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The Multivariate Basis of Human Brain Evolution: The Prerequisites of Fire Control and Cooking 人类大脑进化的多元基础:控制火和烹饪的先决条件
IF 3.1 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1002/evan.70008
Marcelo O. Ortells, Stephon Stewart

This study investigates the evolutionary origins of the human brain, focusing on the trend of increasing size in hominins, while also addressing exceptions such as Homo naledi, Homo floresiensis, and the recent reduction observed in Homo sapiens. It examines hypotheses related to brain enlargement, challenging the Social Brain and Ecological Hypotheses by suggesting that the increase in brain size was not an inevitable response to social complexity or ecological pressures. While the Cooking Hypothesis is considered, it is not identified as the primary driver of brain expansion. Instead, fire control and cooking are proposed as prerequisites for sustaining brain size increases by meeting the energetic demands of larger brains. Additionally, we examine mutations that influenced brain size and complexity and contributed to the genetic variability that was pivotal to brain evolution, particularly in Africa during its final phase.

这项研究调查了人类大脑的进化起源,重点关注人类大脑体积增大的趋势,同时也解决了一些例外情况,如纳勒迪人、弗洛勒斯人,以及最近在智人中观察到的大脑体积减小。它检验了与大脑增大有关的假说,通过提出大脑增大不是对社会复杂性或生态压力的必然反应,挑战了社会脑和生态假说。虽然考虑了烹饪假说,但它并没有被确定为大脑扩张的主要驱动因素。相反,控火和烹饪被认为是通过满足更大的大脑的能量需求来维持大脑尺寸增长的先决条件。此外,我们研究了影响大脑大小和复杂性的突变,并促进了对大脑进化至关重要的遗传变异,特别是在非洲的最后阶段。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting “Tool” for a More Unified and Holistic Definition in Animal Behavior 重新审视“工具”在动物行为中更为统一和全面的定义
IF 3.1 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1002/evan.70014
Jayashree Mazumder, Parth Randhir Chauhan

Understanding the concept of “tool” is vital for the study of animal behavior and cognition. The definition of what exactly constitutes a tool, its characteristics, and the corresponding behaviors is pivotal yet challenging due to its often arbitrary and anthropocentric nature. This ambiguity hinders our comprehension and necessitates further exploration into the essence of tools. A precise and widely accepted definition is critical for progress in fields such as anthropology, cognitive science, and evolutionary biology, enabling a more focused study on the evolution of tool use. It is important to identify why and how certain objects become tools among different species, including humans. This paper seeks to refine the definition of a “tool” by synthesizing prior research involving tools, tooling, or tool-using animals, aiming to offer a unified framework that can support and guide future research endeavors in understanding the intricacies and evolution of tool use across species.

理解“工具”的概念对于动物行为和认知的研究至关重要。工具的定义,它的特征,以及相应的行为是至关重要的,但也具有挑战性,因为它往往是武断的和以人类为中心的。这种模糊性阻碍了我们的理解,需要进一步探索工具的本质。一个精确且被广泛接受的定义对于人类学、认知科学和进化生物学等领域的进步至关重要,它使人们能够更集中地研究工具使用的进化。重要的是要确定某些物体为什么以及如何成为不同物种(包括人类)的工具。本文试图通过综合先前涉及工具、工具或使用工具的动物的研究来完善“工具”的定义,旨在提供一个统一的框架,以支持和指导未来的研究工作,以理解跨物种工具使用的复杂性和进化。
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引用次数: 0
Post-pandemic Inequalities: Evolutionary Anthropological Frameworks for Long-Term Impacts of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic 大流行后的不平等:1918年流感大流行长期影响的进化人类学框架
IF 3.1 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-08-02 DOI: 10.1002/evan.70010
Taylor P. van Doren

The 1918 influenza pandemic was a major mortality event that is well understood in its proximate heterogeneous impacts, but its long-term impacts on inequality are less understood. Within anthropology, evolutionary frameworks such as the epidemiological transitions, biocultural anthropology, and evolutionary medicine can give meaning to ultimate explanations for pandemics' long-term consequences. I seek to identify and shape the gap in the 1918 influenza pandemic literature around the analysis of post-pandemic inequalities compared with pre-pandemic and pandemic period inequalities. I discuss six papers that address consequences on the demography and epidemiology of surviving populations and 11 papers that engage with the fetal origins hypothesis to understand unequal long-term impacts on cohorts exposed to stressful intrauterine environments during the pandemic. I contextualize existing knowledge of unequal impacts within evolutionary anthropological theory and argue that evolutionary anthropology is well suited to lead holistic research on ultimate determinants of long-term pandemic consequences.

