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Knowledge‐Guided Automated Cartographic Generalization Process Construction: A Case Study Based on Map Analysis of Public Maps of China 知识引导下的自动制图概括过程构建:基于中国公共地图分析的案例研究
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1111/tgis.13246
Xiaorong Gao, Haowen Yan, Zhongkui Chen, Panfei Yin
The efficacy of conveying information through maps heavily depends on the quality of map generalization. However, automating map generalization poses a complex decision‐making challenge, requiring a profound understanding of the process—specifically, knowledge about the generalization procedure. Currently, there is a scarcity of research on the sequence of generalization operations, particularly for cartographic generalization involving symbolization and labeling. On the contrary, customary maps generated in practical applications consistently adhere to the specified generalization and symbolization protocol, which makes it feasible and credible to construct this overall process based on expert knowledge. To reconcile this incongruity, this paper presents a knowledge‐guided automated cartographic generalization process construction. Firstly, an exhaustive examination of the sequential procedures involved in manual generalization and a well‐applied automated generalization system are delineated, drawing upon map analysis methodologies, observations, and expert interviews. Then, elaborate guidelines governing each phase within this process, particularly concerning the symbolization and labeling of map features, are explored. Ultimately, details of the expert interview are described and a map generalized by the well‐applied system is analyzed. The results show that the automated generalization system follows the knowledge‐guided process in this paper can significantly improve production efficiency in practice, this study serves as a connection between cartographers and developers and may help achieve a higher level of automated cartographic generalization.
通过地图传递信息的效果在很大程度上取决于地图概括的质量。然而,地图自动概括是一项复杂的决策挑战,需要对这一过程有深刻的理解,特别是对概括程序的了解。目前,有关概括操作顺序的研究还很少,尤其是涉及符号化和标注的制图概括。相反,在实际应用中生成的习惯地图始终遵循指定的概括和符号化规程,这使得基于专家知识构建这一整体流程变得可行和可信。为了解决这一矛盾,本文提出了一种知识指导下的自动制图概括流程构建方法。首先,本文借鉴地图分析方法、观察结果和专家访谈,详尽研究了人工概括和应用良好的自动概括系统所涉及的顺序步骤。然后,详细探讨了这一过程中每个阶段的指导原则,特别是关于地图特征的符号化和标记。最后,对专家访谈的细节进行了描述,并对应用良好的系统所概括的地图进行了分析。结果表明,遵循本文知识指导流程的自动概括系统在实践中能显著提高生产效率,这项研究是制图师和开发人员之间的纽带,有助于实现更高水平的自动制图概括。
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引用次数: 0
City Influence Network: Mining and Analyzing the Influence of Chinese Cities Based on Social Media 城市影响力网络:基于社交媒体的中国城市影响力挖掘与分析
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1111/tgis.13249
Lihua Wang, Shengyi Jiang
There have been very few studies done on measuring the influence of all prefecture‐level cities on a national scale due to the limited availability of public data, challenges in data collection, and insufficient data comprehensiveness. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by investigating this problem in China. We first collected 692,859 news articles spanning one full year from the WeChat Official Accounts of 339 cities and Taiwan Province, which served as our study area and dataset. Then, we developed a city extractor module to reduce the ambiguity of place names and constructed a city interaction network. Then, we modeled the City Influence Index (CII) and the intensity of its influence. Finally, we proposed an analytical framework that examines the relationship between CII and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), compares it with the Global Cities Index, conducts influence analysis of cities at different levels, and more. The experimental results demonstrate that our analytical framework can effectively measure the influence of cities on a national scale and uncover the implicit relationships between cities. In doing so, our study offers a new perspective for measuring city influence. Code is available at: https://github.com/vczero/CII.
