辑委员会成员，以及多个专业组织委员会的主席/成员。他还因其服务和研究贡献获得了APA 36分部和其他组织的许多奖项。根据伯尼·斯皮卡和凯文·拉德(本期)的说法，他“是宗教心理学领域最富有成效、最具创新精神的研究者之一”。他确实是多产的作者/合著了大约14本书(更不用说他的教科书)，超过65本书章节和百科全书文章，以及160多篇期刊文章。但也许他对宗教心理学贡献的意义最具象征意义的是他与伯尼·斯皮卡——我们中的另一位巨人——作为《宗教心理学:经验主义方法》的合著者的长期合作关系，这本书于35年前首次出版(斯皮卡等人，1985年)。从那时起，这项工作作为学生和学者的“教科书”在国际上占据主导地位，通过五个版本批判性地总结理论和实证研究(例如，Hood等人，2018)。拉尔夫在宗教心理学方面影响了无数的学生和学者。许多认识他的人都可以从宝贵的难忘经历中提供故事，说明他对他人的福利和职业发展的深切关注。他对本科生和研究生的友善和耐心激励着他们效仿他身上的优秀品质。他支持他的学生，引导他们一路前行，尽管他也鼓励他们作为研究人员去发现自己的道路。正如以前的学生Job Chen(本期Chen & Patel)所说:“Ralph让我看到了自己的成就，让我探索自己的道路。”拉尔夫挑战学生和专业人士超越，并帮助他们在他们的职业生涯中进步，只要有可能。他也对经验丰富的学者产生了积极的影响。例如，彼得·希尔(本期)从拉尔夫那里学到，作为心理学家，“我们需要在智力上更加谦逊”，尊重研究参与者的宗教观点。在国际层面上，他的个人关系和研究合作为加强美国与欧洲、中东和亚洲宗教心理学家之间的关系做出了很大贡献。《国际宗教心理学杂志》2021年第31卷第1期。3,153 - 155 https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1940531
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