1918年流感大流行是一个重大的死亡事件,人们对其近期的异质性影响了解得很清楚,但对其对不平等的长期影响了解得较少。在人类学中,流行病学转变、生物文化人类学和进化医学等进化框架可以为流行病的长期后果提供最终解释。我试图识别和塑造1918年流感大流行文献中围绕大流行后不平等与大流行前和大流行期间不平等的分析的差距。我讨论了六篇论文,论述了对幸存人口的人口学和流行病学的影响,还有11篇论文涉及胎儿起源假说,以了解大流行期间对暴露于压力宫内环境的队列的不平等长期影响。我将进化人类学理论中关于不平等影响的现有知识置于背景中,并认为进化人类学非常适合领导对长期流行病后果的最终决定因素的整体研究。
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引用次数: 0
Human-Dog Symbiosis and Ecological Dynamics in the Arctic 北极人狗共生和生态动态
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1002/evan.70009
Emma Vitale, Tatiana R. Feuerborn, Matthew Walls

Since the Late Pleistocene, humans and dogs have coevolved in the Arctic, forming a symbiotic relationship essential to survival, mobility, and adaptation. Archeological evidence shows dogs were used as traction animals by the Early Holocene, ultimately facilitating Inuit expansion and shaping Arctic settlement patterns. Despite recent declines in sled dog populations due to colonial factors, climate change, and cultural shifts, dogs remain central to Inuit identity. This paper frames the human-dog cooperation as a dynamic system of mutual learning, or enskilment, where both species acquire shared skills through collaboration. Tools like harnesses and whips serve as communicative devices within this system. Drawing on archeological and contemporary Inuit practices, the study highlights how embodied knowledge and animal agency contribute to ecological resilience. By viewing the Arctic as a co-managed landscape shaped by human-dog cooperation, the paper challenges static views of adaptation and underscores the enduring significance of this interspecies relationship.

自晚更新世以来,人类和狗在北极共同进化,形成了一种共生关系,对生存、移动和适应至关重要。考古证据表明,在全新世早期,狗被用作牵引动物,最终促进了因纽特人的扩张,并形成了北极的定居模式。尽管最近由于殖民因素、气候变化和文化变迁,雪橇犬的数量有所下降,但狗仍然是因纽特人身份的核心。这篇论文将人类与狗的合作描述为一个相互学习的动态系统,即相互学习,两个物种通过合作获得共同的技能。马具和鞭子之类的工具在这个系统中充当沟通工具。根据考古和当代因纽特人的实践,该研究强调了具体知识和动物代理如何促进生态恢复力。通过将北极视为一个由人狗合作形成的共同管理的景观,论文挑战了适应的静态观点,并强调了这种物种间关系的持久意义。
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引用次数: 0
Not by Selection Alone: Expanding the Scope of Gene-Culture Coevolution 不仅仅通过选择:扩大基因-文化共同进化的范围
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-07-19 DOI: 10.1002/evan.70007
Sven M. Kasser, Kevin N. Lala, Laura Fortunato, Marcus W. Feldman

Gene-culture coevolution (GCC)—an ambitious synthesis of biological and social sciences is often used to explain the evolution of key human traits. Despite the framework's broad conceptual appeal however, empirical evidence is often perceived as limited to a few key examples like lactase persistence. We argue this apparent gap between theoretical appeal and empirical evidence stems from conceptual ambiguities regarding the scope of relevant gene-culture interactions. Drawing on recent work in animal gene-culture coevolution and human genomics, we propose a “broad” approach that formally incorporates drift and migration alongside natural selection. This builds upon and subsumes the existing “narrow” framework focused on selection. Through case studies of skin pigmentation evolution and gift-exchange network influences on genetic variation in Melanesia, we demonstrate how cultural factors shape both adaptive and neutral genetic variation and population structure. This integrative perspective accommodates diverse empirical findings while opening new avenues for research in human evolution.

基因-文化共同进化(GCC)——一个雄心勃勃的生物科学和社会科学的综合,经常被用来解释人类关键特征的进化。然而,尽管该框架具有广泛的概念吸引力,但经验证据通常被认为仅限于乳糖酶持久性等几个关键例子。我们认为,理论吸引力和经验证据之间的明显差距源于有关基因文化相互作用范围的概念歧义。根据最近在动物基因培养共同进化和人类基因组学方面的工作,我们提出了一种“宽泛”的方法,正式将漂变和迁移与自然选择结合起来。这建立在现有的专注于选择的“狭窄”框架的基础上。通过对美拉尼西亚皮肤色素进化和礼物交换网络对遗传变异影响的案例研究,我们展示了文化因素如何塑造适应性和中性遗传变异和种群结构。这种综合的观点适应了不同的实证发现,同时为人类进化的研究开辟了新的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive Responses to Adversity Drive Innovation in Human Evolutionary History 人类进化史上逆境的适应性反应驱动创新
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1002/evan.70006
Nicole M. Herzog, Kathryn Demps