由于公共数据的可获得性有限、数据收集面临挑战以及数据不够全面,在全国范围内衡量所有地级市影响力的研究很少。本文旨在填补这一空白,对中国的这一问题进行研究。首先,我们从 339 个城市和台湾省的微信官方账号中收集了 692 859 篇新闻报道,时间跨度长达一整年。然后,我们开发了一个城市提取模块,以减少地名的模糊性,并构建了一个城市互动网络。然后,我们对城市影响指数(CII)及其影响强度进行了建模。最后,我们提出了一个分析框架,研究 CII 与国内生产总值(GDP)之间的关系,将其与全球城市指数进行比较,并对不同级别的城市进行影响力分析等。实验结果表明,我们的分析框架可以有效衡量城市在全国范围内的影响力,并揭示城市之间的隐性关系。因此,我们的研究为衡量城市影响力提供了一个新的视角。代码见:https://github.com/vczero/CII。
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引用次数: 0
PyGRF: An Improved Python Geographical Random Forest Model and Case Studies in Public Health and Natural Disasters PyGRF:改进的 Python 地理随机森林模型及公共卫生和自然灾害案例研究
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/tgis.13248
Kai Sun, Ryan Zhenqi Zhou, Jiyeon Kim, Yingjie Hu
Geographical random forest (GRF) is a recently developed and spatially explicit machine learning model. With the ability to provide more accurate predictions and local interpretations, GRF has already been used in many studies. The current GRF model, however, has limitations in its determination of the local model weight and bandwidth hyperparameters, potentially insufficient numbers of local training samples, and sometimes high local prediction errors. Also, implemented as an R package, GRF currently does not have a Python version which limits its adoption among machine learning practitioners who prefer Python. This work addresses these limitations by introducing theory‐informed hyperparameter determination, local training sample expansion, and spatially weighted local prediction. We also develop a Python‐based GRF model and package, PyGRF, to facilitate the use of the model. We evaluate the performance of PyGRF on an example dataset and further demonstrate its use in two case studies in public health and natural disasters.
地理随机森林(GRF)是最近开发的一种空间明确的机器学习模型。由于能够提供更准确的预测和局部解释,GRF 已被许多研究采用。然而,当前的 GRF 模型在确定本地模型权重和带宽超参数方面存在局限性,可能存在本地训练样本数量不足的问题,有时本地预测误差较高。此外,GRF 是作为 R 软件包实现的,目前还没有 Python 版本,这限制了它在偏好 Python 的机器学习从业者中的应用。本研究通过引入基于理论的超参数确定、局部训练样本扩展和空间加权局部预测来解决这些局限性。我们还开发了基于 Python 的 GRF 模型和软件包 PyGRF,以方便模型的使用。我们在一个示例数据集上评估了 PyGRF 的性能,并在公共卫生和自然灾害的两个案例研究中进一步展示了其用途。
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引用次数: 0
Neural Sensing: Toward a New Approach to Understanding Emotional Responses to Place 神经传感:了解对地点的情感反应的新方法
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1111/tgis.13244
Bo Zhao, Jiaxin Feng, Yuzhi Sun, Xiaohui Chang, Shih‐Lung Shaw
As GIS progressively permeates our everyday lives, it becomes increasingly significant to incorporate emotional factors into the design and use of GIS technologies. While existing methods such as self‐report and AI‐enhanced techniques prevail in collecting emotional factors, they often miss real‐time emotional nuances and synchronization with geographically referenced and other accompanying data. To bridge this gap, we introduce “Neural Sensing,” a novel approach that combines Electroencephalogram (EEG) with GIS technologies to quantitatively measure emotional responses to places. This approach offers a unique lens to understand human dynamics in a hybrid physical–virtual realm, especially by delving into our mental worlds. To demonstrate the utility of Neural Sensing, we have designed a pilot empirical study to analyze emotional reactions to geographical environments. This approach broadens the domain of GIS methodologies from remote sensing and social sensing to a neural sensing approach. Through this study, we underscore the importance of the mental dimension of the hybrid physical–virtual world and encourage GIScientists to emphasize human experiences and feelings in GIS analyses.
