Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1975423
M. Naclerio, Patty Van Cappellen
ABSTRACT Awe is an emotion frequently experienced in religious contexts. Research has documented the effects of awe on feelings of small self, spirituality, and sense of interconnectedness. We extend this literature by investigating the relationship between awe and religious group cohesion, which can ultimately lead to sacrifice for one’s religious group. Study 1 found that U.S. adult participants (N = 782) who experience greater dispositional awe-proneness are more willing to self-sacrifice for their group. This relationship was explained (mediated) by greater reports of a sense of vastness and greater cohesion with one’s religious group. In Study 2, U.S. community participants (N = 187) were randomly assigned to an awe induction condition or a neutral condition. While the manipulation successfully elicited feelings of awe and small self (both vastness and self-diminishment), it did not directly affect our other measures. We still found partial evidence for an indirect pathway from awe to vastness, group cohesion, and sacrifice for one’s religious group. This research highlights an emotional component of religious group cohesion, with implications for the role of awe in self-sacrificial forms of devotion.
{"title":"Awe, Group Cohesion, and Religious Self-Sacrifice","authors":"M. Naclerio, Patty Van Cappellen","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1975423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1975423","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Awe is an emotion frequently experienced in religious contexts. Research has documented the effects of awe on feelings of small self, spirituality, and sense of interconnectedness. We extend this literature by investigating the relationship between awe and religious group cohesion, which can ultimately lead to sacrifice for one’s religious group. Study 1 found that U.S. adult participants (N = 782) who experience greater dispositional awe-proneness are more willing to self-sacrifice for their group. This relationship was explained (mediated) by greater reports of a sense of vastness and greater cohesion with one’s religious group. In Study 2, U.S. community participants (N = 187) were randomly assigned to an awe induction condition or a neutral condition. While the manipulation successfully elicited feelings of awe and small self (both vastness and self-diminishment), it did not directly affect our other measures. We still found partial evidence for an indirect pathway from awe to vastness, group cohesion, and sacrifice for one’s religious group. This research highlights an emotional component of religious group cohesion, with implications for the role of awe in self-sacrificial forms of devotion.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"32 1","pages":"256 - 271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47552443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-28DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1975400
J. Bering, Samantha Smith, A. Stojanov, J. Halberstadt, Ruth Hughes
ABSTRACT Many nonbelievers may engage in supernatural thinking despite their statements to the contrary. Using belief in the afterlife as a test case, we examine, across two studies, the possible discrepancy between what people say they believe and how they reason implicitly. In Study 1, participants completed a mindfulness task during which a light went off unexpectedly. Half had previously been told that a ghost had recently been seen in the same room. Participants’ electrodermal responses and heart rate variability suggested implicit attributions to the “ghost,” and these physiological effects were unrelated to afterlife beliefs. In Study 2, compared to those in a control condition, participants who were informed that a ghost had been seen in the laboratory chose to sit further away from the alleged apparition. Surprisingly, this distancing was most pronounced among participants who did not believe in the afterlife. Cumulatively, the data indicate that self-report measures of supernatural belief may not fully capture private experience and implicit reasoning.
{"title":"The “Ghost” in the Lab: Believers’ and Non-Believers’ Implicit Responses to an Alleged Apparition","authors":"J. Bering, Samantha Smith, A. Stojanov, J. Halberstadt, Ruth Hughes","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1975400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1975400","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Many nonbelievers may engage in supernatural thinking despite their statements to the contrary. Using belief in the afterlife as a test case, we examine, across two studies, the possible discrepancy between what people say they believe and how they reason implicitly. In Study 1, participants completed a mindfulness task during which a light went off unexpectedly. Half had previously been told that a ghost had recently been seen in the same room. Participants’ electrodermal responses and heart rate variability suggested implicit attributions to the “ghost,” and these physiological effects were unrelated to afterlife beliefs. In Study 2, compared to those in a control condition, participants who were informed that a ghost had been seen in the laboratory chose to sit further away from the alleged apparition. Surprisingly, this distancing was most pronounced among participants who did not believe in the afterlife. Cumulatively, the data indicate that self-report measures of supernatural belief may not fully capture private experience and implicit reasoning.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"32 1","pages":"214 - 231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46853296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-21DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1952370
Drexler L. Ortiz, C. Costigan
ABSTRACT Individuals vary in how much exploration and commitment they invest in their identities, which results in different identity “statuses” across a population. Although the majority of Filipinos in Canada identify as Christian, how they each formed their religious identity status may be different, which would be important to understand given the strong relation between mental health and religiosity. Filipino Canadian youth (N = 181) aged 14 to 25 completed online questionnaires about their religious identity status, religiosity, and mental health. A cluster analysis was conducted on youth’s engagement with religious identity formation processes, and results revealed five religious identity statuses: Internalized, Ruminative Moratorium, Undifferentiated, Foreclosed, and Indifferent. Filipino youth with different religious identity statuses had distinct religious experiences and endorsed different levels of mental health. The study highlights the diverse religious experiences in a religiously homogeneous ethnic group which may have implications for mental health.
