Applied Solar Energy最新文献

This study introduces the Annual Columnar Radiative Absorptivity (ACRA24) model, a radiative balance framework specifically devised to quantify atmospheric absorptivity of both solar and infrared radiation, developed using custom Python code. By focusing on atmospheric aerosols, ACRA24 aims to enhance our understanding of their radiative impacts across diverse Northern Hemisphere climates. The model calculates key optical parameters, including visible (α_VA) and infrared (α_TA) absorptivity by the atmosphere, solar reflectivity (r), visible absorptivity by the surface (α_VS), and other radiative balance components. The Python code ensures precise input of solar radiation, temperature, and optical thickness for accurate site-specific analysis. Significant seasonal patterns in aerosol optical depth (AOD) were observed, with a clear decline from tropical to continental climates. Tropical regions had the highest AOD, reaching ~0.55 in Dhaka due to urban-industrial and biomass-burning aerosols. Arid climates, including Kuwait and Tucson, showed AOD peaks of up to 1.5 during dust storms. The relationship between the Ångström Exponent (AE) and AOD identified dominant aerosol types. Biomass-burning and urban-industrial aerosols accounted for 46.2% of aerosols in tropical regions, while continental aerosols dominated other climates. The ACRA24 model estimated atmospheric absorptivity in the visible (α_VA) and infrared (α_TA) spectra, with tropical climates showing the highest values (α_VA = 0.55; α_TA = 0.88). Arid climates exhibited variable absorptivity due to dust, while temperate and continental regions remained stable. Aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) at the Top of the Atmosphere (TOA) showed minimal variation across climates, but Bottom of the Atmosphere (BOA) effects were strongest in tropical regions. This analysis highlights the critical importance of the ACRA24 model in advancing climate science and provides valuable insights for future aerosol–climate interaction research.

Carbon nanotubes exhibit remarkable optical transparency, low sheet resistance, and excellent mobility, making them highly sought after as transparent electrodes in future solar cells particularly organic solar cells. P-type doped carbon nanotubes with molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) facilitates efficient hole transport and good alignment of energy levels. The efficient functioning of Non-Fullerene ITIC-OE Acceptor organic solar cells with a transparent electrode fabricated from carbon nanotubes doped molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) has been investigated in this work. Optimized V_oc of 0.9539 V, J_sc of 35.32 mA/cm², PCE of 24.94% and Fill Factor (FF) of 74.02% are obtained by changing the band gap of MoO₃ doped CNTs. Additionally, adding SnO₂, TiO₂, and ZnO as an Electron transport Layer (ETL) of the simulated cell produces an optimal outcome with TiO₂, which has PCE of 25.71%. Carbon nanotubes shows external quantum efficiency up to 90% over a wide range of wavelength. According to these findings, transparent conductive electrodes based on carbon nanotubes will eventually be able to enhance the device performance of organic solar cells.

Solar energy is a reliable and abundant resource for both heating and power generation. The current research examines how the novel class of nano-embedded beeswax phase change materials (NEBPCMs) improves heat storage qualities. The synthetic NEBPCMs were subjected to experimental testing using, XRD, beeswax and Al₂O₃ FESEM. A typical solar water heating system features a flat plate collector unit incorporating beeswax phase change material (NEBPCM) combined with varying concentrations of Al₂O₃ (0.01, 0.015, and 0.02%). The absorber plate surface is coated with a nano-hybrid coating consisting of black paint, Al₂O₃, and additional Fe₃O₄ at a 2% concentration. Pure water is frequently used in these solar water heaters (SWH), with performance evaluations conducted using different beeswax and Al₂O₃ concentrations of NEBPCM (beeswax + Al₂O₃). The system’s efficiency is assessed across different flow rates (60, 90, and 120 kg/h) and tilt angles (15, 30, and 45 deg). This study aims to examine the feasibility of using PCMs to store solar energy for night time water heating, ensuring a continuous supply of hot water maximum efficiency achieved by using NEBPCM in solar water heater 52.26% at a flow rate of 120 kg/h, at angle of 45 degrees and Concentration 0.015%.

In the present work, perovskite solar cell with Sn based absorber layer (CH₃NH₃SnI₃) have been modelled and validated with solar cell capacitance simulator. The structure of the absorber performed on FTO/TiO₂/CH₃NH₃SnI₃/Cu₂O to analyse the efficiency of power conversion. Efficiency optimization of the proposed device model was carried out by variation in thickness, defect density, interface defect densities and doping concentrations of the absorber layer. It was evident that generation of charge carriers is directly proportional to the thickness of absorber layer up to certain extent and then varying nonlinearly. For optimal doping concentrations of 1 × 10¹⁹ cm^–3 in both HTL and ETL layers, corresponding V_OC, J_SC, FF % and η are 0.8847 V, 30.52 mA/cm², 78.95 and 21.32%, respectively. However, with doping concentrations of 1 × 10¹⁶ cm^–3 and thickness ~600 nm in absorber layer, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) were raised to 30.06%. Proposed optimized device model is a found to be superior than that of similar device counterpart with V_OC ~ 1.05 V, J_SC ~ 33.35 mA/cm² and FF ~ 85.45%, respectively. Such device can be an alternative for making environmentally friendly solar cells with high efficiency. High conversion efficiency possibly attributed to the good absorption capability of the material, energy band alignment and suitable doping concentrations at ETL/HTL layer.

