Pub Date : 2022-02-06DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2021.2007912
Kylie N. Key, J. Neuschatz, S. D. Gronlund, Danielle K. DeLoach, S. A. Wetmore, Ryan M. McAdoo, Duncan McCollum
ABSTRACT Recent research shows a strong positive relationship between eyewitness confidence and identification accuracy, assuming the confidence judgment results from a first, fair test of memory. The current study examines whether jurors understand this relationship, and the boundary conditions under which this understanding holds. Mock jurors read a trial transcript in which we manipulated the eyewitness’ level of confidence (high vs. low), the timing of the confidence judgment (initial, courtroom), and its consistency (if the eyewitness expressed initial and courtroom confidence, did the two judgments match). Mock jurors voted guilty more when confidence was high, regardless of when the confidence judgment was made, or whether there were inconsistencies in the confidence levels. Jurors need a more nuanced appreciation of the role of eyewitness confidence, and we discuss ideas for potential interventions that may aid jurors’ decision making.
{"title":"High eyewitness confidence is always compelling: that’s a problem","authors":"Kylie N. Key, J. Neuschatz, S. D. Gronlund, Danielle K. DeLoach, S. A. Wetmore, Ryan M. McAdoo, Duncan McCollum","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2021.2007912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2021.2007912","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent research shows a strong positive relationship between eyewitness confidence and identification accuracy, assuming the confidence judgment results from a first, fair test of memory. The current study examines whether jurors understand this relationship, and the boundary conditions under which this understanding holds. Mock jurors read a trial transcript in which we manipulated the eyewitness’ level of confidence (high vs. low), the timing of the confidence judgment (initial, courtroom), and its consistency (if the eyewitness expressed initial and courtroom confidence, did the two judgments match). Mock jurors voted guilty more when confidence was high, regardless of when the confidence judgment was made, or whether there were inconsistencies in the confidence levels. Jurors need a more nuanced appreciation of the role of eyewitness confidence, and we discuss ideas for potential interventions that may aid jurors’ decision making.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76945431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-31DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030737
Christopher J. Lively, L. Fallon, Brent Snook, Weyam Fahmy
ABSTRACT Judges are the gatekeepers of evidence in the justice system. Granted that witness testimony is pivotal to the truth-seeking function of the criminal justice system, and that judges sometimes intervene and ask questions in the courtroom to help ensure the testimony is accurate, little is known about judges’ questioning practices. In the current study, we examine the questioning practices of a sample of Canadian judges. A total of 3,140 utterances spoken by 15 different judges across 22 criminal cases (169 witness examinations) were classified as one of 13 utterance types, and assessed as a function of examination type; utterance and response lengths were also calculated. Results showed that, when talking to witnesses directly, most of the questions asked were clarification (37%), followed by facilitators (17%), and closed yes/no (10%); less than 1% of all question types were open-ended. The longest answers were provided in response to open-ended questions. We also found that closed yes/no questions were the most frequently used question types during judge-led lines of questioning (i.e. examinations per curium), as opposed to lawyer-led lines of questioning (i.e. during direct and cross examinations). Implications for the truth-seeking function of the justice system are discussed.
{"title":"Objection, your Honour: examining the questioning practices of Canadian judges","authors":"Christopher J. Lively, L. Fallon, Brent Snook, Weyam Fahmy","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030737","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Judges are the gatekeepers of evidence in the justice system. Granted that witness testimony is pivotal to the truth-seeking function of the criminal justice system, and that judges sometimes intervene and ask questions in the courtroom to help ensure the testimony is accurate, little is known about judges’ questioning practices. In the current study, we examine the questioning practices of a sample of Canadian judges. A total of 3,140 utterances spoken by 15 different judges across 22 criminal cases (169 witness examinations) were classified as one of 13 utterance types, and assessed as a function of examination type; utterance and response lengths were also calculated. Results showed that, when talking to witnesses directly, most of the questions asked were clarification (37%), followed by facilitators (17%), and closed yes/no (10%); less than 1% of all question types were open-ended. The longest answers were provided in response to open-ended questions. We also found that closed yes/no questions were the most frequently used question types during judge-led lines of questioning (i.e. examinations per curium), as opposed to lawyer-led lines of questioning (i.e. during direct and cross examinations). Implications for the truth-seeking function of the justice system are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72435854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-31DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030736
L. Tovey, B. Winder, N. Blagden
ABSTRACT It is widely accepted that individuals with convictions are disadvantaged when trying to access the job market. People convicted of sexual offences face further prejudice and stigma given the nature of the most extreme examples of their offences. Desiring employment but being unable to secure it presents challenges for the individual. This study focused on the real and perceived barriers that twelve British men experienced while seeking employment with a criminal record pertaining to a sexual offence. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with interview data analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Two superordinate themes emerged. Stigma as a Barrier to Employment explored the impact of the disclosure of the sexual criminal record at interview and the enduring stigmatisation the participants faced as a result of the ‘sex offender’ identity. In the second theme, Autonomy and Control, participants sought to explain the personal significance of being employed, and how their inability to secure employment had resulted in the loss of autonomy and the introduction of self-isolating behaviours. Finally, they acknowledged having felt ‘better off’ in prison at times, due to the lasting effects of social exclusion. The implications of the research are discussed further.
