North American Journal of Economics and Finance最新文献

英文中文

Financing the firm or fueling risk? how share-pledged loans for corporate use shape corporate performance

IF 3.8 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE

North American Journal of Economics and Finance

Pub Date : 2025-03-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2025.102421

Yuanling Li , Zhongyi Xiao , Fei Shen , Hanbing Zou , Weiping Li

This paper investigates the effects of controlling shareholders’ share pledges on the performance of Chinese publicly listed companies between 2009 and 2022. Utilizing a triple difference-in-difference approach, we explore how the act of controlling shareholders pledging their shares and reinvesting the proceeds into the firm impacts both short-term accounting outcomes and long-term firm value. Our findings show that while such pledges tend to enhance short-term accounting performance, as measured by return on equity (ROE), they correlate with a reduction in the firm’s long-term value, as reflected by TobinQ. This trend persists even when alternative proxies for ROE and TobinQ are used, and remains robust across different sample sets and when employing propensity score matching. Furthermore, we observe that these effects are more pronounced in firms where controlling shareholders exhibit a significant gap between cash flow rights and voting rights, or where tunneling activities are prevalent, or corporates with lower analysts following. Our study contributes to the literature on share pledging and reinforces the agency theory framework regarding the actions of controlling shareholders.

{"title":"Financing the firm or fueling risk? how share-pledged loans for corporate use shape corporate performance","authors":"Yuanling Li , Zhongyi Xiao , Fei Shen , Hanbing Zou , Weiping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.najef.2025.102421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.najef.2025.102421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the effects of controlling shareholders’ share pledges on the performance of Chinese publicly listed companies between 2009 and 2022. Utilizing a triple difference-in-difference approach, we explore how the act of controlling shareholders pledging their shares and reinvesting the proceeds into the firm impacts both short-term accounting outcomes and long-term firm value. Our findings show that while such pledges tend to enhance short-term accounting performance, as measured by return on equity (<em>ROE</em>), they correlate with a reduction in the firm’s long-term value, as reflected by <em>TobinQ</em>. This trend persists even when alternative proxies for <em>ROE</em> and <em>TobinQ</em> are used, and remains robust across different sample sets and when employing propensity score matching. Furthermore, we observe that these effects are more pronounced in firms where controlling shareholders exhibit a significant gap between cash flow rights and voting rights, or where tunneling activities are prevalent, or corporates with lower analysts following. Our study contributes to the literature on share pledging and reinforces the agency theory framework regarding the actions of controlling shareholders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47831,"journal":{"name":"North American Journal of Economics and Finance","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 102421"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143641758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pricing of American timer options

IF 3.8 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE

North American Journal of Economics and Finance

Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2025.102409

Mijin Ha , Sangmin Park , Ji-Hun Yoon , Donghyun Kim

Timer options are financial derivatives and were first introduced by Société Générale Corporate and Investment Banking in 2007. They enable investors to exercise options on a random date based on the level of realized variance, which is in contrast to vanilla options exercised at a prescribed maturity date. This study investigates American timer option prices under stochastic volatility (SV), wherein the volatility is driven by a fast mean-reverting Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) process. By making use of the asymptotic analysis proposed by Fouque et al. (2011), we obtain the analytic formulas for the option values and the free boundary prices under a finite stochastic variance clock, which practically serves as a time-to-maturity for American timer option. Moreover, we conduct numerical experiments to demonstrate the effect of SV on the American timer option in terms of the model parameters and verify that our explicit approximated option price is derived accurately and efficiently through comparisons with the solution obtained from a Monte-Carlo simulation.

引用次数: 0

Cryptocurrencies, stocks, and economic policy uncertainty: A FAVAR analysis

IF 3.8 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE

North American Journal of Economics and Finance

Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2025.102405

Andrea Civelli, Laura E. Jackson

We study the interactions between cryptocurrencies, stocks, and U.S. economic policy uncertainty (EPU) using a Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregressive framework, in which return comovements within each asset market are modeled by a single common factor. We document a remarkable heterogeneity across cryptocurrencies, with market fragmentation by functional characteristics of the projects. Through structural impulse-response analysis, we find that: (1) Stock returns positively respond to crypto shocks, but not vice versa; (2) Cryptocurrencies can be used to hedge against U.S. EPU, but display safe-haven characteristics against Chinese EPU. We interpret these results in light of recent crypto investment and pricing models.

