Nurse Researcher最新文献

Background: Models are central to the acquisition and organisation of scientific knowledge. However, there are few explanations of how to develop models in qualitative research, particularly in terms of thematic analysis.

Aim: To describe a new technique for scientific qualitative modelling: the Empirical Testing Thematic Analysis (ETTA). Part 2 describes the ETTA model.

Discussion: ETTA generates a semantic structure expressed through theme-code, content and functionality. It highlights the importance of authenticity markings and taxonomical and functional semantic analysis. Its primary advantage is the sequential need to account for taxonomic analysis, functionality factors, preconditioning items, cascade directories and modulation factors; this results in the production of a sound, systematic, scientific development of a model.

Conclusion: ETTA is useful for nurse researchers undertaking qualitative research who want to construct models derived from their investigations.

Implications for practice: This article provides a step-by-step approach for researchers undertaking research that culminates in the construction of a model derived from qualitative investigations.

Background: Quantitative methods and statistical analysis are essential tools in nursing research, as they support researchers testing phenomena, illustrate their findings clearly and accurately, and provide explanation or generalisation of the phenomenon being investigated. The most popular inferential statistics test is the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), as it is the test designated for comparing the means of a study's target groups to identify if they are statistically different to the others. However, the nursing literature has identified that statistical tests are not being used correctly and findings are being reported incorrectly.

Aim: To present and explain the one-way ANOVA.

Discussion: The article presents the purpose of inferential statistics and explains one-way ANOVA. It uses relevant examples to examine the steps needed to successfully apply the one-way ANOVA. The authors also provide recommendations for other statistical tests and measurements in parallel to one-way ANOVA.

Conclusion: Nurses need to develop their understanding and knowledge of statistical methods, to engage in research and evidence-based practice.

Implications for practice: This article enhances the understanding and application of one-way ANOVAs by nursing students, novice researchers, nurses and those engaged in academic studies. Nurses, nursing students and nurse researchers need to familiarise themselves with statistical terminology and develop their understanding of statistical concepts, to support evidence-based, quality, safe care.

Background: Gatekeepers play a crucial role in successfully recruiting participants to nurse-led qualitative research, particularly in clinical settings.

Aim: To present the authors' experience of recruiting and conducting qualitative interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic with the carers of patients who have chronic haematological malignancies, and the effects that gatekeepers had on recruitment.

Discussion: The authors had to adapt and adjust their research plan because of difficulties in accessing their target population. Establishing and maintaining relationships with gatekeepers and a Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) panel was integral in successfully collecting data.

Conclusion: Ongoing reflexivity and feedback from supervisors, gatekeepers and PPI members in addition to developing research experience can help researchers to overcome challenges in recruiting difficult-to-access populations.

Implications for practice: Researchers need to be prepared for challenges to their research plans and carefully consider the options available for addressing these challenges. Reaching out to others is integral in expanding researchers' ideas.

Background: Free association is a core concept of the free association narrative interview method, an approach that is well-known among researchers in the UK who are interested in using psychoanalytic ideas in qualitative psycho-social research.

Aim: To examine the relationship between the framing of the psychoanalytic concept of free association in the contexts of qualitative research interviewing, clinical psychoanalysis and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy.

Discussion: This article considers the definition of free association in psychology and psychoanalysis. It then explores free association's role in the free association narrative method, in terms of interview technique and the analysis of interview material.

Conclusion: Researchers should carefully consider differences in the contexts of research, clinical psychoanalysis and psychotherapy to avoid makeshift integrations of clinical concepts.

Implications for practice: The free association narrative interview method is an attractive approach for researchers interested in applying psychoanalytic ideas in their studies. However, researchers should carefully reflect on the meanings of the clinical ideas and terminology they use.

Background: Models are central to the acquisition and organisation of scientific knowledge. They can be viewed as tools for interpretive description as well as cognitive representations of an empirical phenomenon. However, discussions about how to develop models in qualitative research - particularly in the literature on thematic analysis - are sparse.

Aim: To discuss an approach to scientific qualitative modelling that uses the new technique described in the first part of this article ( Gildberg and Wilson 2023 ): the Empirical Test for Thematic Analysis (ETTA).

Discussion: The authors discuss scientific models and their inherent limitations and strengths, so that others may assess models and their potential.

Conclusion: A limitation of ETTA is the risk that excessive rigour and systematisation could reduce creativity in the construction of models. However, on balance there is a scientific need for qualitative researchers to improve their capability to refine and describe the techniques they use to construct models, adequately explain the reliable generation of models, and improve transparency regarding the epistemological and methodological basis for the construction of models.

Implications for practice: By using ETTA on qualitative data obtained from clinical practice it becomes possible to illuminate the interconnections among themes within the data. This approach not only assists in illustrating these connections, it also enables clinicians and researchers to gain a comprehensive understanding of specific clinical phenomena through the use of models. The process of developing and using these models enables the simulation and strategic intervention development based on data that addresses the specific problem being investigated.

Background: Appropriate costing and allocation of resources is vital to ensure that recruitment to a study is achieved on time and on target. However, there is little guidance concerning the workload associated with qualitative research.

Aim: To review the planned versus actual workloads in a qualitative sub-study following elective cardiac surgery in children.

Discussion: Parents of children approached for a clinical trial were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview to explore their views about making decisions concerning their children's participation in the trial. A workload audit was conducted using anticipated points of contact with participants, and the duration of activities identified in the protocol and Health Research Authority statement of activities; these were compared with timed activities documented by the research team.

Conclusion: The current system did not anticipate or capture the workload associated with conducting a relatively straightforward qualitative sub-study of a clinical trial with a research-engaged patient group.

Implications for practice: Understanding the hidden workload associated with qualitative research is vital in ensuring that project timelines, recruitment targets and funding for research staff are realistic.