Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i3328
Francis Mekunye, Peter Makinde
Agricultural waste represents a largely untapped resource that could be utilized for the production of biofuels through various conversion pathways. As the global demand for renewable and sustainable energy grows, biofuels offer solutions to mitigate climate change impacts while improving waste management. This review analyzes using agricultural residues and by-products as feedstocks for biofuel production through biological, thermochemical and chemical conversion processes. The different types of lignocellulosic biomass available from agricultural activities are discussed, along with their compositions. While agricultural waste has advantages like wide availability and low cost, challenges relating to heterogeneous composition, pre-existing contamination and seasonal availability must be addressed. Fermentation, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis and gasification are examined as established routes for converting agricultural waste into liquid biofuels and biogas. Pretreatment methods, enzyme production pathways and synthesis of fuels like ethanol, butanol and diesel substitutes are outlined. Environmental benefits of biofuels from waste, including greenhouse gas mitigation and recycling of soil nutrients, are evaluated against fossil fuel alternatives. Case studies on operational plants and feasibility studies provide insights into technical and economic viability at scale. Challenges regarding feedstock logistics, conversion efficiency, commercial scale-up and sustainability assessment are identified for future research focus. In conclusion, the review finds that agricultural waste is a promising renewable resource for biofuel production when integrated with appropriate thermochemical, biochemical or anaerobic digestion technologies. While the field is advancing, further improvements in areas such as feedstock supply, pretreatment technologies, and demonstration of sustainability will be critical to realize the full potential of this emerging bioeconomy sector. The review recommends steps to accelerate commercialization and policy frameworks to incentivize waste-to-energy solutions.
{"title":"Production of Biofuels from Agricultural Waste","authors":"Francis Mekunye, Peter Makinde","doi":"10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i3328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i3328","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural waste represents a largely untapped resource that could be utilized for the production of biofuels through various conversion pathways. As the global demand for renewable and sustainable energy grows, biofuels offer solutions to mitigate climate change impacts while improving waste management. This review analyzes using agricultural residues and by-products as feedstocks for biofuel production through biological, thermochemical and chemical conversion processes. The different types of lignocellulosic biomass available from agricultural activities are discussed, along with their compositions. While agricultural waste has advantages like wide availability and low cost, challenges relating to heterogeneous composition, pre-existing contamination and seasonal availability must be addressed. Fermentation, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis and gasification are examined as established routes for converting agricultural waste into liquid biofuels and biogas. Pretreatment methods, enzyme production pathways and synthesis of fuels like ethanol, butanol and diesel substitutes are outlined. Environmental benefits of biofuels from waste, including greenhouse gas mitigation and recycling of soil nutrients, are evaluated against fossil fuel alternatives. Case studies on operational plants and feasibility studies provide insights into technical and economic viability at scale. Challenges regarding feedstock logistics, conversion efficiency, commercial scale-up and sustainability assessment are identified for future research focus. In conclusion, the review finds that agricultural waste is a promising renewable resource for biofuel production when integrated with appropriate thermochemical, biochemical or anaerobic digestion technologies. While the field is advancing, further improvements in areas such as feedstock supply, pretreatment technologies, and demonstration of sustainability will be critical to realize the full potential of this emerging bioeconomy sector. The review recommends steps to accelerate commercialization and policy frameworks to incentivize waste-to-energy solutions.","PeriodicalId":474789,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agricultural and horticultural research","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141647831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i3327
Mouhamadou Lare, Jean Mianikpo Sogbedji
The diagnosis of soil fertility is a prerequisite for the formulation of balanced and site-specific fertilizer recommendations. Macro elements (nitrogen – N, phosphorous – P and potassium – K) based nutrient omission trials were conducted in the districts of Oti, Tandjoare, Tone and Kpendjal of the Savannah region. The objective was to assess endogenous soil fertility under maize cropping to further develop updated site-specifique fertilization schemes for the crop. A total of twenty-five producers were selected in the region (eight in Tandjoare, seven in Tone, five in Oti and five in Kpendjal) for the study in a paticipatory approach. The approach was participatory in order to involve the end user in the exercise. A randomized complete block design was adopted with five fertilization treatments including N0P0K0 (T1), N0P60K70 (T2), N120P0K70 (T3), N120P60K0 (T4) and N120P60K70 (T5) kg ha-1 for the trial. The unit plot size was 100 m2 (10 m x10 m). Grain yield, yield response to nutrients and Agronomic Efficiency (AE) were determined. Genstat Edition 12th was used to discriminate means.The average yields were 0.56, 0.83, 3.18, 3.44 and 4.57 Mg ha-1 respectively for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in Tandjoare, 0.32, 0.52, 1.06, 2.39 and 3.02 Mg ha-1 respectively for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in Tône, 1.01, 1.35, 2.56, 3.16 and 4.39 Mg ha-1 respectively for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in Oti and 0.39, 0.75, 1.54, 2.33 and 3.31 Mg ha-1 respectively for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in Kpendjal. The ranking of yield data by fertilizer treatment indicates that all three macronutrients (N, P and K) are required for maize production in the Savannah region, with a priority ranking of N>P>K. The results also showed that the best Agronomic Efficiency is obtained when all macronutrients are supplied in all four districts. The results of this diagnostic will be used as a basis for formulating balanced, site-specific fertilizer recommendations for intelligent, environmentally-friendly agriculture.