随着 GIS 逐渐渗透到我们的日常生活中,将情感因素纳入 GIS 技术的设计和使用变得越来越重要。虽然现有的方法(如自我报告和人工智能增强技术)在收集情感因素方面非常普遍,但它们往往忽略了实时情感细微差别以及与地理参考数据和其他伴随数据的同步性。为了弥合这一差距,我们引入了 "神经传感",这是一种将脑电图(EEG)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术相结合的新方法,用于定量测量对地点的情绪反应。这种方法提供了一个独特的视角,可以在物理与虚拟的混合环境中了解人类的动态,尤其是通过深入了解我们的精神世界。为了证明神经传感技术的实用性,我们设计了一项试验性实证研究,分析对地理环境的情感反应。这种方法拓宽了地理信息系统方法论的领域,从遥感和社会传感到神经传感方法。通过这项研究,我们强调了物理-虚拟混合世界中心理层面的重要性,并鼓励 GIS 科学家在 GIS 分析中重视人类的体验和感受。
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引用次数: 0
Construction of Earth Observation Knowledge Hub Based on Knowledge Graph 基于知识图谱构建地球观测知识枢纽
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1111/tgis.13247
Kuangsheng Cai, Zugang Chen, Jin Li, Shaohua Wang, Guoqing Li, Jing Li, Hengliang Guo, Feng Chen, Liping Zhu
Owing to the rapid development of Earth observation and Internet technology, researchers have acquired and shared a large amount of Earth observation data. However, traditional data sharing does not provide direct solutions to problems. The large amount of tacit knowledge contained in scientific data, scientific literature, analysis models, software/code, documentation, and other scientific resources on Earth observation applications has not been effectively organized and shared. To solve this problem, the Group on Earth Observations proposed an Earth Observation Knowledge Hub (EOKH); however, there is no unified and clear method for building an EOKH to date. This paper presents an automatic construction method for an EOKH on the basis of a knowledge graph, which describes scientific data, scientific literature, analysis models, software/code, documentation, and other scientific resources and their semantic relationships. An automatic discovery algorithm of scientific and technological resources was also constructed in this study on the basis of a knowledge graph from the Internet. This algorithm is capable of the automatic creation of knowledge packages and the construction of links between knowledge elements. Then, the knowledge discovery algorithm was evaluated through comparison with an existing method in relation to accuracy, and the results showed that our method outperforms the existing method. Lastly, the knowledge package was published on the Linked Open Data Cloud platform in the Resource Description Framework format, and an EOKH was created. Moreover, an application terminal based on SPARQL allowing users to search the EOKH was developed. A clear and operational method for the construction of an EOKH is proposed for the first time in this research, laying the foundation for the development of the EOKH.
由于地球观测和互联网技术的快速发展,研究人员获取并共享了大量地球观测数据。然而,传统的数据共享并不能直接解决问题。地球观测应用的科学数据、科学文献、分析模型、软件/代码、文档和其他科学资源中包含的大量隐性知识没有得到有效的组织和共享。为解决这一问题,地球观测小组提出了地球观测知识中心(EOKH)的建议;然而,迄今为止还没有统一明确的方法来构建地球观测知识中心。本文提出了一种基于知识图谱的 EOKH 自动构建方法,知识图谱描述了科学数据、科学文献、分析模型、软件/代码、文档和其他科学资源及其语义关系。本研究还在互联网知识图谱的基础上构建了科技资源自动发现算法。该算法能够自动创建知识包,并构建知识元素之间的链接。然后,通过与现有方法在准确性方面的比较,对知识发现算法进行了评估,结果表明我们的方法优于现有方法。最后,在关联开放数据云平台上以资源描述框架格式发布了知识包,并创建了EOKH。此外,还开发了一个基于SPARQL的应用终端,允许用户搜索EOKH。本研究首次提出了构建EOKH的清晰且可操作的方法,为EOKH的开发奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
A Visibility‐Based Multitree of a Space Subdivision for Indoor Localization 用于室内定位的基于可见度的空间细分多树状结构
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/tgis.13239
Mitko Aleksandrov, Kimia Amoozandeh, Stephan Winter, Sisi Zlatanova, Martin Tomko
In an era where localization is increasingly vital for daily activities, determining an individual's location and providing suggestions is crucial for successful navigation. Central to our method is the concept of visibility areas, defined as spaces from which a landmark is at least partially visible. We tessellate space into a grid and use raycasting to determine these visibility areas. Visibility areas are further subdivided into sub‐spaces, each representing a unique set of visible landmarks. To efficiently manage and query these sub‐spaces, we create a tree of options for each landmark and merge them into one compact multitree. This structure represents a hierarchical composition of sub‐spaces and enhances query efficiency while storing each sub‐space only once in the memory. The multitree is designed to support the rapid identification of sub‐spaces based on observed landmarks, resulting in efficient localization within the environment is presented to calculating the optimal localization point in a visibility area based on suggested visible landmarks. The paper concludes with a discussion of the approach targeting indoor localization but highlights also its potential for further research and some limitations.