引用次数: 0

A RGARCH-CARR-SK model: A new high-frequency volatility forecasting and risk measurement model based on dynamic higher moments and generalized realized measures RGARCH-CARR-SK 模型：基于动态高阶矩和广义实现度量的新型高频波动率预测和风险度量模型

IF 3.8 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE

North American Journal of Economics and Finance

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2025.102408

Junjie Liu , Qingnan Zhou , Zhenlong Chen

The RGARCH-CARR-SK model is developed in this paper by incorporating the characteristics of parameters that directly reflect higher moments in the Gram-Charlier expansion distribution, as well as leveraging the advantages of the RGARCH-CARR model for high-frequency volatility prediction. Simultaneously, we extend the realized volatility measure in the model to explore its efficacy in volatility forecasting and risk measurement under a variety of generalized realized measures. Additionally, we investigate the finite sample behavior of model parameter estimation using Monte Carlo simulations. The result demonstrates that the model exhibits favorable asymptotic performance in parameter estimation across various finite samples. Finally, the empirical study employs the forecasting of high-frequency volatility in the RGARCH-CARR-SK model for China’s GEM and evaluates its effectiveness using various risk methods based on the model. The result reveals that the RGARCH-CARR-SK model outperforms the benchmark models in in-sample fitting, out-of-sample volatility prediction, as well as risk measurement.

{"title":"A RGARCH-CARR-SK model: A new high-frequency volatility forecasting and risk measurement model based on dynamic higher moments and generalized realized measures","authors":"Junjie Liu , Qingnan Zhou , Zhenlong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.najef.2025.102408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.najef.2025.102408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The RGARCH-CARR-SK model is developed in this paper by incorporating the characteristics of parameters that directly reflect higher moments in the Gram-Charlier expansion distribution, as well as leveraging the advantages of the RGARCH-CARR model for high-frequency volatility prediction. Simultaneously, we extend the realized volatility measure in the model to explore its efficacy in volatility forecasting and risk measurement under a variety of generalized realized measures. Additionally, we investigate the finite sample behavior of model parameter estimation using Monte Carlo simulations. The result demonstrates that the model exhibits favorable asymptotic performance in parameter estimation across various finite samples. Finally, the empirical study employs the forecasting of high-frequency volatility in the RGARCH-CARR-SK model for China’s GEM and evaluates its effectiveness using various risk methods based on the model. The result reveals that the RGARCH-CARR-SK model outperforms the benchmark models in in-sample fitting, out-of-sample volatility prediction, as well as risk measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47831,"journal":{"name":"North American Journal of Economics and Finance","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 102408"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does Chinese mixed-ownership reform improve innovation quality in privately-owned enterprises? A dual-perspective evidence from managerial myopia and resource-based view

IF 3.8 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE

North American Journal of Economics and Finance

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2025.102406

Xuehua Gu

Existing literature has largely overlooked the mediating role of managerial myopia in shaping corporate innovation quality, and the impact of external resource provision on incentivizing innovation under the Resource-Based View (RBV) remains contentious. This study investigates whether China’s reverse mixed-ownership reform improves innovation quality in privately-owned enterprises (POEs) from the perspectives of managerial myopia and the RBV. Using data from 1,413 publicly listed POEs between 2007 and 2022 and applying textual analysis to measure managerial myopia, the study finds that managerial myopia negatively affects innovation quality. Moreover, the reverse mixed-ownership reform fails to alleviate managerial myopia, thereby hindering corporate innovation quality. External resource provisions, such as government subsidies and tax incentives, significantly moderate the detrimental effects of managerial myopia on innovation quality, and higher credit financing costs exacerbate this relationship, as demonstrated after addressing sample self-selection bias. The empirical findings extend the scope of current research by bridging the literature on behavioral finance and the RBV, offering new insights into the interplay between managerial myopia, external resource provisions, and innovation quality. Rigorous robustness checks, including sensitivity analyses and addressing endogeneity concerns, validate these conclusions.

{"title":"Does Chinese mixed-ownership reform improve innovation quality in privately-owned enterprises? A dual-perspective evidence from managerial myopia and resource-based view","authors":"Xuehua Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.najef.2025.102406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.najef.2025.102406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing literature has largely overlooked the mediating role of managerial myopia in shaping corporate innovation quality, and the impact of external resource provision on incentivizing innovation under the Resource-Based View (RBV) remains contentious. This study investigates whether China’s reverse mixed-ownership reform improves innovation quality in privately-owned enterprises (POEs) from the perspectives of managerial myopia and the RBV. Using data from 1,413 publicly listed POEs between 2007 and 2022 and applying textual analysis to measure managerial myopia, the study finds that managerial myopia negatively affects innovation quality. Moreover, the reverse mixed-ownership reform fails to alleviate managerial myopia, thereby hindering corporate innovation quality. External resource provisions, such as government subsidies and tax incentives, significantly moderate the detrimental effects of managerial myopia on innovation quality, and higher credit financing costs exacerbate this relationship, as demonstrated after addressing sample self-selection bias. The empirical findings extend the scope of current research by bridging the literature on behavioral finance and the RBV, offering new insights into the interplay between managerial myopia, external resource provisions, and innovation quality. Rigorous robustness checks, including sensitivity analyses and addressing endogeneity concerns, validate these conclusions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47831,"journal":{"name":"North American Journal of Economics and Finance","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 102406"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Systemic risk among Chinese oil and petrochemical firms based on dynamic tail risk spillover networks

