Pub Date : 2023-10-06DOI: 10.30684/etj.2023.139421.1428
Zainab Abbas, Maan Hassan, Iqbal Gorgis
Formwork systems are required for almost all cast-in-place concrete construction. However, some forms cost too much, often exceeding 30% of the entire cost of the concrete construction. Thus, the stay-in-place (SIP) formwork, a premanufactured permanent constructional member that holds fresh concrete to the intended sizes and stays in the site to afford loads over the construction lifecycle, could be an auspicious alternative to the classic formwork procedure. Several types of stay-in-place (SIP) formworks for columns have been reviewed, like PVC tubes, CFRP, steel tubes, and the composite of two or more types of stay-in-place (SIP) formwork used together. Moreover, some types of concrete and mortar used as stay-in-place (SIP) formwork have been reviewed. The mechanical, restrain, and deformability characteristics of several types of stay-in-place (SIP) formwork system for concrete columns is discussed. Further, the effect of change in the thickness of several kinds of stay-in-place formworks is highlighted. The impact of the change in the strength level of the core of concrete-filled stay-in-place formworks on the confinement efficiency of stay-in-place formwork is also investigated. Finally, the recommendations for futurity researchers in this area are introduced.
{"title":"Stay in Place Formwork, Encased Reinforced Concrete Column: A Review","authors":"Zainab Abbas, Maan Hassan, Iqbal Gorgis","doi":"10.30684/etj.2023.139421.1428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.139421.1428","url":null,"abstract":"Formwork systems are required for almost all cast-in-place concrete construction. However, some forms cost too much, often exceeding 30% of the entire cost of the concrete construction. Thus, the stay-in-place (SIP) formwork, a premanufactured permanent constructional member that holds fresh concrete to the intended sizes and stays in the site to afford loads over the construction lifecycle, could be an auspicious alternative to the classic formwork procedure. Several types of stay-in-place (SIP) formworks for columns have been reviewed, like PVC tubes, CFRP, steel tubes, and the composite of two or more types of stay-in-place (SIP) formwork used together. Moreover, some types of concrete and mortar used as stay-in-place (SIP) formwork have been reviewed. The mechanical, restrain, and deformability characteristics of several types of stay-in-place (SIP) formwork system for concrete columns is discussed. Further, the effect of change in the thickness of several kinds of stay-in-place formworks is highlighted. The impact of the change in the strength level of the core of concrete-filled stay-in-place formworks on the confinement efficiency of stay-in-place formwork is also investigated. Finally, the recommendations for futurity researchers in this area are introduced.","PeriodicalId":476841,"journal":{"name":"Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135351514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-05DOI: 10.30684/etj.2023.141757.1512
Hamzah Jaffar, Laith Al-Sadawi, Abdulkareem Khudair, Till Biedermann
The present study utilizes the commercial software ANSYS-Fluent to explore the influence of the geometry of thick S- S-series airfoil on the near-wake region. Four different S-series airfoils, namely S809, S811, S814, and S818, were investigated at a wide range of angles of attack, which were varied from 0 degrees to 20 degrees with an increment of 2 degrees and at a Reynolds number based on chord length Re = 1x106. Analysis of the resultant data revealed that the aerodynamic performance of the S811 and S818 airfoils superseded that of the S809 and S814 airfoils. To illustrate, at the critical angle of attack, S811 and S818 were observed to possess the maximum lift and minimum drag coefficients. Furthermore, in the range of attack angles between 10 and 16 degrees, these airfoils consistently demonstrated lower drag than the others tested, enhancing overall aerodynamic performance. These findings underscore the significant role played by airfoil geometry in influencing aerodynamic performance and provide insights into optimal design parameters for wind turbine blades, particularly highlighting the advantages of the S811 and S818 airfoil shapes. In addition, the effect of the unsteady structures in the near-wake zone behind the trailing was also evaluated through turbulence kinetic energy contours. The results revealed a decrease in turbulence kinetic energy when the S811 and S818 airfoils were placed in a cross-flow compared to the S809 and S814 airfoils. This indicates that the strength of the vortex shedding of these airfoils is lower than that of the S809 and S8014 airfoils.