在定位对日常活动越来越重要的时代,确定个人位置并提供建议对成功导航至关重要。我们方法的核心是可见区域的概念,即至少部分可见地标的空间。我们将空间划分为网格,并使用光线投射法确定这些可见区域。可见区域被进一步细分为子空间,每个子空间代表一组独特的可见地标。为了有效地管理和查询这些子空间,我们为每个地标创建了一个选项树,并将它们合并为一个紧凑的多树结构。这种结构代表了子空间的分层组合,提高了查询效率,同时每个子空间只需在内存中存储一次。多树状结构旨在支持根据观察到的地标快速识别子空间,从而在环境中实现高效定位。论文最后讨论了针对室内定位的方法,但也强调了其进一步研究的潜力和一些局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the Convergence of Cyber–Physical Space: Multidimensional Modeling of Overtourism Interactions 探索网络-物理空间的融合:过度旅游互动的多维建模
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/tgis.13245
Kaiwing Tai, Minglei Liao, Xintao Liu
As technological advancements continue to blur the boundaries between cyber and physical spaces, individuals' activities are not limited to physical space and increasingly transcend singular space. Prior research on interactions between cyber and physical spaces oversimplified or even overlooked the interactions between the two spaces due to limited access to human activity big data, for instance, the implications of cyber–physical interactions for tourism. Consequently, this study proposes an overtourism index framework intended to capture travel behaviors in both cyber and physical spaces to address the research gap. Based on extensive social media data from Hong Kong, the proposed framework is tested and validated efficiently to emulate tourism interactions between cyber and physical spaces at fine spatiotemporal resolutions. The results indicate that there is strong convergent interaction among the public in both cyber and physical spaces. Moreover, an online WebGIS interactive platform (https://arcg.is/0mzHyH) has been developed for visualizing these interactions and provides better decision‐making regarding tourism policy in Hong Kong.
随着技术进步不断模糊网络空间和物理空间之间的界限,个人的活动不再局限于物理空间,而是日益超越单一空间。由于获取人类活动大数据的途径有限,以往关于网络空间和物理空间之间互动的研究过于简单化,甚至忽略了这两个空间之间的互动,例如,网络-物理互动对旅游业的影响。因此,本研究提出了一个过度旅游指数框架,旨在捕捉网络和物理空间的旅游行为,以弥补研究空白。基于香港广泛的社交媒体数据,本研究对所提出的框架进行了测试和验证,以有效地模拟网络空间和物理空间在精细时空分辨率下的旅游互动。结果表明,公众在网络空间和物理空间中都有很强的聚合互动。此外,还开发了一个在线 WebGIS 互动平台 (https://arcg.is/0mzHyH),用于将这些互动可视化,为香港旅游政策提供更好的决策依据。
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引用次数: 0
Emergency Response Planning: A Framework to Assess Hydrant–Structure Access 应急响应规划:评估水文-结构通道的框架
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/tgis.13243
Jiwon Baik, Alan T. Murray
Accessibility between fire hydrants and buildings is paramount in emergency response, significantly influencing the efficiency and effectiveness of firefighting operations in the event of an incident. However, assessing this relationship within a geographic information system (GIS) framework presents challenges on two fronts. Obtaining the path avoiding building and parcel obstructions to hydrants is not trivial. Further, determining the furthest extent around a building exterior from hydrants is complicated, yet it is critically important given the spatial limitations of equipment reach. To assess furthest extent, an analytical framework is introduced based on the Euclidean shortest path problem. The proposed approach offers a comprehensive, automated GIS‐based methodology tailored to evaluate the dynamic relationship between hydrants and buildings. The developed methods are able to accurately and precisely identify the furthest point around a building structure from hydrant, facilitating risk assessment as well as fire code compliance. This enables a comprehensive evaluation of potential loss and structure vulnerability at property, street, neighborhood, and regional levels.
消防栓与建筑物之间的可达性在应急响应中至关重要,在发生事故时会极大地影响消防行动的效率和效果。然而,在地理信息系统(GIS)框架内评估这种关系面临两方面的挑战。要避开建筑物和地块对消防栓的阻碍,获取路径并非易事。此外,确定建筑物外部距离消防栓最远的范围也很复杂,但鉴于设备到达的空间限制,这一点至关重要。为了评估最远范围,我们引入了一个基于欧氏最短路径问题的分析框架。所提出的方法提供了一种基于 GIS 的综合自动化方法,专门用于评估消防栓与建筑物之间的动态关系。所开发的方法能够准确无误地识别建筑结构与消防栓之间的最远点,从而促进风险评估以及消防规范的合规性。这样就能在物业、街道、社区和区域层面对潜在损失和结构脆弱性进行全面评估。
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引用次数: 0
A Two‐Step Approach to Extracting Sandy Beaches Through Integrating Spatial Semantic Information From Open‐Source Geospatial Datasets 通过整合开放源地理空间数据集的空间语义信息提取沙滩的两步法
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1111/tgis.13231
Zhe Wang, Zhixiang Fang, Jiayi Chang, Zhongyuan Wang, Weiming Shen
Sandy beaches, widespread in coastal areas, provide valuable economic and ecological benefits. However, a substantial proportion of sandy beaches are undergoing erosion caused by marine disasters and human interventions. Advanced sandy beach extraction (SBE) approaches are indispensable to sandy beach observation and protection. This study proposes a novel two‐step SBE approach using remote sensing images and digital elevation models. First, sea–land segmentation is performed as a preparatory work. We model sea–land segmentation as an optimization problem and develop an improved NSGA‐II, SCS‐NSGA‐II, to solve it, considering both topographical and spectral costs. Second, a region growing algorithm is applied to generate the final sandy beach extents. The assessment results verify that (1) our approach effectively reduces the false‐positive rate, thereby resulting in more accurate SBE results compared with existing approaches. (2) SCS‐NSGA‐II ensures the diversity of individuals in spatial patterns and exhibits superior performance compared with NSGA‐II in this task.