{"title":"Assessment of Endogenous Soil Fertility to Update Fertilization of Maize (Zea mays L) Crops in the Savannah Region of Togo","authors":"Mouhamadou Lare, Jean Mianikpo Sogbedji","doi":"10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i3327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i3327","url":null,"abstract":"The diagnosis of soil fertility is a prerequisite for the formulation of balanced and site-specific fertilizer recommendations. Macro elements (nitrogen – N, phosphorous – P and potassium – K) based nutrient omission trials were conducted in the districts of Oti, Tandjoare, Tone and Kpendjal of the Savannah region. The objective was to assess endogenous soil fertility under maize cropping to further develop updated site-specifique fertilization schemes for the crop. A total of twenty-five producers were selected in the region (eight in Tandjoare, seven in Tone, five in Oti and five in Kpendjal) for the study in a paticipatory approach. The approach was participatory in order to involve the end user in the exercise. A randomized complete block design was adopted with five fertilization treatments including N0P0K0 (T1), N0P60K70 (T2), N120P0K70 (T3), N120P60K0 (T4) and N120P60K70 (T5) kg ha-1 for the trial. The unit plot size was 100 m2 (10 m x10 m). \u0000Grain yield, yield response to nutrients and Agronomic Efficiency (AE) were determined. Genstat Edition 12th was used to discriminate means.The average yields were 0.56, 0.83, 3.18, 3.44 and 4.57 Mg ha-1 respectively for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in Tandjoare, 0.32, 0.52, 1.06, 2.39 and 3.02 Mg ha-1 respectively for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in Tône, 1.01, 1.35, 2.56, 3.16 and 4.39 Mg ha-1 respectively for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in Oti and 0.39, 0.75, 1.54, 2.33 and 3.31 Mg ha-1 respectively for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in Kpendjal. The ranking of yield data by fertilizer treatment indicates that all three macronutrients (N, P and K) are required for maize production in the Savannah region, with a priority ranking of N>P>K. The results also showed that the best Agronomic Efficiency is obtained when all macronutrients are supplied in all four districts. The results of this diagnostic will be used as a basis for formulating balanced, site-specific fertilizer recommendations for intelligent, environmentally-friendly agriculture.","PeriodicalId":474789,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agricultural and horticultural research","volume":"15 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141661078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2321
.. Sopialena, .. Sofian
Porang is a bulbous plant which has great development prospect in Indonesia. Porang bulbs has huge potential product, however it hasn’t managed well and optimal. Nowadays Porang bulbs are widely used as raw material for making mannan flour which has high economic value and widely used in the food sector. The Sampling is taking location at trial garden of Teluk Dalam Agriculture Faculty of Mulawarman University, in Karang Tunggal Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. This research aims to identify key diseases affecting the Porang plants, investigate their causes, and evaluate the potential of endophytic fungi as biological control agents. Laboratory activities involve isolating and identifying endophytic fungi from healthy Porang plants and pathogenic fungi from diseased ones. The study employs a Completely Randomized Design for testing antagonistic properties. The result shows that the endophytic fungi which was isolated on porang plants from research location in trial garden of Teluk Dalam Agriculture Faculty of Mulawarman University, in Karang Tunggal Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. There are three types of endophytic fungi, namely: Gliocladium sp., Trichoderma, and Aspergillus flavus, whereas pathogen fungi which has been found attack Porang plants is Fusarium sp. and Colletotrichum sp. Those three endophytic fungi against two pathogenic fungi have a resistance level of Fusarium sp x endophytic fungi with an average of 42.58% and the magnitude of resistance is Colletotrichum sp x endophytic fungi with average of 40.05%.