{"title":"Aerodynamic Characteristics Evaluation of S-Series Airfoils","authors":"Hamzah Jaffar, Laith Al-Sadawi, Abdulkareem Khudair, Till Biedermann","doi":"10.30684/etj.2023.141757.1512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.141757.1512","url":null,"abstract":"The present study utilizes the commercial software ANSYS-Fluent to explore the influence of the geometry of thick S- S-series airfoil on the near-wake region. Four different S-series airfoils, namely S809, S811, S814, and S818, were investigated at a wide range of angles of attack, which were varied from 0 degrees to 20 degrees with an increment of 2 degrees and at a Reynolds number based on chord length Re = 1x106. Analysis of the resultant data revealed that the aerodynamic performance of the S811 and S818 airfoils superseded that of the S809 and S814 airfoils. To illustrate, at the critical angle of attack, S811 and S818 were observed to possess the maximum lift and minimum drag coefficients. Furthermore, in the range of attack angles between 10 and 16 degrees, these airfoils consistently demonstrated lower drag than the others tested, enhancing overall aerodynamic performance. These findings underscore the significant role played by airfoil geometry in influencing aerodynamic performance and provide insights into optimal design parameters for wind turbine blades, particularly highlighting the advantages of the S811 and S818 airfoil shapes. In addition, the effect of the unsteady structures in the near-wake zone behind the trailing was also evaluated through turbulence kinetic energy contours. The results revealed a decrease in turbulence kinetic energy when the S811 and S818 airfoils were placed in a cross-flow compared to the S809 and S814 airfoils. This indicates that the strength of the vortex shedding of these airfoils is lower than that of the S809 and S8014 airfoils.","PeriodicalId":476841,"journal":{"name":"Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134976194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solid polymeric electrolytes have become crucial today due to their stability and high conductivity. Recently, lithium ion-doped polymeric electrolytes have gained intense attention for their superior ability to create highly conductive electrolytes for batteries and energy storage. This innovative electrolyte type has displaced many traditional systems due to their flammability and bulkiness. Traditional liquid organic electrolytes pose risks due to their flammable and unstable nature. Solid-state composite electrolytes offer both mechanical stability and electrical conductivity by using solid polymeric matrices like polyethylene oxide and polyurethane reinforced with inert fillers like alumina and titanium dioxide. Polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based materials show promise as polymer hosts for high-energy-density lithium batteries due to their safety, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with lithium salt. However, the linear PEO's insufficient ionic conductivity, stemming from high crystallinity in ethylene oxide chains, limits production at low temperatures. This review delves into lithium salt effects, matrix types, plasticizer and filler impact, and composite electrolyte mechanisms.
{"title":"Review on the Physicl Properties of Polyethylene Oxide","authors":"Fahad Kamal, Nahida Hameed, Evan Salim, Subash Gopinath","doi":"10.30684/etj.2023.139937.1447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.139937.1447","url":null,"abstract":"Solid polymeric electrolytes have become crucial today due to their stability and high conductivity. Recently, lithium ion-doped polymeric electrolytes have gained intense attention for their superior ability to create highly conductive electrolytes for batteries and energy storage. This innovative electrolyte type has displaced many traditional systems due to their flammability and bulkiness. Traditional liquid organic electrolytes pose risks due to their flammable and unstable nature. Solid-state composite electrolytes offer both mechanical stability and electrical conductivity by using solid polymeric matrices like polyethylene oxide and polyurethane reinforced with inert fillers like alumina and titanium dioxide. Polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based materials show promise as polymer hosts for high-energy-density lithium batteries due to their safety, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with lithium salt. However, the linear PEO's insufficient ionic conductivity, stemming from high crystallinity in ethylene oxide chains, limits production at low temperatures. This review delves into lithium salt effects, matrix types, plasticizer and filler impact, and composite electrolyte mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":476841,"journal":{"name":"Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135408361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.30684/etj.2023.143301.1577
Ghaed Salman
Using the sol-gel technique, this study successfully synthesized two types of nanoparticles, ZnO and TiO2. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum exhibited a broad peak, providing insights into crucial chemical bonds. The average grain sizes, 18.6 nm for ZnO and 12.6 nm for TiO2 were determined through X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the (ZnO & TiO2) powder revealed the presence of pores and agglomeration. The antimicrobial efficacy of these nanoparticles was evaluated against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Proteus) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staph. aureus). The results demonstrated the capability of both ZnO and TiO2 to impact bacterial survival rates, with ZnO nanoparticles exhibiting a superior effect compared to TiO2 nanoparticles. This research contributes valuable insights into the antimicrobial properties of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles, emphasizing their potential applications in combating bacterial infections.