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A biochronological date of 3.6 million years for "Little Foot" (StW 573, Australopithecus prometheus from Sterkfontein, South Africa). 小脚"(StW 573,来自南非 Sterkfontein 的 Australopithecus prometheus)的生物年代学日期为 360 万年。
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22049
Francis Thackeray

A debate has developed with regard to geological ages of hominin fossils attributed to Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus prometheus in South African Plio-Pleistocene cave deposits. For the Sterkfontein caves (Members 2 and 4), cosmogenic nuclide isochron (10Be/26Al) dating has yielded age estimates ranging from 3.4 to 3.7 million years ago (Ma). However, biochronological approaches using nonhominin primates suggest an alternative age range between 2 and 2.6 Ma. Based on a new method of hominin biochronology, Thackeray and Dykes have recognized that Sterkfontein Member 4 has a mean age of 2.76 Ma associated with a wide range (circa 2.0-3.5 Ma). In this study, the Sterkfontein skull and skeleton (StW 573), nicknamed "Little Foot" from Member 2 and attributed to A. prometheus, is reassessed. A regression model applied to estimate its age provides a hypothesized date of 3.6 Ma, which compares favorably with the existing cosmogenic dates.

关于南非上新世-更新世洞穴沉积中被认为是非洲澳洲人和南方澳洲人化石的地质年龄,已经形成了争论。对于 Sterkfontein 洞穴(第 2 和第 4 个成员),宇宙成因核素等时线(10Be/26Al)测定法得出的年龄估计为距今 340 万至 370 万年(Ma)。然而,利用非人灵长类的生物年代学方法表明,另一个年龄范围在 2 至 2.6 Ma 之间。Thackeray 和 Dykes 根据一种新的类人猿生物年代学方法,认为 Sterkfontein 第 4 号成员的平均年龄为 2.76 Ma,年龄范围较宽(约 2.0-3.5 Ma)。在本研究中,对来自第 2 组分、被昵称为 "小脚 "的斯特克方丹头骨和骨骼(StW 573)进行了重新评估。应用回归模型对其年龄进行了估计,得出的假定年代为 3.6 Ma,与现有的宇宙成因年代相比较,其结果较为理想。
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引用次数: 0
The evolutionary origin of human kissing. 人类接吻的进化起源
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22050
Adriano R Lameira

A kiss has been a signal of special affection across continents and cultures for millennia. Between times and peoples, social norms invariably prescribe kissing to specific affiliations and contexts, implying deeper biological bases. Why the protruding of the lips and slight suction when touching another? Capuchin monkeys stick their fingers in their friends' eyes as sign of affection, why have humans developed kissing? Here I briefly review proposed hypotheses for the evolution of human kissing. Great ape social behavior suggests that kissing is likely the conserved final mouth-contact stage of a grooming bout when the groomer sucks with protruded lips the fur or skin of the groomed to latch on debris or a parasite. The hygienic relevance of grooming decreased over human evolution due to fur-loss, but shorter sessions would have predictably retained a final "kissing" stage, ultimately, remaining the only vestige of a once ritualistic behavior for signaling and strengthening social and kinship ties in an ancestral ape.

千百年来,亲吻一直是跨越大陆和文化的特殊感情信号。不同时代、不同民族的社会规范无一例外地将接吻规定为特定的从属关系和背景,这意味着更深层次的生物学基础。为什么在接触他人时嘴唇会突出并有轻微的吸力?卷尾猴把手指伸进朋友的眼睛以示亲昵,人类为什么会发展出接吻?在此,我简要回顾一下关于人类接吻进化的假设。巨猿的社会行为表明,接吻很可能是梳理过程中保留下来的最后的嘴部接触阶段,梳理者用突出的嘴唇吸吮被梳理者的毛发或皮肤,以吸附碎屑或寄生虫。在人类进化过程中,由于毛发脱落,梳理毛发的卫生意义降低了,但可以预见的是,较短的梳理过程将保留最后的 "接吻 "阶段,最终,这一曾经具有仪式性的行为将成为祖先猿类发出信号、加强社会和亲缘关系的唯一遗迹。
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引用次数: 0
Back(s) to basics: The concept of backing in stone tool technologies for tracing hominins' technical innovations. 返璞归真:石器技术中的 "背靠背 "概念,用于追溯类人猿的技术创新。
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22045
Davide Delpiano, Brad Gravina, Marco Peresani