茯苓是一种球茎植物，在印度尼西亚具有巨大的发展前景。茯苓鳞茎具有巨大的产品潜力，但还没有得到很好的管理和优化。如今，茯苓鳞茎被广泛用作制作甘露粉的原料，甘露粉具有很高的经济价值，并被广泛应用于食品行业。采样地点位于东加里曼丹省古泰卡尔塔内加拉县 Tenggarong Seberang 区 Karang Tunggal 村的 Mulawarman 大学 Teluk Dalam 农学院试验园。这项研究旨在确定影响波朗植物的主要病害，调查病因，并评估内生真菌作为生物防治剂的潜力。实验室活动包括从健康的波朗植物中分离和鉴定内生真菌，从患病的波朗植物中分离和鉴定病原真菌。研究采用完全随机设计法测试拮抗特性。结果表明，从东加里曼丹省古泰卡尔塔内加拉县 Tenggarong Seberang 区 Karang Tunggal 村的木拉瓦曼大学 Teluk Dalam 农学院试验园的研究地点分离出了茯苓植物的内生真菌。有三种内生真菌，即这三种内生真菌对两种病原真菌的抗性水平为镰刀菌×内生真菌，平均为 42.58%，而对 Colletotrichum sp×内生真菌的抗性水平为 Colletotrichum sp×内生真菌，平均为 40.05%。
{"title":"Controlling Diseases in Porang Plants (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Using Endophytic Fungi In vitro","authors":".. Sopialena, .. Sofian","doi":"10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2321","url":null,"abstract":"Porang is a bulbous plant which has great development prospect in Indonesia. Porang bulbs has huge potential product, however it hasn’t managed well and optimal. Nowadays Porang bulbs are widely used as raw material for making mannan flour which has high economic value and widely used in the food sector. The Sampling is taking location at trial garden of Teluk Dalam Agriculture Faculty of Mulawarman University, in Karang Tunggal Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. \u0000This research aims to identify key diseases affecting the Porang plants, investigate their causes, and evaluate the potential of endophytic fungi as biological control agents. Laboratory activities involve isolating and identifying endophytic fungi from healthy Porang plants and pathogenic fungi from diseased ones. The study employs a Completely Randomized Design for testing antagonistic properties. \u0000The result shows that the endophytic fungi which was isolated on porang plants from research location in trial garden of Teluk Dalam Agriculture Faculty of Mulawarman University, in Karang Tunggal Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. There are three types of endophytic fungi, namely: Gliocladium sp., Trichoderma, and Aspergillus flavus, whereas pathogen fungi which has been found attack Porang plants is Fusarium sp. and Colletotrichum sp. Those three endophytic fungi against two pathogenic fungi have a resistance level of Fusarium sp x endophytic fungi with an average of 42.58% and the magnitude of resistance is Colletotrichum sp x endophytic fungi with average of 40.05%.","PeriodicalId":474789,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agricultural and horticultural research","volume":"129 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141115210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-19DOI: 10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2317
Abrhaley Shelema, G. Hruy
The aim of the study was to evaluate the combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on the growth, yield, and yield components of onion. The study was carried out using a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design. A field experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Alamata Agricultural Research Center kara Adishabo in 2020 with experimental treatments of Nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg N/ha) and intra-row spacing (5, 10, and 15 cm) with three replications. Results indicated that the interaction effect of nitrogen and intra-row spacing significantly swayed most of the yield and yield components of the onion where the highest maturity date was recorded from the 92 Kg N/ha and 15 cm (140 days) and 69 Kg N/ha and 10 cm (127 days) respectively. The highest (40.01t/ha) and lowest (15.03 t/ha) marketable yields were recorded from the treatment combinations of 69 kg N/ha and 5 cm and 0 kg N/ha and 15 cm respectively. Application of 69 Kg N/ha and 5 cm of intra-row spacing in the study area can lead to maximum yield.