IF 3.8 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE

North American Journal of Economics and Finance

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2025.102404

Tingqiang Chen , Xin Zheng , Lei Wang

This study examines the dynamic network of tail risk spillovers among Chinese oil and petrochemical firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share markets from 2015 to 2023. Employing the single-index quantile regression technique and the tail risk spillover model, it constructs a framework to assess systemic risk transmission within the oil and petrochemical industry. A block model is utilized to explore clustering patterns of risk spillovers, focusing on the overall network structure and individual firms’ roles. The findings reveal a significant systemic risk spillover effect, with the volatility of tail risk spillovers closely tied to geopolitical and financial risks. The industry predominantly exhibits characteristics of a scale-free network, transitioning to a small-world network when risk spillover intensity declines. Unlike the financial and real estate sectors, the oil and petrochemical industry’s risk spillover network features pronounced modularity inversely related to spillover intensity. Oil exploration firms and petrochemical product segments are identified as primary sources and recipients of risk spillovers, reflecting a bidirectional relationship. Conversely, oil transportation firms act as intermediaries, while oil refining firms primarily display intra-segment spillovers.

{"title":"Systemic risk among Chinese oil and petrochemical firms based on dynamic tail risk spillover networks","authors":"Tingqiang Chen , Xin Zheng , Lei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.najef.2025.102404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.najef.2025.102404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the dynamic network of tail risk spillovers among Chinese oil and petrochemical firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share markets from 2015 to 2023. Employing the single-index quantile regression technique and the tail risk spillover model, it constructs a framework to assess systemic risk transmission within the oil and petrochemical industry. A block model is utilized to explore clustering patterns of risk spillovers, focusing on the overall network structure and individual firms’ roles. The findings reveal a significant systemic risk spillover effect, with the volatility of tail risk spillovers closely tied to geopolitical and financial risks. The industry predominantly exhibits characteristics of a scale-free network, transitioning to a small-world network when risk spillover intensity declines. Unlike the financial and real estate sectors, the oil and petrochemical industry’s risk spillover network features pronounced modularity inversely related to spillover intensity. Oil exploration firms and petrochemical product segments are identified as primary sources and recipients of risk spillovers, reflecting a bidirectional relationship. Conversely, oil transportation firms act as intermediaries, while oil refining firms primarily display intra-segment spillovers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47831,"journal":{"name":"North American Journal of Economics and Finance","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 102404"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143520275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Are ESG factors truly unique?

IF 3.8 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE

North American Journal of Economics and Finance

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2025.102386

Svetoslav Covachev , Jocelyn Martel , Sofia Brito-Ramos

The growing popularity of ESG investing raises questions about whether ESG and carbon factors represent unique sources of systematic risk or are absorbed by traditional equity factors. We find that the systematic components of recently proposed carbon and ESG risk factors are linear combinations of well-known risk factors. The ESG factor has a positive exposure to large firms, high beta firms and to the safety factor (a subcomponent of the quality factor). The carbon factor has positive exposure to the market and safety factors and negative loadings on the size and profitability factors. Furthermore, investors who follow well-known ESG indexes are exposed to market and size factor risks, and not always to the ESG and carbon factors. Such indexes are nevertheless closely related to the “long leg” of the ESG factor. Overall, the evidence suggests that the ESG and carbon factors are subordinated to other factors, highlighting the importance of leveraging established risk factors to account for ESG and carbon risks.