Thinking is costly. Nonetheless, humans develop novel solutions to problems and share that knowledge prosocially. We propose that adversity, not prosperity, created a dependence on innovation in our ancestors who were forced through fitness valleys to develop new behaviors, which shaped our life history characteristics and a new evolutionary trajectory. Driven by competitive exclusion into novel habitats, and unable to reduce costs associated with finding appropriate food sources once there, our Pliocene ancestors adopted a diet different from our forest-dwelling great ape cousins. In a reimagining of classic foraging models we outline how those individuals, pushed into an ecotone with lower fitness, climbed out of the fitness valley by shifting to a diet dependent on extractive foraging. By reducing handling costs through gregarious foraging and emergent technology, our ancestors would have been able to find new optima on the fitness landscape, decreasing mortality by reducing risk and increasing returns, leading to extended life cycles and social reliance.

思考是昂贵的。尽管如此,人类还是会开发出解决问题的新方法,并在社会上分享这些知识。我们认为,逆境而不是繁荣使我们的祖先对创新产生了依赖,他们被迫通过适应性谷发展出新的行为,这些行为塑造了我们的生活史特征和新的进化轨迹。在竞争排斥的驱使下,我们的上新世祖先进入了新的栖息地,并且无法降低寻找合适食物来源的成本,因此我们采用了与生活在森林中的类人猿表亲不同的饮食方式。在对经典觅食模式的重新想象中,我们概述了那些被推入适应性较低的过渡带的个体是如何通过转向依赖于提取性觅食的饮食来爬出适应性谷的。通过群居觅食和新兴技术降低处理成本,我们的祖先可能已经能够在健康景观中找到新的最佳选择,通过降低风险和增加回报来降低死亡率,从而延长生命周期和社会依赖。
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引用次数: 0
Cultural Incentive Learning: How Culture Shapes Acquisition of Values 文化激励学习:文化如何塑造价值观的获取
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/evan.70005
Francesco Rigoli, Jack Lennon

Although research on human values is abundant, it has so far neglected a crucial question: what are the psychological mechanisms whereby culture shapes people's values? To address this, the manuscript introduces a framework examining how culture shapes the acquisition of values, a process referred to as cultural incentive learning. The proposal is that cultural incentive learning mediates the influence exerted by the structure of society upon people's values. According to the framework, when the social structure changes, certain forms of learning (i.e., conditioned reinforcement) are elicited which promote value change. Simultaneously, other forms of learning, which are based on imitating other people's behavior, pull toward the preservation of previous values, ensuring that value change is not too precipitous and that group cooperation is maintained. Applying these principles to cultural evolution, the paper develops a theory of how values evolve over history, a process we label Value Evolution.

尽管对人类价值观的研究非常丰富,但迄今为止,它忽视了一个至关重要的问题:文化塑造人们价值观的心理机制是什么?为了解决这个问题,该手稿引入了一个框架,研究文化如何塑造价值观的获取,这一过程被称为文化激励学习。文化激励学习在社会结构对人的价值观的影响中起中介作用。根据该框架,当社会结构发生变化时,会引发某些形式的学习(即条件强化),从而促进价值变化。同时,以模仿他人行为为基础的其他形式的学习倾向于保留先前的价值观,确保价值观的变化不会太突然,并保持群体合作。将这些原则应用到文化进化中,本文发展了一种价值观如何随历史演变的理论,我们将其称为价值进化。
{"title":"Cultural Incentive Learning: How Culture Shapes Acquisition of Values","authors":"Francesco Rigoli,&nbsp;Jack Lennon","doi":"10.1002/evan.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although research on human values is abundant, it has so far neglected a crucial question: what are the psychological mechanisms whereby culture shapes people's values? To address this, the manuscript introduces a framework examining how culture shapes the acquisition of values, a process referred to as <i>cultural incentive learning</i>. The proposal is that cultural incentive learning mediates the influence exerted by the structure of society upon people's values. According to the framework, when the social structure changes, certain forms of learning (i.e., conditioned reinforcement) are elicited which promote value change. Simultaneously, other forms of learning, which are based on imitating other people's behavior, pull toward the preservation of previous values, ensuring that value change is not too precipitous and that group cooperation is maintained. Applying these principles to cultural evolution, the paper develops a theory of how values evolve over history, a process we label <i>Value Evolution</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/evan.70005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Placental Steroid Hypothesis of Human Brain Evolution 人类大脑进化的胎盘类固醇假说
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-06-20 DOI: 10.1002/evan.70003
Alex Tsompanidis, Graham J. Burton, Simon Baron-Cohen, Robin I. M. Dunbar