{"title":"Impact of Nitrogen and Spacing on Onion (Allium cepa L.) Growth in Southern Tigray, Ethiopia","authors":"Abrhaley Shelema, G. Hruy","doi":"10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2317","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to evaluate the combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on the growth, yield, and yield components of onion. The study was carried out using a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design. A field experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Alamata Agricultural Research Center kara Adishabo in 2020 with experimental treatments of Nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg N/ha) and intra-row spacing (5, 10, and 15 cm) with three replications. Results indicated that the interaction effect of nitrogen and intra-row spacing significantly swayed most of the yield and yield components of the onion where the highest maturity date was recorded from the 92 Kg N/ha and 15 cm (140 days) and 69 Kg N/ha and 10 cm (127 days) respectively. The highest (40.01t/ha) and lowest (15.03 t/ha) marketable yields were recorded from the treatment combinations of 69 kg N/ha and 5 cm and 0 kg N/ha and 15 cm respectively. Application of 69 Kg N/ha and 5 cm of intra-row spacing in the study area can lead to maximum yield.","PeriodicalId":474789,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agricultural and horticultural research","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140684574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cocoa is a strategic economic crop and a major source of foreign exchange for Nigeria, for which Ondo State is the leading producing area. However, its production has been marked with much fluctuation over the years with a reduction in yield of 40 to 50% due to insect menace. A study was conducted that covers all the Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Ondo State and datasets on rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, Surface Soil Wetness (SSW) and Root Zone Soil Wetness (RZSW) were sourced from the database of National Aeronautic Space Agency (NASA). The data were analyzed using the least square regression and correlation coefficient analyses. The results obtained showed that temperatures, relative humidity, the rainfall pattern as well as SSW and RZSW had similar impacts in 38.89% of the LGAs, while their effects varied in the remaining 61.11%. For the 42 years of observation, the temperature and relative humidity increased by 0.0033° C and 0.019% per annum at R2 values of 0.0045 and 0.0862 respectively while the rainfall decreased by 17.37mm per annum at R2 value of 0.1021. The values of SSW and RZSW decreased by 0.0005 and 0.0006 per annum at R2 of 0.0451 and 0.036 respectively. There was a positive correlation of 0.152, 0.758, 0.762 and 0.995 between temperature and rainfall, rainfall and SSW, rainfall and RZSE as well as SSW and RZSW respectively. The correlations between temperature and relative humidity; SSW, RZSW and years of observations of -0.359, -0.212 and -0.190 respectively were inversed. This indicated that climate change had led to high relative humidity, temperatures and decreased rainfall, with a reduction in SSW and RZSW. High relative humidity favours the growth and development of various fungi that were noted for causing diseases of cocoa which necessitates the need for adoption of good agricultural practices (GAP) to mitigate reductions in cocoa production in the studied LGAs in Ondo state.
{"title":"Impact of Climate Change on Soil Wetness and Cocoa Production in Ondo State, Nigeria: Implication for Sustainable Farming Practices","authors":".. Ibe O., .. Aremu-Dele O., Oluyole KA., Famaye Ao, Ipinmoroti RR.","doi":"10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2316","url":null,"abstract":"Cocoa is a strategic economic crop and a major source of foreign exchange for Nigeria, for which Ondo State is the leading producing area. However, its production has been marked with much fluctuation over the years with a reduction in yield of 40 to 50% due to insect menace. A study was conducted that covers all the Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Ondo State and datasets on rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, Surface Soil Wetness (SSW) and Root Zone Soil Wetness (RZSW) were sourced from the database of National Aeronautic Space Agency (NASA). The data were analyzed using the least square regression and correlation coefficient analyses. The results obtained showed that temperatures, relative humidity, the rainfall pattern as well as SSW and RZSW had similar impacts in 38.89% of the LGAs, while their effects varied in the remaining 61.11%. For the 42 years of observation, the temperature and relative humidity increased by 0.0033° C and 0.019% per annum at R2 values of 0.0045 and 0.0862 respectively while the rainfall decreased by 17.37mm per annum at R2 value of 0.1021. The values of SSW and RZSW decreased by 0.0005 and 0.0006 per annum at R2 of 0.0451 and 0.036 respectively. There was a positive correlation of 0.152, 0.758, 0.762 and 0.995 between temperature and rainfall, rainfall and SSW, rainfall and RZSE as well as SSW and RZSW respectively. The correlations between temperature and relative humidity; SSW, RZSW and years of observations of -0.359, -0.212 and -0.190 respectively were inversed. This indicated that climate change had led to high relative humidity, temperatures and decreased rainfall, with a reduction in SSW and RZSW. High relative humidity favours the growth and development of various fungi that were noted for causing diseases of cocoa which necessitates the need for adoption of good agricultural practices (GAP) to mitigate reductions in cocoa production in the studied LGAs in Ondo state.","PeriodicalId":474789,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agricultural and horticultural research","volume":"211 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140686227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2315
