Child Indicators Research最新文献

This paper builds an overlapping generations household economy model where child labour is present. Child schooling is determined by parental altruism. The degree of parental altruism is determined by the level of schooling of the parent. A more educated parent has a greater willingness to invest in the human capital formation of the child. These differences in the preferences of parents towards their offspring’s schooling have significant effects on the long-run dynamics of schooling. The dynamics of schooling exhibit the possibility of the existence of a child labour trap. If the economy is trapped in an inefficient equilibrium, increasing the child wage and the adult unskilled wage can help the economy get rid of the child labour trap. In this paper, we also study the efficacy of child labour ban and education subsidy in enhancing schooling and reducing child labour. We find that education subsidy is always likely to increase child schooling and reduce child labour. But banning child labour will increase schooling if the adult wage exceeds the sum of schooling cost and subsistence consumption expenditure. Once the economy reaches the advanced stage, banning child labour is desirable to take the stable equilibrium to full schooling equilibrium, but before that, banning child labour is not desirable.

The aim of the article is to reveal the level of problematic smartphone use (PSU) among young people, with an additional aim being to diagnose the level of use of applications offering ready access to popular social networks (SNS—e.g. Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok, Pinterest). The text fills a gap related to the scale and mechanisms of PSUs. The research was conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2022, and is the first study of its kind in the country. A total of 1,024 young people participated in the study (age range 14–19 years; Female 627, Male 397). From the data collected, it was noted that: 1) Loss of control of the duration of smartphone use is the most common symptom of PSU; 2) Around 40% of respondents report having problems with self-control of duration of smartphone use; 3) 17.19% of the sample have high intensity of almost all diagnostic criteria of PSU; 4) About 1/3 of respondents declare no symptoms of PSU; 5) High intensity of PSU is more common in girls than in boys; 6) Instagram and TikTok are the most frequently used applications on smartphones; 7) More than half of the respondents use Instagram software constantly or almost constantly during the day, while less than 40% use TikTok-enabled software; 8) Girls are slightly more likely to use Instagram-enabled and TikTok-enabled software on smartphones; 9) Frequency of use of SNS software on smartphones is a poor predictor of PSU rates.

Practices to promote the right of children to participate in the classroom can benefit from picture books that encourage children to be involved in different settings that reflect the qualities of participation. This study aims to examine the effects of the processes planned regarding children’s right to participation with picture books on preschoolers’ perceptions of their right to participate in the classroom. The study employed a pretest–posttest design, a quasi-experimental research design with a control group. A random sampling method was employed to determine the study sample. The sample consisted of a total of 42 children (21 in the experimental group and 21 in the control group), attending classes of 5-year-olds in a public kindergarten affiliated with the Directorate of National Education in a province located in the Inner Aegean region of Turkey. A “Personal Information Form” and the “Participation Right Scale in Preschool Classes” developed by Koran (2017) and Şallı İdare (2018) were used as data collection tools. Twice a week during eight weeks, the researcher conducted activities with children in the experimental group, which were prepared with picture books and integrated with classroom activities. As the data obtained in the study show a normal distribution, a two-factor ANOVA test was performed with measurements repeated in one factor, and the the t test for the dependent groups and intergroup comparisons. After the experimental study, it was determined that the children in the experimental group started to participate more in classroom activities and decision-making processes, whereas there was no change in the involvement of the children in the control group. Based on this result, to promote preschoolers’ right to participate in the classroom, teachers should place more emphasis on processes that are designed to use quality children’s books and that the use of such books is integrated with classroom activities.

Young people´s perspectives on service quality in Therapeutic Residential Care (TRC) are commonly excluded or overshadowed by those of adults which has led to calls for better youth self-report indicators of quality healthcare. In response, we performed a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature to identify the most important quality indicators for young people by reviewing the literature on their beliefs and experiences regarding TRC and building on the four-pronged parsimonious framework (setting, staffing, treatment approach, and safety) proposed by Farmer et al., (2017). Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in March 2022. Of the 17, 815 records screened, 15 articles, composed of 15 samples were included. A total of five domains and 13 quality indicators were identified: 1) Setting; 2) Staffing (professional skills and access to specialist support [doctor/therapist]); 3) Treatment approach (effective transition and aftercare support, rest and time to think, life skills, behavioural improvement, access to education and farm animals as therapeutic aides); 4) Safety (staff actions and structure and stability), and 5) Milieu factor (trusting relationships, family involvement, and relationship continuity). These four domains provide a practical framework for better-oriented treatment. The additional domain identified as the milieu factor places the critical quality indicators of TRC (e.g., trusting relationships) from the perception of the youth themselves, at the centre of attention, and encourages services to assess the extent to which they have the milieu factor, so they can strategically adapt and be responsive to the needs of young people. Policy and service delivery implications are discussed.