引用次数: 0

Examining the transmission of credit and liquidity risks: A network analysis for EMU sovereign debt markets

IF 3.8 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE

North American Journal of Economics and Finance

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2025.102407

Adrián Fernandez-Perez , Marta Gómez-Puig , Simón Sosvilla-Rivero

The sovereign debt crisis in the euro area revealed that European Monetary Union (EMU) government bond markets interact in a highly synchronised network and that risk particular to a country or sovereign bond yield component cannot be appropriately evaluated in isolation without taking potential risk transmission effects from other countries or sovereign bond yield components into consideration. Therefore, in clear contrast with the empirical evidence based on Granger-causality tests, the main contribution of the paper comes from the analysis of the transmission of credit and liquidity risk by examining a broad network of relations between the two risks in nine EMU sovereign debt markets from 2008 to 2018, explicitly examining the net pairwise connectedness among all the possible pairs formed from the 18 sovereign risk indicators. The results of this analysis indicate that, on average, risk transmission goes mostly from credit to liquidity risk (both within and across countries). This finding is crucial for policymakers because it indicates that rising credit risk is the primary driver of yield spread increases, and actions to strengthen the budgetary position of euro-area economies are essential. Finally, our results indicate that sovereign risk transmission is time-varying. Although both liquidity and credit risk were transmitted across countries during the Global Financial Crisis, we mainly observed the transmission of liquidity risk across them during the European sovereign debt crisis, suggesting that investors prefer sovereign debt that is easier to trade when market liquidity dries up.

{"title":"Examining the transmission of credit and liquidity risks: A network analysis for EMU sovereign debt markets","authors":"Adrián Fernandez-Perez , Marta Gómez-Puig , Simón Sosvilla-Rivero","doi":"10.1016/j.najef.2025.102407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.najef.2025.102407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sovereign debt crisis in the euro area revealed that European Monetary Union (EMU) government bond markets interact in a highly synchronised network and that risk particular to a country or sovereign bond yield component cannot be appropriately evaluated in isolation without taking potential risk transmission effects from other countries or sovereign bond yield components into consideration. Therefore, in clear contrast with the empirical evidence based on Granger-causality tests, the main contribution of the paper comes from the analysis of the transmission of credit and liquidity risk by examining a broad network of relations between the two risks in nine EMU sovereign debt markets from 2008 to 2018, explicitly examining the net pairwise connectedness among all the possible pairs formed from the 18 sovereign risk indicators. The results of this analysis indicate that, on average, risk transmission goes mostly from credit to liquidity risk (both within and across countries). This finding is crucial for policymakers because it indicates that rising credit risk is the primary driver of yield spread increases, and actions to strengthen the budgetary position of euro-area economies are essential. Finally, our results indicate that sovereign risk transmission is time-varying. Although both liquidity and credit risk were transmitted across countries during the Global Financial Crisis, we mainly observed the transmission of liquidity risk across them during the European sovereign debt crisis, suggesting that investors prefer sovereign debt that is easier to trade when market liquidity dries up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47831,"journal":{"name":"North American Journal of Economics and Finance","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 102407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Economic Nexus among the Belt and Road Initiative participating countries

IF 3.8 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE

North American Journal of Economics and Finance

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2025.102403

Yiguo Chen , Peng Luo , Tsangyao Chang

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) cooperation has created closer economic and trade relations over the past decade. This study analyzes the economic interconnectivity between BRI-participating countries and highlights key findings. The economic links between partner countries have experienced rapid and slow growth, with high connectivity levels. Macroeconomic downturns increase economic connections between countries, with a negative contagion index being higher than a positive. Land-based Silk Road countries have higher connectivity than Maritime Silk Road countries, and China and non-adjacent countries have higher connectivity than China and adjacent countries. Additionally, GDP fluctuations spillover network demonstrate the net transmitters and net receivers in the network, and the transmission channels and directions between each other. Policy-makers should consider these findings for high-quality BRI cooperation.

引用次数: 0

Green credit and systemic risk: From the perspectives of policy and scale

IF 3.8 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE

North American Journal of Economics and Finance

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2025.102402

Chien-Chiang Lee , Qian Xiao , Xiaoming Zhang

After putting forward the twin goals of peak emissions and carbon neutrality, China is now paying greater attention to green finance development. As the main conduit for implementing green credit policy, commercial banks generally focus on the impact of systemic risk within their own industry. Based on data from listed commercial banks in China from 2008 to 2021, this research uses the conditional value at risk (CoVaR) model to measure systemic risk. The empirical results show that implementing green credit policy lowers banks’ systemic risk, whereas increasing the scale of green credit significantly cuts the systemic risk level of banks overall, large state-owned commercial banks, and joint-stock commercial banks. The findings further illustrate that commercial banks alleviate the systemic risks of banks by reducing the capital adequacy ratio and the non-performing loan ratio while actively issuing green credit.

引用次数: 0

下一页尾页

类型

全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

数据库

全部 ACS Publications Elsevier ieeexplore Springer The Royal Society of Chemistry Wiley

期刊

North American Journal of Economics and Finance

全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.

﹀