Victor Kiptoo Kemboi, Peter Masinde, Eric Mworia, John Mworia, R. Kirigiah
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important food crop popular in Kenya and its production has a direct influence to nutrition and economic security. The high demand for this food crop has resulted to innovation of new farming practices to increase its production. Therefore, this experiment was set up at Meru University Demonstration Farm in randomized complete block (RCBD) split plot design during June - October 2022 (S1) and November - March 2023 (S2). Two land preparation methods were used conservational and conventional (CA and CT). The organic amendments were 2.5 t ha-1 BSF, 5.5 t ha-1 BSF, 8.5 t ha-1 BSF, 2.5 t ha-1 BSF + Biochar, 5.5 t ha-1 BSF + Biochar, 2.5 t ha-1 BSF + Trichoderma 125 g ha-1, 5.5 t ha-1 BSF + Trichoderma 125 g ha-1, 5 t ha-1 FYM, 100 kg N ha-1 DAP and control. Data collected was on soil bulk density, soil moisture, vegetative growth and yields. There was significance (p<0.05) difference between the two land preparation method on soil moisture retention. Organic amendments influenced the soil moisture retention and soil bulk density reduction significantly (p<0.05). Plots with 8.5 t ha-1 BSF and 100 kg N ha-1 DAP increased the vegetative growth by 37%, application of Trichoderma increased the vegetative growth by 7%. CA increased the vegetative growth by 6% and 4% as compared to CT. 8.5 t ha-1 BSF increased the vegetative growth by 21% and 19%. CA increased the yields by 6% in S1 and 14% in S2 compared to CT. Trichoderma increased the yields of maize by 12% and 11%. Increase in maize yield and vegetative growth is due to increased soil moisture condition in CA. Addition of BSF manure and biochar improved the soil moisture retention, reduced soil bulk density and improvement in soil nutrient content which led to an increase in growth and yield.
{"title":"Effects of Land Preparation Method and Organic Soil Amendment on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of Maize (Zea mays)","authors":"Victor Kiptoo Kemboi, Peter Masinde, Eric Mworia, John Mworia, R. Kirigiah","doi":"10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2315","url":null,"abstract":"Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important food crop popular in Kenya and its production has a direct influence to nutrition and economic security. The high demand for this food crop has resulted to innovation of new farming practices to increase its production. Therefore, this experiment was set up at Meru University Demonstration Farm in randomized complete block (RCBD) split plot design during June - October 2022 (S1) and November - March 2023 (S2). Two land preparation methods were used conservational and conventional (CA and CT). The organic amendments were 2.5 t ha-1 BSF, 5.5 t ha-1 BSF, 8.5 t ha-1 BSF, 2.5 t ha-1 BSF + Biochar, 5.5 t ha-1 BSF + Biochar, 2.5 t ha-1 BSF + Trichoderma 125 g ha-1, 5.5 t ha-1 BSF + Trichoderma 125 g ha-1, 5 t ha-1 FYM, 100 kg N ha-1 DAP and control. Data collected was on soil bulk density, soil moisture, vegetative growth and yields. There was significance (p<0.05) difference between the two land preparation method on soil moisture retention. Organic amendments influenced the soil moisture retention and soil bulk density reduction significantly (p<0.05). Plots with 8.5 t ha-1 BSF and 100 kg N ha-1 DAP increased the vegetative growth by 37%, application of Trichoderma increased the vegetative growth by 7%. CA increased the vegetative growth by 6% and 4% as compared to CT. 8.5 t ha-1 BSF increased the vegetative growth by 21% and 19%. CA increased the yields by 6% in S1 and 14% in S2 compared to CT. Trichoderma increased the yields of maize by 12% and 11%. Increase in maize yield and vegetative growth is due to increased soil moisture condition in CA. Addition of BSF manure and biochar improved the soil moisture retention, reduced soil bulk density and improvement in soil nutrient content which led to an increase in growth and yield.","PeriodicalId":474789,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agricultural and horticultural research","volume":"75 s321","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140694009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2314
.. Njeru, N, M. Githendu, J. Murungi