{"title":"‘It’s ok if you were in for robbery or murder, but sex offending, that’s a no no’: a qualitative analysis of the experiences of 12 men with sexual convictions seeking employment","authors":"L. Tovey, B. Winder, N. Blagden","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030736","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 It is widely accepted that individuals with convictions are disadvantaged when trying to access the job market. People convicted of sexual offences face further prejudice and stigma given the nature of the most extreme examples of their offences. Desiring employment but being unable to secure it presents challenges for the individual. This study focused on the real and perceived barriers that twelve British men experienced while seeking employment with a criminal record pertaining to a sexual offence. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with interview data analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Two superordinate themes emerged. Stigma as a Barrier to Employment explored the impact of the disclosure of the sexual criminal record at interview and the enduring stigmatisation the participants faced as a result of the ‘sex offender’ identity. In the second theme, Autonomy and Control, participants sought to explain the personal significance of being employed, and how their inability to secure employment had resulted in the loss of autonomy and the introduction of self-isolating behaviours. Finally, they acknowledged having felt ‘better off’ in prison at times, due to the lasting effects of social exclusion. The implications of the research are discussed further.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79358382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-31DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030331
Michelle Mattison, R. Majeed‐Ariss, C. White
ABSTRACT The Saint Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre (SARC) provides an integrated forensic medical and psychological support service, including support through the criminal justice process. The aims of this preliminary exploratory study were to establish the demographic characteristics of clients who self-refer to Saint Mary's SARC (i.e. those who have not been referred by the police), and to explore the nature of alleged assault and alleged perpetrator characteristics across cases. One-hundred and twenty-eight case notes of adult clients (64 police referrals and 64 self-referrals) from a 12-month period were selected for preliminary review and analyses. Results revealed that age, gender and relationship status were similar across both groups. Significant associations emerged, with the majority of self-referred clients being in either full-time employment or full-time education, with no reported additional needs (e.g. physical disability, learning disability). Self-referred clients also reported less information about the nature of the alleged assault and the alleged perpetrator, when compared to police-referred clients. Collectively, these preliminary findings suggest that self-referred clients present with a different case profile and potentially different service needs than those referred by the police. Further research is warranted with larger sample sizes from a wider range of SARCs.