在沿海地区广泛存在的沙滩提供了宝贵的经济和生态效益。然而,由于海洋灾害和人为干预,相当一部分沙滩正在遭受侵蚀。先进的沙滩提取(SBE)方法对于沙滩观测和保护不可或缺。本研究利用遥感图像和数字高程模型提出了一种新颖的两步 SBE 方法。首先,进行海域划分作为准备工作。我们将海域分割建模为一个优化问题,并开发了一种改进的 NSGA-II 算法(SCS-NSGA-II)来解决该问题,同时考虑了地形成本和光谱成本。其次,应用区域增长算法生成最终的沙滩范围。评估结果验证了以下几点:(1) 与现有方法相比,我们的方法有效降低了假阳性率,从而得到了更准确的 SBE 结果。(2) SCS-NSGA-II 确保了空间模式中个体的多样性,与 NSGA-II 相比,在这项任务中表现出更优越的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating Urban Land Resource Carrying Capacity With Geographically Weighted Principal Component Analysis: A Case Study in Wuhan, China 利用地理加权主成分分析评估城市土地资源承载能力:中国武汉案例研究
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1111/tgis.13241
Binbin Lu, Yilin Shi, Sixian Qin, Peng Yue, Jianghua Zheng, Paul Harris
With the rapid urbanization in China, urban land resources gradually become the core of urban development. This study spatially evaluated the urban land resource carrying capacity (LRCC) with a case study of the built‐up area in Wuhan from 2015 to 2020. Following an evaluation index system, five critical LRCC indicators, including population density, GDP per land area, plot ratio, building density, and road network density, were selected by an analytical hierarchical process. The synthesis of indicators, however, is usually challengeable due to homogeneous assumptions of traditional techniques. In this study, we adopted a local technique, geographically weighted principal component analysis, to calculate a comprehensive carrying pressure (CCP) concerning spatially varying contributions of each indicator on their synthesis across different geographic locations. On mapping these spatial outputs of the built‐up area in Wuhan, the highest CCP was found in the central areas, where population size tends to be influential and the dominant variable in 62.69% of subdistricts. Furthermore, increased construction over the 5 years has led to an increased CCP in some of the peripheries of the built‐up area, and 55.22% of subdistricts show rising changes. With the GWPCA technique, this framework works well in evaluating and analyzing urban LRCC from a new local perspective.
随着中国城市化进程的加快,城市土地资源逐渐成为城市发展的核心。本研究以武汉市建成区为例,对 2015-2020 年城市土地资源承载力(LRCC)进行了空间评价。按照评价指标体系,通过层次分析法筛选出人口密度、单位土地面积 GDP、容积率、建筑密度和路网密度等五个关键的土地资源承载力指标。然而,由于传统技术的同质化假设,指标的综合通常具有挑战性。在本研究中,我们采用了一种本地技术--地理加权主成分分析法,来计算综合承载压力(CCP),涉及各指标在不同地理位置上对其合成的空间差异贡献。在绘制武汉市建成区的这些空间产出图时,发现中部地区的综合承载压力最高,在 62.69% 的分区中,人口规模往往是影响和主导变量。此外,5 年来建设量的增加也导致部分建成区外围地区的 CCP 增加,55.22% 的分区的 CCP 呈上升趋势。通过 GWPCA 技术,该框架可以很好地从新的地方视角评估和分析城市 LRCC。
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引用次数: 0
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Transactions in GIS
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