Amaranthus (Amaranthus spp.) leaves are a good source of nutrients including vitamins antioxidants and dietary minerals including calcium, iron, and potassium. Soil pH is a very important chemical property of the soil, as it dictates the availability of plant nutrients. Acidic soils reduce availability of plant nutrients and hinder growth. This is corrected by adding lime which is expensive, does not add nutrients and requires re-application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of leaf extracts from selected tree leaves on soil acidity and beta-carotene levels of amaranthus. Plant leaves that were tested were Turril (Vitex keniensis) Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and Indian nettle (Plectranthus barbatus). The experiment setup was in a 2 x 7 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design(RCBDreplicated three timesThe treatments were; the three leaves extracts, lime, farm yard manure, inorganic fertilizer and control.. Leaves were dried,ground and soaked in distilledwater for sixty days as pH was monitored and the resulting extract was added to soil for amanthus grown with plant extracts. Data on plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight and levels of beta carotene levels were collected. AOAC method was used for analysis of beta carotene. All data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance using SAS and least significant difference (LSD) for means separation. The results showed that leaf extracts significantly reduced soil acidity to above (6) while inorganic fertilizer increased the acidity (pH5.9) to (5.3) on all growing conditions while humus increased acidity during rainy and irrigation conditions. On beta carotene levels, Farmyard Manure had the highest levels(51.1µg) followed by the leaf extracts with extract 3-Plectras barbatus having higher levels. Control had the lowest levels of beta carotene followed by inorganic fertilizer and lime.These results suggest that farmers should be encouraged to grow vegetables using farmyard manure and leaf extracts to increase antioxidant levels and reduce soil acidity.They should also be encouraged to grow more of trees and shrubs studied to increase forest cover.
{"title":"Impact of Specific Leaf Extracts on Soil pH and Beta-Carotene in Amaranthus in Kiambu County, Kenya","authors":".. Njeru, N, M. Githendu, J. Murungi","doi":"10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2314","url":null,"abstract":"Amaranthus (Amaranthus spp.) leaves are a good source of nutrients including vitamins antioxidants and dietary minerals including calcium, iron, and potassium. Soil pH is a very important chemical property of the soil, as it dictates the availability of plant nutrients. Acidic soils reduce availability of plant nutrients and hinder growth. This is corrected by adding lime which is expensive, does not add nutrients and requires re-application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of leaf extracts from selected tree leaves on soil acidity and beta-carotene levels of amaranthus. Plant leaves that were tested were Turril (Vitex keniensis) Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and Indian nettle (Plectranthus barbatus). The experiment setup was in a 2 x 7 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design(RCBDreplicated three timesThe treatments were; the three leaves extracts, lime, farm yard manure, inorganic fertilizer and control.. Leaves were dried,ground and soaked in distilledwater for sixty days as pH was monitored and the resulting extract was added to soil for amanthus grown with plant extracts. Data on plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight and levels of beta carotene levels were collected. AOAC method was used for analysis of beta carotene. All data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance using SAS and least significant difference (LSD) for means separation. The results showed that leaf extracts significantly reduced soil acidity to above (6) while inorganic fertilizer increased the acidity (pH5.9) to (5.3) on all growing conditions while humus increased acidity during rainy and irrigation conditions. On beta carotene levels, Farmyard Manure had the highest levels(51.1µg) followed by the leaf extracts with extract 3-Plectras barbatus having higher levels. Control had the lowest levels of beta carotene followed by inorganic fertilizer and lime.These results suggest that farmers should be encouraged to grow vegetables using farmyard manure and leaf extracts to increase antioxidant levels and reduce soil acidity.They should also be encouraged to grow more of trees and shrubs studied to increase forest cover.","PeriodicalId":474789,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agricultural and horticultural research","volume":"45 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140701562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2313
Listina Elisabet Br Tamba, Julia Marisa, Muhammad Hafiz
This study aims to determine the optimization of growth and production of brown oyster mushroom (P. cystidionsus) plants with additional nutrients of rice washing water and to determine the optimization of growth and production of chocolate oyster mushroom (P. cystidionsus) plants through additional nutrients of rice groats. This study used a factorial Complete Randomized Design (RAL) method consisting of two factors, namely, the first factor is rice washing water / leri water (L) and the second factor is rice groats (G). Each treatment is repeated 3 times. Leri water factor consists of 4 levels, namely: A0=0 ml, A1= 30 ml, A2= 50 ml, A3=70 ml. Rice groats factor consists of 4 levels, namely: M0=0 g, M1=60 g, M2= 80 g, M3= 100 g. Data was analyzed using variance analysis (Anova) at 5%. The results showed no effect of rice washing water and rice groats on the growth rate of brown oyster mushroom mycelim, will be at a rice washing water concentration of 70ml / baglog + rice groats 100g / baglog affects the parameters of mushroom stalk height (cm), mushroom hood diameter (cm), mushroom hood thickness (cm), number of mushrooms (clump), and fresh weight of mushrooms / baglog (g).