{"title":"Clients who self-refer to a Sexual Assault Referral Centre (SARC): a preliminary exploration of client and case characteristics","authors":"Michelle Mattison, R. Majeed‐Ariss, C. White","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030331","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Saint Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre (SARC) provides an integrated forensic medical and psychological support service, including support through the criminal justice process. The aims of this preliminary exploratory study were to establish the demographic characteristics of clients who self-refer to Saint Mary's SARC (i.e. those who have not been referred by the police), and to explore the nature of alleged assault and alleged perpetrator characteristics across cases. One-hundred and twenty-eight case notes of adult clients (64 police referrals and 64 self-referrals) from a 12-month period were selected for preliminary review and analyses. Results revealed that age, gender and relationship status were similar across both groups. Significant associations emerged, with the majority of self-referred clients being in either full-time employment or full-time education, with no reported additional needs (e.g. physical disability, learning disability). Self-referred clients also reported less information about the nature of the alleged assault and the alleged perpetrator, when compared to police-referred clients. Collectively, these preliminary findings suggest that self-referred clients present with a different case profile and potentially different service needs than those referred by the police. Further research is warranted with larger sample sizes from a wider range of SARCs.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78958161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-31DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030336
Gercoline van Beek, V. de Vogel, R. Leenders, D. van de Mheen
ABSTRACT Previous studies have found evidence for a relationship between debt and crime, and for problems in childhood, education, work, and mental and physical health as underlying risk factors. However, insight into the interplay between these possible risk factors is limited. Therefore, a mixed methods approach was applied by both creating a quantitative Gaussian Graphical Model (GGM) and conducting qualitative analyses on 250 client files including risk assessment data from the Dutch probation service, to gain more specific insight into the interaction between potential risk factors. The results show that debt is strongly related to criminal behavior and problems in many life domains for most probation clients. Debt seems to be a direct risk factor for crime, but debt and crime also appear to be highly interrelated as part of a complex interplay of risk factors. The most frequently rated factors – limited or incomplete education, no job and related lack of income, and mental and physical health problems – are highly interwoven and increase the risk of both debt and crime. The findings stress the importance of paying attention to and using interventions focusing on strongly related crime risk factors, including debt, and their complex interplay, to supervise probation clients effectively.
{"title":"Does debt increase risk? A mixed methods approach to studying the potential underlying risk factors in the relationship between debt and crime","authors":"Gercoline van Beek, V. de Vogel, R. Leenders, D. van de Mheen","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030336","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Previous studies have found evidence for a relationship between debt and crime, and for problems in childhood, education, work, and mental and physical health as underlying risk factors. However, insight into the interplay between these possible risk factors is limited. Therefore, a mixed methods approach was applied by both creating a quantitative Gaussian Graphical Model (GGM) and conducting qualitative analyses on 250 client files including risk assessment data from the Dutch probation service, to gain more specific insight into the interaction between potential risk factors. The results show that debt is strongly related to criminal behavior and problems in many life domains for most probation clients. Debt seems to be a direct risk factor for crime, but debt and crime also appear to be highly interrelated as part of a complex interplay of risk factors. The most frequently rated factors – limited or incomplete education, no job and related lack of income, and mental and physical health problems – are highly interwoven and increase the risk of both debt and crime. The findings stress the importance of paying attention to and using interventions focusing on strongly related crime risk factors, including debt, and their complex interplay, to supervise probation clients effectively.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79623398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2027947
Christine L. Ruva, E. Sykes
ABSTRACT Crime control theater (CCT) policies are adopted in response to public outcry for action and are widely accepted, but ineffective at reducing crime (e.g. Sex Offender Registration and Notification; SORN). The study examined the influence of a university’s SORN policy adherence (no/minimum/above & beyond), expert testimony on policy effectiveness (absent/present), and sample (student/community) on jurors’ decisions, counterfactual endorsement, and anger. Participants (N = 674) read a vignette in which parents sued a university for the wrongful death of their daughter by a registered sex offender. Greater counterfactual thinking (if the university had done more than different outcome) and likelihood of a liable verdict were expected when expert testimony was absent (greater belief SORN policy effectiveness), or university failed to adhere to the policy. University response and expert testimony had the expected effects on liability measures and counterfactual endorsement. Additionally, counterfactual endorsement was influenced by sample (greater community endorsement). Also, the community sample was less calibrated and more punitive in their decisions – increased liability judgments and damages. Counterfactual endorsement and/or anger mediated the effects of university response, expert testimony, and sample on liability measures and damages. These findings suggest that anger and counterfactual thinking are important mechanisms driving public support for CCT policies.