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Antibacterial Activity of ZnO and TiO2 Nanoparticles Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria","authors":"Ghaed Salman","doi":"10.30684/etj.2023.143301.1577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.143301.1577","url":null,"abstract":"Using the sol-gel technique, this study successfully synthesized two types of nanoparticles, ZnO and TiO2. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum exhibited a broad peak, providing insights into crucial chemical bonds. The average grain sizes, 18.6 nm for ZnO and 12.6 nm for TiO2 were determined through X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the (ZnO & TiO2) powder revealed the presence of pores and agglomeration. The antimicrobial efficacy of these nanoparticles was evaluated against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Proteus) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staph. aureus). The results demonstrated the capability of both ZnO and TiO2 to impact bacterial survival rates, with ZnO nanoparticles exhibiting a superior effect compared to TiO2 nanoparticles. This research contributes valuable insights into the antimicrobial properties of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles, emphasizing their potential applications in combating bacterial infections.","PeriodicalId":476841,"journal":{"name":"Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136128253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.30684/etj.2023.139354.1427
Mazin Alhifadhi, Tareq Al-Attar, Qais Hasan
Global warming on planet Earth results from the high emission of greenhouse gases, especially CO2. The Portland cement industry releases high amounts of CO2 and is responsible for about 5-8% of total emissions. Efforts have been made to look for alternative cementless binders to mitigate the impact on the environment. Geopolymers are one of the highlighted alternatives and can be obtained from the reaction of any aluminosilicate material with an alkaline solution. Aluminosilicate materials are found in byproduct materials such as fly ash. Geopolymer concrete is a promising environmentally friendly option. However, previous conventional mix proportioning methods for fly ash-based Geopolymer concrete have been limited. Most of these methods focused on a single weight ratio of SiO2/Na2O, which was 2. However, the sodium silicate solution is produced industrially with various concentrations depending on the weight ratio of SiO2/Na2O. Adding sodium hydroxide to the sodium silicate solution increases the alkalinity of the resulting activation liquid. This work proposes a new mix proportioning procedure named the "Ratio of the Resulting Sodium Silicate Method for Geopolymer Binder." The method has been successfully verified to achieve the desired compressive strength on the 7th and 28th days. We also tested different control specimens from previous studies using this new proposal to study the effect of different parameters on compressive strength predictions.
{"title":"A Proposed New Mix Proportioning Method for Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete","authors":"Mazin Alhifadhi, Tareq Al-Attar, Qais Hasan","doi":"10.30684/etj.2023.139354.1427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.139354.1427","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming on planet Earth results from the high emission of greenhouse gases, especially CO2. The Portland cement industry releases high amounts of CO2 and is responsible for about 5-8% of total emissions. Efforts have been made to look for alternative cementless binders to mitigate the impact on the environment. Geopolymers are one of the highlighted alternatives and can be obtained from the reaction of any aluminosilicate material with an alkaline solution. Aluminosilicate materials are found in byproduct materials such as fly ash. Geopolymer concrete is a promising environmentally friendly option. However, previous conventional mix proportioning methods for fly ash-based Geopolymer concrete have been limited. Most of these methods focused on a single weight ratio of SiO2/Na2O, which was 2. However, the sodium silicate solution is produced industrially with various concentrations depending on the weight ratio of SiO2/Na2O. Adding sodium hydroxide to the sodium silicate solution increases the alkalinity of the resulting activation liquid. This work proposes a new mix proportioning procedure named the \"Ratio of the Resulting Sodium Silicate Method for Geopolymer Binder.\" The method has been successfully verified to achieve the desired compressive strength on the 7th and 28th days. We also tested different control specimens from previous studies using this new proposal to study the effect of different parameters on compressive strength predictions.","PeriodicalId":476841,"journal":{"name":"Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136308091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.30684/etj.2023.140271.1458
Rafid Motloq, Wasan Khalil, Eethar Dawood
The cumulative quantities of non-biodegradable solid tire waste, which are byproducts of transport vehicles, contribute to environmental pollution.. This study seeks to address this issue by investigating the impact of using this waste as a replacement for natural coarse and fine aggregate in varying ratios (10%, 15%, and 20% as coarse aggregate, and 5%, 10%, and 15% as fine aggregate by volume) to create sustainable concrete. All mixtures incorporate 10% silica fume (SF) as a cement replacement by weight. Results reveal decreased workability, fresh density, compressive, and splitting tensile strength with increasing rubber replacement proportions. However, utilizing tire rubber aggregate leads to the production of structural lightweight concrete (LWC), with advantages such as reduced oven dry density. Notably, a 20% replacement of coarse rubber waste and 15% replacement of fine rubber waste yield compressive strengths of 48.80 MPa and an oven-dry density of 1952.5 kg/m3, respectively, classifying these concrete mixes as structural lightweight concrete.