Given the important limitations of direct (explicit) measures in psychological research with children, various scholars have focused on developing indirect (implicit) measures for different psychological constructs. However, children’s well-being has traditionally been assessed in an explicit and direct way. For this reason, the first goal of the present research was to develop a new instrument to assess children’s and adolescents’ well-being using the Implicit Association Test (WB-IAT-Y). The second aim was to examine the relation between direct and indirect well-being measures. In this study, 358 primary and secondary school students answered the WB-IAT-Y, the Psychological Well-being Scales, and the World Health Organization – Five Well-Being Index. Finally, an expert conducted a semi-structured interview with each participant, asking about satisfaction with life in the main domains for children (i.e., family life, friends, school, and overall life satisfaction). The WB-IAT-Y showed good internal consistency and adequate construct validity. Factorial analyses indicated that this measure acted as an indirect measure. As in previous research, the WB-IAT-Y correlated weakly with the two well-being direct measures, and it showed the strongest correlation with the semi-structured interview conducted by an expert. To conclude, the new WB-IAT-Y instrument is a useful measure to assess indirect well-being for youths. We suggest that it is important to evaluate children’s and adolescents’ well-being using both direct and indirect measures in order to assess conscious and unconscious processing of self-relevant information.

The aim of this study was to determine the likelihood of children including a child of a different ethnic origin in their games. In focusing on 359 children aged six, eight, and twelve, the research sought to understand how the children categorized their views on this subject and whether the decision to include or exclude would change at the behest of peers, teachers, or parents. The study was inspired by the work presented by Walker et al. (2019), and five questions related to this topic were used as data collection tools. As a result of the deductive and inductive analyses, it was determined that most of the children believed that those from different ethnic origins should be included in play time. When the reasons for including children in games were examined, the answers given were generally connected the category of "Moral Justifications". For the children more prone to excluding peers of a different ethnicity, responses tended to find themselves in the "Cultural stereotypes/Personal characteristics" sub-category.

The COVID-19 pandemic affected youth positively and negatively through regulations related to social distancing and remote learning. The current study aimed to understand youth’s positive and negative emotional experiences of COVID-19 and how emotions were associated with internalizing problems and social support from teachers and classmates. Seven hundred and fifteen students in fourth to twelfth grade from a suburban school district in the Northeast (53.4% female; 93.3% White) were asked to complete a survey from March to May 2021 assessing their emotional experiences, internalizing problems, and sense of social support during COVID-19. Data were analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistics and regression analyses, including moderation. Results indicated that students experienced more positive emotions (M = 7.47) than negative emotions (M = 6.99) during COVID-19, and females experienced more negative emotions compared to males and gender non-conforming students. Negative emotions were significantly and positively related to internalizing problems and positive emotions were significantly and negatively related to internalizing problems for females. Additionally, high teacher and classmate support moderated, or buffered, the relation between negative emotions and internalizing behaviors. Further research is needed to better understand the positive and negative emotional experiences of COVID-19 among racially and ethnically diverse youth.

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the developmental trajectories of the sense of community in South Korean children over time and explore potential variations in these changes among different cohort groups. For these purposes, we using latent growth curve modeling and performed multigroup analysis involving two separate cohorts (elementary 4th cohort, N = 2,092, female 47.4%, age 13–16; middle 1st cohort, N = 2,350, female 50.0%, age 13–16). The results showed that the recent generation demonstrated a stronger sense of community compared to the past generation. The differences between cohorts can be explained to several factors, such as South Korea's focus on public education, which promotes community unity, and the gradual diminishing of regional constraints associated with the notion of communities in the country. Gender, self-esteem, smartphone dependency, life satisfaction, parental affection and interference, income, social relationships, and various activities were found to be associated with the trajectory of sense of community changes. Based on these results, we discussed the implications.

Abstract

This study investigates school dropout, particularly the shift to open high schools in Türkiye during the pandemic, through a multi-stakeholder lens. Using grounded theory, data was collected via semi-structured interviews with 12 students, 15 teachers, and 20 school administrators. Results reveal a model linking themes: predictive reasons for transferring to open high school, both pandemic-related and unrelated, positive/negative consequences of the transition, pandemic’s impact on formal education continuity, essential open high school skills, and strategies to reduce such preferences. Findings highlight the sway of exam-focused education on open high school interest, regardless of COVID-19, and emphasize the need for equitable education amidst Türkiye’s pandemic challenges. Theoretical implications may infer the necessity of approaching school dropout as a multilayered dynamic issue within the cultural context. The implications also may convey the significance of policies and systems not only to reduce the rates of school dropout but also critically unpack underlying reasons to make improvements.

The aim of this study is to explore changes in subjective well-being (life satisfaction and positive affect), as well as psychological well-being among Romanian adolescents over a 4-year period using data from the Children’s Worlds project (Waves 2 and 3). Participants were 12-year-olds (N = 1,504 in 2015; N = 1,145 in 2019). The findings indicated a decline in positive affect and psychological prosperity with the passage of time, while life satisfaction remained constant. To investigate factors influencing the decline, we examined the relationships between well-being and the amount of time adolescents spent in their free time (leisure and duties), as well as their satisfaction with their free time. Leisure activities predicted both well-being measures over time. Duties predicted subjective well-being at both waves but only predicted psychological well-being in Wave 3. Satisfaction with free time predicted both well-being approaches only in Wave 3. The findings suggest that factors related to free time do not contribute to declines in well-being, as they show positive associations with subjective and psychological well-being. The declines likely stem from other unexplored variables, underscoring the need for additional research on contributors to the well-being of Romanian adolescents, particularly following disruptions like the COVID-19 pandemic.