The rapid growth of new energy vehicles has led to a surge in retired power batteries, posing environmental and resource challenges. This paper proposes a practical solution for echelon utilization of retired batteries in photovoltaic LED streetlights, using a parallel-connected battery architecture to enhance safety, extend lifespan, and reduce costs. The parallel topology leverages self-balancing properties, eliminating complex balancing circuits. A two-stage DC/DC conversion system addresses voltage mismatch between 3–4 V battery packs and 30 V LED loads. Experimental results show parallel-connected retired batteries retain 85.1% capacity after 500 cycles and 88.7% after 1-year field operation, outperforming series-parallel configurations. Safety tests confirm mitigated thermal runaway risks, and hardware costs are reduced by approximately 40%. This solution promotes circular economy practices for sustainable energy utilization.

Solar energy is capable of producing heat or generating electricity. Solar cells convert the energy of light into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. Electricity produced by solar cells can be used for required power of overhead cranes. Mostly, overhead cranes are equipped with 3 motors for lifting, moving along length and width of a workshop. In this study, not only do the solar panels provide required power of the overhead crane, but also they provide required power for lighting of the workshop and HVAC system in it. Nearly 20 000 kWh per year electricity is provided by 108 modules on roof of the workshop, so about 30% of total power production by photovoltaic panels can be consumed for workshop power consumption during a year and rest of it is sold to the grid. According to global price of electricity including taxes and price of solar feed-in-tariff offer to investors, it lasts about 5 years to achieve return on investment completely, so after five-year duration, this system will bring profitability for investors.

An improved design of a solar air heater with an air-permeable matrix absorber made of tangled metal wire is developed as a utility model. A thermal model is proposed for this design of a matrix solar air heater with allowance for its geometric, thermophysical, optical, and operating parameters. To simplify the problem, it is assumed that the air-permeable matrix absorber made of tangled metal wire is a porous material with a thickness δ, a porosity of the absorber p, and a constant thermal conductivity coefficient of the solid skeleton ({{{{lambda }}}_{{text{c}}}}.) Based on the adopted thermal model, a method is developed for determining the thermal efficiency coefficient (F{kern 1pt} ') of the solar air heater and its total heat loss coefficient U_L. An example calculation for the developed improved design of a solar air heater with an air-permeable matrix absorber made of tangled metal wire is provided. It demonstrates in steps the method and source for determining the coefficients included in the dependencies for calculating the efficiency coefficient (F{kern 1pt} ') and the total heat loss coefficient U_L.

Enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems is a crucial step in advancing the smart grid towards sustainable energy generation. This inquiry underscores the critical importance of accurate parameter extraction and optimization in attaining optimum performance for photovoltaic systems within modern energy grids. Modeling PV modules poses inherent challenges due to their nonlinear current-voltage characteristics and the limited availability of cell datasheet information. To address these issues, this work specifically targets the extraction of single diode model (SDM) parameters in PV modules using an innovative hybrid metaheuristic algorithm, FIS-MTBO, which represents our major contribution. This novel approach integrates the Fully Informed Search (FIS) algorithm with the Mountaineering Team Based Optimization (MTBO). Thorough analysis via two simulated case studies demonstrates the algorithm’s effectiveness, outperforming eleven established algorithms in consistency and precision. These results underscore the potential of the FIS-MTBO algorithm to improve the optimization of PV systems and propel the advancement of sustainable energy endeavors.

The urgent depletion of fossil fuels and the pressing challenges of climate change underscore the critical role of clean energy technologies in the transition to sustainable energy sources. Among these innovations, solar chimneys are expected to play a significant role in enhancing energy efficiency by serving as an alternative to traditional mechanical ventilation systems. This paper investigates the ventilation performance of a newly designed solar chimney under two different scenarios: one without wind influence and the other with wind effects. The results indicate that the solar chimney operating without wind achieved a maximum volumetric flow rate of 0.081 m³/s when the top was open. However, a comparison of various configurations, top open, top closed, and all sides open, revealed a significant decrease in volumetric flow rates. The top closed configuration produced a flow rate of 0.051 m³/s, while the sides open configuration only reached 0.017 m³/s, both under a heat flux of 750 W/m². In contrast, the solar chimney exposed to wind demonstrated notably improved performance across all opening configurations, attaining a maximum flow rate of 0.563 m³/s at solar radiation of 500 W/m² and a wind speed of 5 m/s. The findings of this study highlight the considerable enhancement in ventilation rates provided by wind compared to the operation of the solar chimney without wind.

Due to its simple and cost-effective process, the bifacial silicon PERC+ solar cell concept has been rapidly adopted by various manufacturers. In this study, we analyze the impact of key parameters on the performance of p-type PERC+ cells, experimentally realized by the industrial Solar Cells group at the Institute for Solar Energy Research Hameln (ISFH, Germany). Specifically, we investigate base properties such as lifetime, resistivity, and thickness, as well as surface recombination current. Simulations were carried out using PC3D, a solar cell device simulator that models three-dimensional effects within a Microsoft Excel environment, enabling the study of bifacial cells under simultaneous front and rear illumination. The simulator was used to model the equivalent J–V characteristics of PERC+ cells. Optimization of input parameters led to significant performance gains, with efficiencies of 22.01% (front), 17.57% (rear), and 29.04% for the equivalent cell considering an albedo of 0.4, representative of desert sand. These results correspond to improvements of 1.2% (front), ~1% (rear), and ~1.6% (equivalent), with a bifaciality of ~80%.