{"title":"Some Properties of Sustainable Concrete with Rubber Waste Aggregate","authors":"Rafid Motloq, Wasan Khalil, Eethar Dawood","doi":"10.30684/etj.2023.140271.1458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.140271.1458","url":null,"abstract":"The cumulative quantities of non-biodegradable solid tire waste, which are byproducts of transport vehicles, contribute to environmental pollution.. This study seeks to address this issue by investigating the impact of using this waste as a replacement for natural coarse and fine aggregate in varying ratios (10%, 15%, and 20% as coarse aggregate, and 5%, 10%, and 15% as fine aggregate by volume) to create sustainable concrete. All mixtures incorporate 10% silica fume (SF) as a cement replacement by weight. Results reveal decreased workability, fresh density, compressive, and splitting tensile strength with increasing rubber replacement proportions. However, utilizing tire rubber aggregate leads to the production of structural lightweight concrete (LWC), with advantages such as reduced oven dry density. Notably, a 20% replacement of coarse rubber waste and 15% replacement of fine rubber waste yield compressive strengths of 48.80 MPa and an oven-dry density of 1952.5 kg/m3, respectively, classifying these concrete mixes as structural lightweight concrete.","PeriodicalId":476841,"journal":{"name":"Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135059830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.30684/etj.2023.141104.1482
Adil Jaber, Adnan Mohammed, Karem Younis
An effort has been made to improve the formability of (1006) AISI steel alloy sheets in deep drawing of square-shaped parts with flat bases through hydroforming. To achieve this goal, the manufacturing process involved the use of a newly developed experimental setup for sheet hydroforming with a die, which was created by the researchers. The key design features of this setup aimed for simplicity and modularity, allowing for potential utilization with oil pressures of up to 100 MPa. The obtained results were compared with those of conventional deep drawing. Both processes were examined under specific conditions to form identical cups up to the full depth of the provided die. Indicators of formability considered for comparison included the minimum possible corner radius, the maximum achievable depth without failure, and the maximum percentage of thinning at the corners. This study demonstrates that hydroforming can enhance the formability of low-carbon steel alloy sheets by improving the flow of metal into the die cavity and reducing thinning at critical regions, when compared to conventional deep drawing processes. In conventional deep drawing, only 70% of the full depth could be achieved before failure due to high local deformations resulting in significantly higher thinning at the corners.
{"title":"Improvement of Formability of AISI 1006 Sheets by Hydroforming with Die in Square Deep Drawing","authors":"Adil Jaber, Adnan Mohammed, Karem Younis","doi":"10.30684/etj.2023.141104.1482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.141104.1482","url":null,"abstract":"An effort has been made to improve the formability of (1006) AISI steel alloy sheets in deep drawing of square-shaped parts with flat bases through hydroforming. To achieve this goal, the manufacturing process involved the use of a newly developed experimental setup for sheet hydroforming with a die, which was created by the researchers. The key design features of this setup aimed for simplicity and modularity, allowing for potential utilization with oil pressures of up to 100 MPa. The obtained results were compared with those of conventional deep drawing. Both processes were examined under specific conditions to form identical cups up to the full depth of the provided die. Indicators of formability considered for comparison included the minimum possible corner radius, the maximum achievable depth without failure, and the maximum percentage of thinning at the corners. This study demonstrates that hydroforming can enhance the formability of low-carbon steel alloy sheets by improving the flow of metal into the die cavity and reducing thinning at critical regions, when compared to conventional deep drawing processes. In conventional deep drawing, only 70% of the full depth could be achieved before failure due to high local deformations resulting in significantly higher thinning at the corners.","PeriodicalId":476841,"journal":{"name":"Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā","volume":"242 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135396366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.30684/etj.2023.141437.1496
Wassan Hussain, Jawad Oleiwi, Qahtan Hamad
In this study, two different types of polymers—Polyamide (PA) type (6) and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) type (K30), each added separately with a different weight fraction (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%) to Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) heat-cured resin as blend matrix—have been blended with heat-cured PMMA resin to develop the PMMA resin properties used for prosthesis complete denture. Sisal and coconut powder, two natural powders, were added separately to the polymer blend matrices with varying weight fractions (2%, 4%, 6%) to create composite specimens. Testing for density, water absorption, thermal conductivity, FTIR, and DSC were included in this study. The results show that adding reinforcing powders and polymer blends increases density, water absorption, and thermal conductivity, except PA powder, which lowers density values. The ultimate thermal conductivity and the most negligible density value were (0.289 W/m. k and 1.182 gm/cm3), respectively, for (PMMA-6% PA). The highest water absorption value was (1.007%)for (PMMA-2% PA-6% coconut). According to FTIR and DSC tests, the miscibility between blend constituents is good, and no additional materials are formed in specimens. These findings lead to the conclusion that one of the promising composite materials that can be used for improving some physical properties of a denture base, and they are, is composed of a blended matrix and natural materials reinforcement. The materials which are used in this search are an introduction to future research in the applications of dental and other applications.
