Human Nature-An Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective最新文献

Same-sex sexual orientation negatively impacts direct reproductive output, but paradoxically, it is persistently expressed across cultures and genetic variation plays a significant role in its development. Existing research has mostly focused on Euro-American cisgender monosexual same-sex attracted males, while comparative evidence pertaining to non-Euro-American cultures, transgender individuals, ambisexuals, and females is more limited. Data from 1534 Iranian monosexual and ambisexual males and females, who varied in their gender identities/expressions, were presented in this study. Participants reported the numbers of their biological children and occurrence of same-sex attraction in eight kinship categories: brothers, sisters, nieces, nephews, maternal and paternal male kin, and maternal and paternal female kin. Cisgender androphilic males were more likely to report that a maternal and paternal male relative was same-sex attracted compared to cisgender gynephilic males. Compared to cisgender androphilic females, cisgender ambiphilic and gynephilic females were more likely to report having a same-sex attracted female relative on the maternal side of their family. Also, cisgender ambiphilic females reported having more same-sex attracted sisters. No significant finding for other kinship categories and other groups was found. Ambiphilic and androphilic males, cisgender and transgender, reported fewer offspring compared to cisgender gynephilic males. In females, only transgender gynephilic females had fewer offspring compared to cisgender androphilic females. This study conducted in Iran, a Middle Eastern country, provided empirical evidence for familial clustering of same-sex sexual attraction and reduced reproductive output in same-sex attracted males and females with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities/expressions.

Navigating status hierarchies depends on the coordination of traits, abilities, tactics, and strategies. Various components of the nomological net of hierarchy navigation have been examined in relative isolation, with mixed findings. In the current study (N = 1,042), we examined interconnections between key aspects of hierarchy navigation psychology using network analytic methods. We found evidence of functional coordination between aspects of embodied capital, tactics, and strategies. We also found sex differences in specific links between components of hierarchy navigation that follow theoretical expectations. Finally, we found robust interconnections between broad personality traits and hierarchy navigation tactics, replicating previous research. These findings help refine the nomological network of hierarchy navigation and provide a foundation for future research to investigate whether and how its structure changes across cultures and contexts.

Human leadership and followership take many forms, shaped by the social, economic, political, and cultural contexts of our groups and societies. Underlying this complexity, we argue, are key elements of human social psychology regarding social comparison and the resolution of coordination and collective action problems. The Multi-Capital Leadership (MCL) theory posits that leader emergence and effectiveness depend on perceptions of individuals' abilities to provide benefits or impose costs in solving challenges of group living, through the deployment of different forms of capital: material, social, somatic (e.g., physical formidability, height, immune functionality), and neural (e.g., knowledge, intelligence, personality, supernatural abilities). We integrate this framework with a review of leadership across human societies, including in non-state and non-industrial contexts, and with novel comparative analyses of ethnographic data. This synthesis highlights how context-specific demands for coordination and collective action, and the accuracy of social comparison, shape the structure and dynamics of leadership and followership across cultures.

Height preferences when choosing a partner might reflect adaptive mating strategies, whereby tall men are deemed attractive to potential partners due to links with health and resource acquisition. However, height preferences are highly variable across populations and could reflect socially constructed gender norms. We examined the relationship between ideal partner height, the importance placed on partner height and endorsement of traditional gender norms. Participants (n = 242; 18-39yrs; UK-based, heterosexual) completed (i) five height-related questions (including own height, ideal partner height, maximum/minimum acceptable height), (ii) three gender norm questionnaires (sexist attitudes, feminist attitudes and alignment with masculine/feminine gender roles), and (iii) two open-ended questions about why height is important. Although ideal height ratio did not correlate with any gender role endorsement measures in either women or men, women who placed greater importance on height scored higher on sexism, lower on feminism and were less likely to find a short partner acceptable than women who placed less importance on partner height. Men who placed greater importance on height, and men who described themselves as more traditionally masculine, were less willing to accept a tall partner than men who scored lower on these measures. Women who rated height as important wanted to feel 'feminine/protected', whereas men wanted to feel 'masculine/dominant'. In this study, the 'male-taller' preference was exhibited, with women's preferences for tall partners being stronger than men's preferences for short partners. Height preferences were related to gender norm endorsement, suggesting that gene-culture co-evolutionary processes could potentially influence human height dimorphism.