{"title":"Religious Identity Formation of Filipino Canadian Youth: Exploring Cluster Differences in Religiosity and Mental Health","authors":"Drexler L. Ortiz, C. Costigan","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1952370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1952370","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Individuals vary in how much exploration and commitment they invest in their identities, which results in different identity “statuses” across a population. Although the majority of Filipinos in Canada identify as Christian, how they each formed their religious identity status may be different, which would be important to understand given the strong relation between mental health and religiosity. Filipino Canadian youth (N = 181) aged 14 to 25 completed online questionnaires about their religious identity status, religiosity, and mental health. A cluster analysis was conducted on youth’s engagement with religious identity formation processes, and results revealed five religious identity statuses: Internalized, Ruminative Moratorium, Undifferentiated, Foreclosed, and Indifferent. Filipino youth with different religious identity statuses had distinct religious experiences and endorsed different levels of mental health. The study highlights the diverse religious experiences in a religiously homogeneous ethnic group which may have implications for mental health.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"32 1","pages":"150 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1952370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42184676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-14DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1946266
B. Zarzycka, M. Puchalska‐Wasyl, M. Łysiak
ABSTRACT During adolescence, biological, psychological, and social changes naturally propel youth to confront religious matters and form outlooks, moral beliefs, and religious attitudes. However, it is not uncommon for them to manifest changes of affiliation with a religious group or a total removal of all religious expressions within their lives. In Poland, a decline in the level of religiosity of young people has been reported for years. This study aimed to analyze how processes of deconversion affect adolescents’ quality of life. In total, 272 respondents aged between 14 and 18 (M = 15.74, SD = 1.14) participated in the research. The Adolescent Deconversion Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents were applied. The results showed that existential emptiness and faith abandonment predicted lower adolescent satisfaction, since they weakened the sense of family support. However, moral criticism predicted higher social integration, because adolescents who criticize moral rules taught by religion had a stronger sense of peer support.
{"title":"Deconversion Processes and Quality of Life among Polish Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Social Support","authors":"B. Zarzycka, M. Puchalska‐Wasyl, M. Łysiak","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1946266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1946266","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During adolescence, biological, psychological, and social changes naturally propel youth to confront religious matters and form outlooks, moral beliefs, and religious attitudes. However, it is not uncommon for them to manifest changes of affiliation with a religious group or a total removal of all religious expressions within their lives. In Poland, a decline in the level of religiosity of young people has been reported for years. This study aimed to analyze how processes of deconversion affect adolescents’ quality of life. In total, 272 respondents aged between 14 and 18 (M = 15.74, SD = 1.14) participated in the research. The Adolescent Deconversion Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents were applied. The results showed that existential emptiness and faith abandonment predicted lower adolescent satisfaction, since they weakened the sense of family support. However, moral criticism predicted higher social integration, because adolescents who criticize moral rules taught by religion had a stronger sense of peer support.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"32 1","pages":"196 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1946266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48078087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1899639
B. Spilka, K. Ladd
ABSTRACT Prof. Ralph Hood’s career can be approached from many angles. One such perspective is that his work has consistently engaged in-depth interactions with people to understand the thick, rich, details of their individual stories. The context for these investigations has been predominately one of mystical or ineffable experiences that occur in “thin spaces” involving decisive moments with regard to identity and behavior. In this paper, we explore the emergence of these themes in his work and conclude by observing how his thinking suggests opportunities for additional cross-disciplinary conversations.