{"title":"Study of Physical Properties of Biocomposite Based on the Polymer Blends Used for Denture Base Applications","authors":"Wassan Hussain, Jawad Oleiwi, Qahtan Hamad","doi":"10.30684/etj.2023.141437.1496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.141437.1496","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, two different types of polymers—Polyamide (PA) type (6) and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) type (K30), each added separately with a different weight fraction (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%) to Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) heat-cured resin as blend matrix—have been blended with heat-cured PMMA resin to develop the PMMA resin properties used for prosthesis complete denture. Sisal and coconut powder, two natural powders, were added separately to the polymer blend matrices with varying weight fractions (2%, 4%, 6%) to create composite specimens. Testing for density, water absorption, thermal conductivity, FTIR, and DSC were included in this study. The results show that adding reinforcing powders and polymer blends increases density, water absorption, and thermal conductivity, except PA powder, which lowers density values. The ultimate thermal conductivity and the most negligible density value were (0.289 W/m. k and 1.182 gm/cm3), respectively, for (PMMA-6% PA). The highest water absorption value was (1.007%)for (PMMA-2% PA-6% coconut). According to FTIR and DSC tests, the miscibility between blend constituents is good, and no additional materials are formed in specimens. These findings lead to the conclusion that one of the promising composite materials that can be used for improving some physical properties of a denture base, and they are, is composed of a blended matrix and natural materials reinforcement. The materials which are used in this search are an introduction to future research in the applications of dental and other applications.","PeriodicalId":476841,"journal":{"name":"Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135981560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.30684/etj.2023.141766.1513
Huda Abdul-Kader, Zaidoon Shakor, Bashir Al-Zaidi, Shurooq Al-Humairi, Musa Salihu
Y-zeolite catalyst, with a Si/Al ratio of 2.23 and a high surface area of 703.34 m2/gcat, was prepared with three different particle sizes: 75, 600, and 1000 μm, from commercial Ludox AS-40 colloidal silica 40 wt.% suspension in water using the hydrothermal method. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses were all utilized to analyze the properties of the synthesized Y-zeolite catalyst. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was transesterified to biodiesel in a batch reactor under different temperatures (e.g., 40, 50, and 60 °C) for 3 hours, and the activity of the catalyst was evaluated before and after being loaded with potassium oxide (K2O) molecules using the impregnation method. It is observed that the biodiesel conversion and yield, in the presence of a non-KOH-loaded catalyst, rose with increasing temperature and/or reaction time. However, increasing the reaction time beyond 2 hours in the presence of the catalyst loaded with 10% KOH decreased biodiesel conversion and yield. It has also been found that using catalysts with smaller particle sizes (e.g.,75 μm) is more favorable for enhancing the conversion of the catalytic process due to the acceleration of the reaction rate. A maximum biodiesel yield and conversion of 84.44% and 80%, respectively, were obtained. Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), the composition and physical characteristics of the produced biodiesel were compared with those of standard fuels and the comparison results were particularly satisfactory. The spent Y catalyst loaded with KOH was recovered, reactivated, and reused in subsequent reactions. It exhibited outstanding catalytic activity, which is a testament to its cost advantage since it could significantly reduce the need for large quantities of costly homogeneous catalysts that are difficult to separate from the reaction products.