Highly educated individuals have their first child at later ages compared to less-educated individuals, and parental investment is associated with the childbearing of adult children. However, no studies have explored the association between maternal and paternal investment and the timing of parenthood for adult daughters and sons, and whether this association varies by education level. Based on the parenthood penalty and life-history theory, it is hypothesized that parental investment decreases the age at first birth of highly educated adult children and increases the age at first birth of less educated and those currently enrolled in education, particularly between mothers and adult daughters. Event-history analyses were conducted on 4,111 participants and 894 first births from 13 waves of the longitudinal and population-based German Family Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics Study (Pairfam). Results show that contact with mothers was associated with earlier parenthood in less-educated adult children and later parenthood in highly educated adult children. However, contact with fathers was associated with later parenthood in currently enrolled adult children and earlier parenthood in highly educated adult sons. Europe's fertility decline is largely due to delayed age at first birth and parental investment in adult children can contribute to and counteract this trend.

Previous research indicates that having children can negatively affect relationship satisfaction, yet it may also strengthen bonding between partners. Romantic love is hypothesized to serve as a commitment device contributing to marital satisfaction. Interestingly, the relationship between romantic love and the number of children is complex and has received limited empirical attention, especially in diverse cultural contexts. However, some evidence from traditional societies suggests a positive correlation. Guided by Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, we examined the relationship between the number of children and romantic love and its three components (passion, intimacy, commitment) across 25 populations. Based on prior research, we hypothesized that the number of children would be positively associated with passion and commitment but negatively associated with intimacy. Our global sample included 3,187 married or engaged individuals (55.9% women), aged 18-99 years (M = 38.69, SD = 10.55), from 25 countries. Contrary to our predictions, having children, but not the number of children, was negatively related to overall romantic love, intimacy, and passion, but unrelated to commitment. These findings suggest that parenthood may be linked to reduced romantic love, particularly in terms of intimacy and passion, across diverse cultural settings. This pattern may reflect challenges commonly associated with the transition to parenthood, including increased stress, fatigue, financial strain, and work-life conflict, which can diminish partners' sense of closeness and attraction. Overall, the results underscore the importance of supporting couples' romantic relationships during the parenting stage to help sustain emotional and physical connection under the demands of family life.

The evolution of menopause, grandmothering and long lifespan represent key events in the evolution of human life history. Demographic studies have amply demonstated inclusive fitness benefits from grandmaternal care, but the hormonal bases of such care, and how it evolved in relation to other reproductive and demographic traits, have yet to be addressed in detail. We propose and evaluate a novel hypothesis for the coevolution and adaptive covariation of life history, physiology, and behavior among women in this context. The hypothesis centers on relatively low testosterone, which promotes: (1) earlier, higher fertility and fecundity, (2) earlier cessation of ovarian activity (leading to earlier grandmothering), and (3) enhanced alloparental care. The hypothesis can help to explain among-female variation in grandmaternal care, and potential trajectories for the concerted evolution of grandmothering, prolonged human lifespan, and associated life history traits. A suite of convergent evidence supports the hypothesis, and it makes new predictions that are straightforward to test.

Bride kidnapping, where Women are abducted for marriage, persists in Kyrgyzstan despite being illegal. Although it is estimated that up to one-third of marriages in Kyrgyzstan result from abduction, the true prevalence of this practice is unknown. Estimates are based on self-reporting of a practice that has become illegal. Here we examine whether there are sex and intergenerational differences in this reporting, that reflect a changing legal and social environment that might influence the self-reporting of bride kidnapping marriage. Using data from 468 participants in two Kyrgyz villages collected through 2023, this study examines self-reporting discrepancies in kidnap marriages among married couples. Significant differences were found in how husbands and wives report their marriages: husbands often describe the marriages as consensual, while wives see them as non-consensual. These discrepancies show a convergence over time, with couples married more recently agreeing on the marriage type. Furthermore, fathers often reported their son's marriages as consensual, while the sons themselves reported them as non-consensual, highlighting a generational divide. Our findings suggest a normative transformation driven by cohort replacement, where evolving attitudes toward consent erode the cultural mechanisms sustaining bride kidnapping. This offers insight into the evolutionary dynamics of such gender-biased harmful practices, highlighting how legal reforms and societal pressures reshape perceptions over time.