{"title":"A Psychology of Religion via Thick Phenomenology in Thin Places","authors":"B. Spilka, K. Ladd","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1899639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899639","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Prof. Ralph Hood’s career can be approached from many angles. One such perspective is that his work has consistently engaged in-depth interactions with people to understand the thick, rich, details of their individual stories. The context for these investigations has been predominately one of mystical or ineffable experiences that occur in “thin spaces” involving decisive moments with regard to identity and behavior. In this paper, we explore the emergence of these themes in his work and conclude by observing how his thinking suggests opportunities for additional cross-disciplinary conversations.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"156 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47388280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1899638
Z. Chen, Janki Patel
ABSTRACT Mysticism has so far been studied primarily at an individual level and often in the context of a religious tradition. However, one can and often does acquire strong spiritual experience in a mundane and interpersonal context, such as with one’s soulmate. The current study used a semistructured interview to investigate mystical experiences in the deep-bond relationships. The 42 participants were individuals who reported to have had a relationship in which they experienced a deep bond with another person (e.g., friend, significant other, mother). Interview questions were adapted from the Mysticism Scale to cover nine facets of mysticism. We identified 23 themes structured under three mysticism factors: introvertive, extrovertive, and interpretive mysticism. The structure of mysticism that emerged from the data was tested against the three-factor model, and the content of mysticism in human relationships was analyzed. The results showed the possibility for relational spirituality and potential of using an innovative mixed method to study mysticism in mundane interpersonal settings.
{"title":"Spiritual Experiences in Soulmate Relationships: Qualitative and Network Analysis of the Mystical Bond","authors":"Z. Chen, Janki Patel","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1899638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899638","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mysticism has so far been studied primarily at an individual level and often in the context of a religious tradition. However, one can and often does acquire strong spiritual experience in a mundane and interpersonal context, such as with one’s soulmate. The current study used a semistructured interview to investigate mystical experiences in the deep-bond relationships. The 42 participants were individuals who reported to have had a relationship in which they experienced a deep bond with another person (e.g., friend, significant other, mother). Interview questions were adapted from the Mysticism Scale to cover nine facets of mysticism. We identified 23 themes structured under three mysticism factors: introvertive, extrovertive, and interpretive mysticism. The structure of mysticism that emerged from the data was tested against the three-factor model, and the content of mysticism in human relationships was analyzed. The results showed the possibility for relational spirituality and potential of using an innovative mixed method to study mysticism in mundane interpersonal settings.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"176 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899638","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45014259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1899641
H. Streib, Z. Chen
ABSTRACT How are mystical experiences related to self-rated spirituality? Is the recently developed short 8-item version of Hood’s Mysticism Scale an efficient measurement? The current study expands evidence for both questions using N = 1,582 American and N = 1,492 German samples measured in three waves, average 4 to 5 years apart. Results show that the 8-item brief M-Scale has good psychometric property evidenced by 1) measurement invariance across time, and 2) good test–retest reliability. Results further demonstrate that the 8-item brief M-Scale 3) moderates the effect of self-rated religiosity on self-rated spirituality, and 4) mediates the prediction of self-rated religiosity on self-rated spirituality over time. We conclude that the M-Scale can be used as a measure for self-attributed spirituality and that the 8-item brief version of the M-Scale can be used when questionnaire length is an issue.