{"title":"Production of High-Efficiency Alternative Biodiesel from Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using an In-house Made Y-Type Zeolite Catalyst","authors":"Huda Abdul-Kader, Zaidoon Shakor, Bashir Al-Zaidi, Shurooq Al-Humairi, Musa Salihu","doi":"10.30684/etj.2023.141766.1513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.141766.1513","url":null,"abstract":"Y-zeolite catalyst, with a Si/Al ratio of 2.23 and a high surface area of 703.34 m2/gcat, was prepared with three different particle sizes: 75, 600, and 1000 μm, from commercial Ludox AS-40 colloidal silica 40 wt.% suspension in water using the hydrothermal method. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses were all utilized to analyze the properties of the synthesized Y-zeolite catalyst. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was transesterified to biodiesel in a batch reactor under different temperatures (e.g., 40, 50, and 60 °C) for 3 hours, and the activity of the catalyst was evaluated before and after being loaded with potassium oxide (K2O) molecules using the impregnation method. It is observed that the biodiesel conversion and yield, in the presence of a non-KOH-loaded catalyst, rose with increasing temperature and/or reaction time. However, increasing the reaction time beyond 2 hours in the presence of the catalyst loaded with 10% KOH decreased biodiesel conversion and yield. It has also been found that using catalysts with smaller particle sizes (e.g.,75 μm) is more favorable for enhancing the conversion of the catalytic process due to the acceleration of the reaction rate. A maximum biodiesel yield and conversion of 84.44% and 80%, respectively, were obtained. Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), the composition and physical characteristics of the produced biodiesel were compared with those of standard fuels and the comparison results were particularly satisfactory. The spent Y catalyst loaded with KOH was recovered, reactivated, and reused in subsequent reactions. It exhibited outstanding catalytic activity, which is a testament to its cost advantage since it could significantly reduce the need for large quantities of costly homogeneous catalysts that are difficult to separate from the reaction products.","PeriodicalId":476841,"journal":{"name":"Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135299885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.30684/etj.2023.140024.1451
Fadhil Faraj, Jamal Ali, Sarmad Najim
In various chemical industrial applications such as hydrocracking, drying, and Fischer-Tropsch, the utilization of fluidized bed systems is prevalent. Efficient heat transfer is crucial for maintaining stable temperatures and ensuring product quality in industrial processes. Gas-solid fluidized beds, which involve gas circulation through a bed of solid particles, offer a means to achieve efficient heat exchange. However, factors such as particle size, gas velocity, and heating methods can influence the effectiveness of these systems. To investigate the impact of internal heating on heat transfer in gas-solid fluidized beds, an experimental study was conducted using glass beads of 200 and 600 μm. A Perspex fluidization column with an inner diameter of 10 cm and a total height of 2 m was packed with these beads. The experiments were performed under superficial gas velocities ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 m/s. Highly responsive sensors were employed to measure temperatures and calculate the heat transfer coefficient. Additionally, the position of the heating element and local heat transfer coefficients at different gas velocities were examined. The experimental results were compared to a mathematical model developed to simulate laboratory findings. The total heat transfer coefficient was evaluated in a gas-solid fluidized bed at different bed temperatures. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the experimental results and the model to validate the practical application, while the practical results were also compared with previous studies.
{"title":"Heat Transfer Coefficients in Air-Solid Fluidized Bed Using Vertical Heating Element","authors":"Fadhil Faraj, Jamal Ali, Sarmad Najim","doi":"10.30684/etj.2023.140024.1451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.140024.1451","url":null,"abstract":"In various chemical industrial applications such as hydrocracking, drying, and Fischer-Tropsch, the utilization of fluidized bed systems is prevalent. Efficient heat transfer is crucial for maintaining stable temperatures and ensuring product quality in industrial processes. Gas-solid fluidized beds, which involve gas circulation through a bed of solid particles, offer a means to achieve efficient heat exchange. However, factors such as particle size, gas velocity, and heating methods can influence the effectiveness of these systems. To investigate the impact of internal heating on heat transfer in gas-solid fluidized beds, an experimental study was conducted using glass beads of 200 and 600 μm. A Perspex fluidization column with an inner diameter of 10 cm and a total height of 2 m was packed with these beads. The experiments were performed under superficial gas velocities ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 m/s. Highly responsive sensors were employed to measure temperatures and calculate the heat transfer coefficient. Additionally, the position of the heating element and local heat transfer coefficients at different gas velocities were examined. The experimental results were compared to a mathematical model developed to simulate laboratory findings. The total heat transfer coefficient was evaluated in a gas-solid fluidized bed at different bed temperatures. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the experimental results and the model to validate the practical application, while the practical results were also compared with previous studies.","PeriodicalId":476841,"journal":{"name":"Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134993667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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