{"title":"Optimization of Growth and Production of Brown Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus cystidiosus) through Additional Nutrients of Rice Washing Water and Rice Groats","authors":"Listina Elisabet Br Tamba, Julia Marisa, Muhammad Hafiz","doi":"10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2313","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the optimization of growth and production of brown oyster mushroom (P. cystidionsus) plants with additional nutrients of rice washing water and to determine the optimization of growth and production of chocolate oyster mushroom (P. cystidionsus) plants through additional nutrients of rice groats. This study used a factorial Complete Randomized Design (RAL) method consisting of two factors, namely, the first factor is rice washing water / leri water (L) and the second factor is rice groats (G). Each treatment is repeated 3 times. Leri water factor consists of 4 levels, namely: A0=0 ml, A1= 30 ml, A2= 50 ml, A3=70 ml. Rice groats factor consists of 4 levels, namely: M0=0 g, M1=60 g, M2= 80 g, M3= 100 g. Data was analyzed using variance analysis (Anova) at 5%. The results showed no effect of rice washing water and rice groats on the growth rate of brown oyster mushroom mycelim, will be at a rice washing water concentration of 70ml / baglog + rice groats 100g / baglog affects the parameters of mushroom stalk height (cm), mushroom hood diameter (cm), mushroom hood thickness (cm), number of mushrooms (clump), and fresh weight of mushrooms / baglog (g).","PeriodicalId":474789,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agricultural and horticultural research","volume":"58 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140701390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2312
.. Rufa’i, S, .. Bala, B, .. Shittu, EA, .. Lado, A, .. Isa, HM, .. Bello, TT
To assess the impact of poultry manure fertilization on the yield and capsaicinoid content of sweet pepper cultivars, field experiments were carried out during the 2018 rainy seasons at two locations within the Sudan savanna agro-ecological region: the Teaching and Research Farm Bayero University Kano (l1o 58 N, 8o 25 E, and altitude 458 m) and Kadawa Irrigation Scheme Bunkure (l1o 42 N, 8o 33 E, and altitude 476 m). The experiment was a 4 x 3 factorial laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates comprising four levels of poultry manure (PM) (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 tha-1) and three cultivars of sweet pepper (Tattasai Dan Damasak, Yolo wonder and Nsukka yellow). The result reveals that the growth, yield and capcisinoid content of sweet pepper cultivars were greatly influenced by the application of PM. The application of 3.0 tha-1 of PM significantly gave taller plants, more branches, larger leaves, and a higher number of fruits. Similarly, the Dan Damasak cultivar significantly produced higher growth characters above, except for the number of fruits plant-1. The Dan Damasak and Yolo wonder cultivars at BUK and Yolo wonder at BKR significantly gave a higher number of fruit plants. Fresh fruit yield, total fruit yield, and capsaicinoid content were significantly higher with 3.0 tha-1 of PM at both locations. The Dan Damasak cultivar resulted in higher yield related characters at both locations. The capsaicinoid content was, however, significantly higher with Nsukka yellow (17.43 and 18.83 mg kg-1) at BUK and BKR locations, respectively. Thus, the application of 3.0 tha-1 PM combined with the Dan Damasak cultivar for improved growth and yield, while the Nsukka Yellow cultivar and the application of 3.0 tha-1 PM for higher capsaicinoid could be suggested to the farmers in the study area to improve the productivity of the crop.