{"title":"With theater, you have to be ready for anything: university response, expert testimony, and sample influence jurors’ decisions and counterfactual endorsement in a crime control theater case","authors":"Christine L. Ruva, E. Sykes","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2027947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2027947","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Crime control theater (CCT) policies are adopted in response to public outcry for action and are widely accepted, but ineffective at reducing crime (e.g. Sex Offender Registration and Notification; SORN). The study examined the influence of a university’s SORN policy adherence (no/minimum/above & beyond), expert testimony on policy effectiveness (absent/present), and sample (student/community) on jurors’ decisions, counterfactual endorsement, and anger. Participants (N = 674) read a vignette in which parents sued a university for the wrongful death of their daughter by a registered sex offender. Greater counterfactual thinking (if the university had done more than different outcome) and likelihood of a liable verdict were expected when expert testimony was absent (greater belief SORN policy effectiveness), or university failed to adhere to the policy. University response and expert testimony had the expected effects on liability measures and counterfactual endorsement. Additionally, counterfactual endorsement was influenced by sample (greater community endorsement). Also, the community sample was less calibrated and more punitive in their decisions – increased liability judgments and damages. Counterfactual endorsement and/or anger mediated the effects of university response, expert testimony, and sample on liability measures and damages. These findings suggest that anger and counterfactual thinking are important mechanisms driving public support for CCT policies.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87875685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030332
Zhengfei Hu, M. Naka
ABSTRACT When communication difficulties arise in a judicial context, an interpreter is required; however, this approach could entail the omission or misinterpretation of information. Thus, to avoid such risks, it may be suitable to directly interview those who are proficient in the local language. In this study, we investigated the differences in the quality and quantity of eyewitness testimony given in one’s native and second languages, focusing on the category of information relating to an event (i.e. agent, place, object, and action). Sixty proficient Chinese–Japanese bilingual speakers were presented with a video clip; they were then asked to give a free eyewitness report in their native and second languages (orders were counterbalanced). The results showed that the amount of accurate information related to the object and action observed was higher in the native language than in the second language, whereas observations of place had significantly more information in the second language. The participants also reported more inaccurate information regarding the object and action category in their native language than in their second language. These results suggest that providing eyewitness testimony in one’s second language may specifically affect the details of an event; however, the orientating information is less intact.
{"title":"Eyewitness testimony in native and second languages","authors":"Zhengfei Hu, M. Naka","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030332","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT When communication difficulties arise in a judicial context, an interpreter is required; however, this approach could entail the omission or misinterpretation of information. Thus, to avoid such risks, it may be suitable to directly interview those who are proficient in the local language. In this study, we investigated the differences in the quality and quantity of eyewitness testimony given in one’s native and second languages, focusing on the category of information relating to an event (i.e. agent, place, object, and action). Sixty proficient Chinese–Japanese bilingual speakers were presented with a video clip; they were then asked to give a free eyewitness report in their native and second languages (orders were counterbalanced). The results showed that the amount of accurate information related to the object and action observed was higher in the native language than in the second language, whereas observations of place had significantly more information in the second language. The participants also reported more inaccurate information regarding the object and action category in their native language than in their second language. These results suggest that providing eyewitness testimony in one’s second language may specifically affect the details of an event; however, the orientating information is less intact.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79106146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030337
Olga Cunha, Andreia Silva, A. R. Cruz, Andreia de Castro Rodrigues, Teresa Braga, R. Gonçalves
ABSTRACT Batterer intervention programs (BIPs) are some of the most relevant strategies to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV). However, the rate of dropout is significantly high, which may impact the effectiveness of such strategies. Literature has identified several factors associated with BIPs’ dropout; nonetheless findings remain inconsistent. Thus, the aims of this study were to analyse the differences between perpetrators who completed the program and those who droped out, in terms of sociodemographic, violence-related and intrapersonal variables, as well as identify the predictors of dropout. Eighty-three IPV perpetrators completed a set of measures that assessed attitudes toward domestic violence, physical and psychological abuse of a partner, aggression, coping skills, and readiness to change. Variables related to past criminal history and sociodemographics were also colletected. 42.2% of IPV perpetrators failed to complete the intervention program. The results revealed that age and previous convictions by other crimes than IPV discriminated perpetrators who completed the program from those who droped out, such that, being young and having a previous conviction predicted dropout. These findings reveal a need to further analyse the impact of these factors so BIPs can be tailored to meet the specificities of IPV perpetrators and prevent treatment dropout.