{"title":"Evidence for the Brief Mysticism Scale: Psychometric Properties, and Moderation and Mediation Effects in Predicting Spiritual Self-Identification","authors":"H. Streib, Z. Chen","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1899641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899641","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How are mystical experiences related to self-rated spirituality? Is the recently developed short 8-item version of Hood’s Mysticism Scale an efficient measurement? The current study expands evidence for both questions using N = 1,582 American and N = 1,492 German samples measured in three waves, average 4 to 5 years apart. Results show that the 8-item brief M-Scale has good psychometric property evidenced by 1) measurement invariance across time, and 2) good test–retest reliability. Results further demonstrate that the 8-item brief M-Scale 3) moderates the effect of self-rated religiosity on self-rated spirituality, and 4) mediates the prediction of self-rated religiosity on self-rated spirituality over time. We conclude that the M-Scale can be used as a measure for self-attributed spirituality and that the 8-item brief version of the M-Scale can be used when questionnaire length is an issue.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"165 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899641","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43669571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1916242
Peter C. Hill
ABSTRACT Based on the premise that psychologists of religion and spirituality tend to define our objects of interest only on our own terms and not on the terms of the people we study, it is suggested that we need to be more intellectually humble in our work. The empirical study of intellectual humility is provided as a case in point. Recent research by the author and his colleagues provide evidence that research findings showing that religious people are less intellectually humble than non-religious people may be a function of how intellectual humility is being measured. When theistic humility is accounted for in the measure of intellectual humility, religious people not only demonstrate intellectual humility, but such humility predicts well-being. Implications and recommendations for the study of religiousness and spirituality are provided.
{"title":"Intellectual Humility in the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","authors":"Peter C. Hill","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1916242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1916242","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on the premise that psychologists of religion and spirituality tend to define our objects of interest only on our own terms and not on the terms of the people we study, it is suggested that we need to be more intellectually humble in our work. The empirical study of intellectual humility is provided as a case in point. Recent research by the author and his colleagues provide evidence that research findings showing that religious people are less intellectually humble than non-religious people may be a function of how intellectual humility is being measured. When theistic humility is accounted for in the measure of intellectual humility, religious people not only demonstrate intellectual humility, but such humility predicts well-being. Implications and recommendations for the study of religiousness and spirituality are provided.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"205 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1916242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42530799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1916241
Crystal L. Park
ABSTRACT Intrinsic and extrinsic (I/E) religious motives remain a perennial topic of interest within the psychology of religion. Yet, the status of this construct remains unclear despite many decades of research. The present overview describes conceptual and methodological concerns regarding I/E, including issues of definition, measurement, and cultural considerations. Historical and contemporary research findings regarding relations of I/E with prosociality and psychological well-being are reviewed, along with a discussion of inconsistent findings and limitations. The article concludes with suggestions for integrating research on religious motives into a broader perspective on motivation.
{"title":"Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religious Motivation: Retrospect and Prospect","authors":"Crystal L. Park","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1916241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1916241","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Intrinsic and extrinsic (I/E) religious motives remain a perennial topic of interest within the psychology of religion. Yet, the status of this construct remains unclear despite many decades of research. The present overview describes conceptual and methodological concerns regarding I/E, including issues of definition, measurement, and cultural considerations. Historical and contemporary research findings regarding relations of I/E with prosociality and psychological well-being are reviewed, along with a discussion of inconsistent findings and limitations. The article concludes with suggestions for integrating research on religious motives into a broader perspective on motivation.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"213 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1916241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42934031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1899640
W. Williamson, Christopher F. Silver
ABSTRACT This study explored the lived experience of adversity as spiritual struggles among fundamentalists. Ten Christian fundamentalists participated in phenomenological interviews and provided descriptions of their experiences with adversity. A hermeneutic-thematic analysis of transcribed interviews derived a structured pattern of five interdependent themes that described meaning in the experience of adversity for all participants. In adversity, they were aware of a specific adversary as the source of adversity; an alternation between negative-positive emotions; standing up against or down from the adversary; struggling through the adversity; and spiritual change. Themes are discussed in relation to the existential grounds of body, others, and time, and research.
{"title":"In the Face of Adversity: A Phenomenological Study of Spiritual Struggles among “Bible-Believing” Christians","authors":"W. Williamson, Christopher F. Silver","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1899640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899640","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study explored the lived experience of adversity as spiritual struggles among fundamentalists. Ten Christian fundamentalists participated in phenomenological interviews and provided descriptions of their experiences with adversity. A hermeneutic-thematic analysis of transcribed interviews derived a structured pattern of five interdependent themes that described meaning in the experience of adversity for all participants. In adversity, they were aware of a specific adversary as the source of adversity; an alternation between negative-positive emotions; standing up against or down from the adversary; struggling through the adversity; and spiritual change. Themes are discussed in relation to the existential grounds of body, others, and time, and research.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"189 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1899640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41534654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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