The evolution of the human brain has long been framed in terms of sexual selection, with an emphasis on consistent but small on-average volumetric differences between males and females. In this review, we present new molecular, genetic and clinical findings regarding neurodevelopment, cortical expansion and the production of sex steroid hormones, such as testosterone and oestradiol, by the placenta during pregnancy. We discuss converging evidence that on-average sex differences are relevant for human evolution but are characterised by significant overlap between the sexes and more adaptations in female, rather than male, physiology. We also consider recent accounts and modelling of evolutionary pressures in large social groups, regarding competition and fertility. Finally, we bring these findings together and present a novel hypothesis for understanding human brain development and evolution, which emphasises the role of sex steroid hormones, their prenatal production by the placenta and their roles in regulating physiology, fertility and cognition.

长期以来,人类大脑的进化一直以性别选择为框架,强调男性和女性之间一致但很小的平均体积差异。在这篇综述中,我们介绍了新的分子、遗传和临床研究结果,涉及神经发育、皮质扩张和妊娠期间胎盘产生的性类固醇激素,如睾酮和雌二醇。我们讨论了越来越多的证据表明,平均性别差异与人类进化有关,但其特征是两性之间存在显著的重叠,女性生理上的适应性比男性更强。我们还考虑了大型社会群体中关于竞争和生育的进化压力的最新描述和建模。最后,我们将这些发现结合在一起,提出了一个新的假设来理解人类大脑的发育和进化,该假设强调性类固醇激素的作用,它们在胎盘产前产生的作用,以及它们在调节生理、生育和认知方面的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to “Targeting the Hunting Hypothesis: Review of Evidence From the Hadza” 对“瞄准狩猎假说:来自哈扎证据的回顾”的更正
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-06-14 DOI: 10.1002/evan.70004

O'Connell, J. F., K. Hawkes, and N. B. Jones, “Targeting the Hunting Hypothesis: Review of Evidence From the Hadza,” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 34 (2025): e70002, http://doi.org/10.1002/evan.70002.

In the published version of this article, the departmental affiliations of authors were incorrect.

We apologize for this error.

O'Connell, J. F. K. Hawkes和N. B. Jones,“瞄准狩猎假说:来自哈扎证据的回顾”,进化人类学:问题,新闻和评论34 (2025):e70002, http://doi.org/10.1002/evan.70002.In这篇文章的出版版本,作者的部门隶属关系是不正确的。我们为这个错误道歉。
{"title":"Correction to “Targeting the Hunting Hypothesis: Review of Evidence From the Hadza”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/evan.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>O'Connell, J. F., K. Hawkes, and N. B. Jones, “Targeting the Hunting Hypothesis: Review of Evidence From the Hadza,” <i>Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews</i> 34 (2025): e70002, http://doi.org/10.1002/evan.70002.</p><p>In the published version of this article, the departmental affiliations of authors were incorrect.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"34 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/evan.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Targeting the Hunting Hypothesis: Review of Evidence From the Hadza 瞄准狩猎假说:对哈扎证据的回顾
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.1002/evan.70002
James F. O'Connell, Kristen Hawkes, Nicholas Blurton Jones

The hunting hypothesis holds that ancestral human males favored their own mates and children in sharing meat gained from big game hunting, a practice said to have led to the origin of nuclear families and related changes in life history. Data from East African Hadza hunter-gatherers operating in an environment like that prevalent when and where Homo evolved contradict key elements of this idea. An alternative model, the grandmother hypothesis, holds that senior women's foraging and food sharing led to life history changes that favored mate guarding, not paternal provisioning, in the formation of nuclear family-like social units. Relevant data and theory are reviewed and evaluated.

狩猎假说认为,人类祖先的男性喜欢与自己的配偶和子女分享从大型猎物狩猎中获得的肉,据说这种做法导致了核心家庭的起源,并导致了生活史上的相关变化。来自东非哈德扎狩猎采集者的数据与这一观点的关键要素相矛盾,他们生活的环境与人类进化的时间和地点相似。另一种模型,祖母假说,认为老年女性的觅食和食物分享导致了生活史的变化,在形成类似核心家庭的社会单位时,更倾向于保护配偶,而不是父亲提供食物。对相关数据和理论进行了回顾和评价。
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引用次数: 0
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