{"title":"Dropout among perpetrators of intimate partner violence attending an intervention program","authors":"Olga Cunha, Andreia Silva, A. R. Cruz, Andreia de Castro Rodrigues, Teresa Braga, R. Gonçalves","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030337","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Batterer intervention programs (BIPs) are some of the most relevant strategies to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV). However, the rate of dropout is significantly high, which may impact the effectiveness of such strategies. Literature has identified several factors associated with BIPs’ dropout; nonetheless findings remain inconsistent. Thus, the aims of this study were to analyse the differences between perpetrators who completed the program and those who droped out, in terms of sociodemographic, violence-related and intrapersonal variables, as well as identify the predictors of dropout. Eighty-three IPV perpetrators completed a set of measures that assessed attitudes toward domestic violence, physical and psychological abuse of a partner, aggression, coping skills, and readiness to change. Variables related to past criminal history and sociodemographics were also colletected. 42.2% of IPV perpetrators failed to complete the intervention program. The results revealed that age and previous convictions by other crimes than IPV discriminated perpetrators who completed the program from those who droped out, such that, being young and having a previous conviction predicted dropout. These findings reveal a need to further analyse the impact of these factors so BIPs can be tailored to meet the specificities of IPV perpetrators and prevent treatment dropout.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76072541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-22DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030335
K. Burke
ABSTRACT Racially charged incidents between the police and Black civilians have sparked massive protests over racial disparities in policing. This has led many to stereotype police officers as racists, and officers themselves are aware of this. By integrating and extending prior theoretical models, this paper proposes a novel theoretical model of the various paths through which the activation of stereotype threat – officers’ fear of confirming the ‘racist police officer’ stereotype – can influence when and why White police officers display negative interpersonal behavior during routine encounters with Black civilians. The model theorizes that the activation of stereotype threat, coupled with the contextual anxiety inherent in police encounters, heightens officers’ anxiety and self-regulatory effort, leading to cognitive depletion and regulatory failure. This results in decreased empathy, ultimately ending with officers confirming the racist police officer stereotype. The paper reviews social psychological and criminal justice literature to support this theory and discusses the theoretical, practical, and research implications.
{"title":"Why interracial police-civilian interpersonal interactions can go poorly: police officer stereotype threat","authors":"K. Burke","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030335","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Racially charged incidents between the police and Black civilians have sparked massive protests over racial disparities in policing. This has led many to stereotype police officers as racists, and officers themselves are aware of this. By integrating and extending prior theoretical models, this paper proposes a novel theoretical model of the various paths through which the activation of stereotype threat – officers’ fear of confirming the ‘racist police officer’ stereotype – can influence when and why White police officers display negative interpersonal behavior during routine encounters with Black civilians. The model theorizes that the activation of stereotype threat, coupled with the contextual anxiety inherent in police encounters, heightens officers’ anxiety and self-regulatory effort, leading to cognitive depletion and regulatory failure. This results in decreased empathy, ultimately ending with officers confirming the racist police officer stereotype. The paper reviews social psychological and criminal justice literature to support this theory and discusses the theoretical, practical, and research implications.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74274453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-22DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030334
Glynis Bogaard, Ewout H. Meijer, A. Vrij, Galit Nahari
ABSTRACT Baselining – comparing the statements of interest to a known truthful statement by the same individual – has been suggested to improve lie detection accuracy. A potential downside of baselining is that it might influence the characteristics of a subsequent statement, as was shown in previous studies. In our first experiment we examined this claim but found no evidence that a truthful baseline influenced the characteristics of a subsequent statement. Next, we investigated whether using a truthful baseline statement as a within-subject comparison would improve lie detection performance by investigating verbal cues (Experiment 1) and intuitive judgements of human judges (Experiment 2). Our exploratory analyses showed that truth tellers included more auditory and temporal details in their target statement than in their baseline than liars. Observers did not identify this verbal pattern. Exposure to a truthful baseline statement resulted in a lower truth accuracy but no difference in lie accuracy.
{"title":"Detecting deception using comparable truth baselines","authors":"Glynis Bogaard, Ewout H. Meijer, A. Vrij, Galit Nahari","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2030334","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Baselining – comparing the statements of interest to a known truthful statement by the same individual – has been suggested to improve lie detection accuracy. A potential downside of baselining is that it might influence the characteristics of a subsequent statement, as was shown in previous studies. In our first experiment we examined this claim but found no evidence that a truthful baseline influenced the characteristics of a subsequent statement. Next, we investigated whether using a truthful baseline statement as a within-subject comparison would improve lie detection performance by investigating verbal cues (Experiment 1) and intuitive judgements of human judges (Experiment 2). Our exploratory analyses showed that truth tellers included more auditory and temporal details in their target statement than in their baseline than liars. Observers did not identify this verbal pattern. Exposure to a truthful baseline statement resulted in a lower truth accuracy but no difference in lie accuracy.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87715122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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