{"title":"Effect of Bioactive Compound (Poultry Manure) on the Yield and Capsaicinoid Content of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Cultivars","authors":".. Rufa’i, S, .. Bala, B, .. Shittu, EA, .. Lado, A, .. Isa, HM, .. Bello, TT","doi":"10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2312","url":null,"abstract":"To assess the impact of poultry manure fertilization on the yield and capsaicinoid content of sweet pepper cultivars, field experiments were carried out during the 2018 rainy seasons at two locations within the Sudan savanna agro-ecological region: the Teaching and Research Farm Bayero University Kano (l1o 58 N, 8o 25 E, and altitude 458 m) and Kadawa Irrigation Scheme Bunkure (l1o 42 N, 8o 33 E, and altitude 476 m). The experiment was a 4 x 3 factorial laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates comprising four levels of poultry manure (PM) (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 tha-1) and three cultivars of sweet pepper (Tattasai Dan Damasak, Yolo wonder and Nsukka yellow). The result reveals that the growth, yield and capcisinoid content of sweet pepper cultivars were greatly influenced by the application of PM. The application of 3.0 tha-1 of PM significantly gave taller plants, more branches, larger leaves, and a higher number of fruits. Similarly, the Dan Damasak cultivar significantly produced higher growth characters above, except for the number of fruits plant-1. The Dan Damasak and Yolo wonder cultivars at BUK and Yolo wonder at BKR significantly gave a higher number of fruit plants. Fresh fruit yield, total fruit yield, and capsaicinoid content were significantly higher with 3.0 tha-1 of PM at both locations. The Dan Damasak cultivar resulted in higher yield related characters at both locations. The capsaicinoid content was, however, significantly higher with Nsukka yellow (17.43 and 18.83 mg kg-1) at BUK and BKR locations, respectively. Thus, the application of 3.0 tha-1 PM combined with the Dan Damasak cultivar for improved growth and yield, while the Nsukka Yellow cultivar and the application of 3.0 tha-1 PM for higher capsaicinoid could be suggested to the farmers in the study area to improve the productivity of the crop.","PeriodicalId":474789,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agricultural and horticultural research","volume":"85 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140728995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a plant of the future, is one of the main crops with high genetic potential. Therefore, the knowledge of its genetic variability would be of great importance for its effective use in genetic improvement programs. The objective of this work was to characterize the genetic diversity of cassava cultivars present in the Kara region of Togo. Thus, a total of 91 cassava leaf samples collected in the 7 prefectures of the Kara region were analyzed using 7 pairs of SSR microsatellite primers. Fifty-three alleles were detected with an average of 7.57 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.63 to 0.83 with an average of 0.74, indicating a high level of marker polymorphism. Molecular analysis of variance revealed that the majority of variability occurred within individuals and accounted for 99 % of the total variation between individuals. Weak genetic differentiation (Fst=0.011) was also observed between populations. The genetic structuring model based on the Neighbour-Joining algorithm method divided the individuals into 6 groups independently of local names. These results indicate the presence of high genetic resource variability in the studied populations. Therefore, it would be important to implement management strategies to better conserve cassava genetic resources and to facilitate the identification of successful cultivars.
{"title":"Molecular Genetic Diversity of Manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Using Simple Sequence Repeated Markers (SSR) in the Kara Region of Togo","authors":"Kossikouma Djodji Adjata, Simon Justin Pita, Aokpe Komi Amétépé Paul, Yawovi Godwin Agbetoho, Kodjovi Atassé Dansou-Kodjo, Assion Sétu Mivedor, Senya Sakina Allado","doi":"10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2024/v11i2311","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a plant of the future, is one of the main crops with high genetic potential. Therefore, the knowledge of its genetic variability would be of great importance for its effective use in genetic improvement programs. The objective of this work was to characterize the genetic diversity of cassava cultivars present in the Kara region of Togo. Thus, a total of 91 cassava leaf samples collected in the 7 prefectures of the Kara region were analyzed using 7 pairs of SSR microsatellite primers. Fifty-three alleles were detected with an average of 7.57 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.63 to 0.83 with an average of 0.74, indicating a high level of marker polymorphism. Molecular analysis of variance revealed that the majority of variability occurred within individuals and accounted for 99 % of the total variation between individuals. Weak genetic differentiation (Fst=0.011) was also observed between populations. The genetic structuring model based on the Neighbour-Joining algorithm method divided the individuals into 6 groups independently of local names. These results indicate the presence of high genetic resource variability in the studied populations. Therefore, it would be important to implement management strategies to better conserve cassava genetic resources and to facilitate the identification of successful cultivars.","PeriodicalId":474789,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agricultural and horticultural research","volume":"48 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140366661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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