The evolution of Paleolithic stone tool technologies is characterized by gradual increase in technical complexity along with changes in the composition of assemblages. In this respect, the emergence of retouched-backed tools is an important step and, for some, a proxy for "modern" behavior. However, backed tools emerge relatively early and develop together with major changes in Middle-Upper Pleistocene stone tool technologies. We provide an updated review of the emergence and development of the "backing" concept across multiple chrono-cultural contexts and discuss its relationship to both the emergence of hafting and major evolutionary steps in the ergonomics of stone tool use. Finally, we address potential mechanisms of context-specific re-invention of backing based primarily on data from the late Middle Paleolithic of Western Europe.

旧石器时代石器技术演变的特点是技术复杂性逐渐增加,同时器物组合的构成也发生了变化。在这方面,有背修饰工具的出现是重要的一步,对某些人来说,它是 "现代 "行为的代表。然而,有背工具出现得相对较早,而且是与中上更新世石器技术的重大变化一起发展起来的。我们对 "背负 "概念在多种年代文化背景下的出现和发展进行了最新的回顾,并讨论了它与锄具的出现以及石器使用工效学的主要演化步骤之间的关系。最后,我们主要根据西欧旧石器时代中晚期的数据,探讨了在特定环境中重新发明 "靠背 "的潜在机制。
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引用次数: 0
Big brains and the human superorganism: Why special brains appear in hominids and other social Animals By Dr. Niccolo Leo Caldararo. (2017, reprint in 2020) Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, a Division of Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–196. 大脑袋和人类超级有机体:尼科洛-利奥-卡尔达拉罗博士著:《为什么人类和其他社会性动物会出现特殊的大脑?(2017年,2020年再版)马里兰州兰哈姆:罗曼与利特菲尔德出版社旗下列克星敦图书公司,第1-196页。
IF 3.7 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22044
Megan Wilkinson
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引用次数: 0
Were fewer boys born in the United States during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic? A test of the Trivers–Willard hypothesis 在 COVID-19 大流行的最初几个月,在美国出生的男孩是否较少?对特里弗斯-威拉德假说的检验。
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22043
Peyton Cleaver, Amy L. Non

The Trivers–Willard hypothesis predicts that mammalian parents in poor environmental conditions will favor the offspring sex with more reliable chance of reproductive success, which in humans is females. Three months following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa, England, and Wales, there were significant decreases in the sex ratio at birth (SRB) (male births/total live births). We analyzed this ratio with a seasonal autoregressive moving average model, and a logistic regression, using nationwide natality data for all singleton births in the United States from 2015 to 2021 (n = 25,201,620 total births). We identified no significant change in the sex ratio in either analysis. Rather, we observed marked differences in the sex ratio by maternal characteristics of race/ethnicity, age, and education, with more vulnerable groups having lower sex ratios. These findings suggest the SRB may be an important marker of reproductive vulnerability for disadvantaged groups in the United States.

根据 Trivers-Willard 假说的预测,哺乳动物的父母在恶劣的环境条件下会倾向于选择生殖成功几率更大的后代性别,而人类的后代性别是女性。COVID-19 在南非、英格兰和威尔士流行三个月后,出生性别比(SRB)(男婴出生率/活产总数)显著下降。我们利用美国 2015 年至 2021 年所有单胎新生儿的全国出生数据(n = 25,201,620 个总出生数),采用季节性自回归移动平均模型和逻辑回归分析了这一比率。在这两项分析中,我们均未发现性别比有明显变化。相反,我们观察到不同种族/族裔、年龄和教育程度的产妇特征在性别比率上存在明显差异,更脆弱的群体性别比率更低。这些发现表明,SRB 可能是美国弱势群体生殖脆弱性的一个重要标志。
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引用次数: 0
Domestication as the evolution of interspecies cooperative breeding 驯化是种间合作繁殖的进化。
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22042
Natalie G. Mueller, John C. Willman

We propose that domestication is the result of interspecies cooperative breeding. Considering domestication as an outcome of cooperative breeding can explain how domestication occurs in both plants and animals, encompass cases of domestication that do not involve humans, and shed light on why humans are involved in so many domesticatory relationships. We review the cooperative breeding model of human evolution, which posits that care of human infants by alloparents enabled the evolution of costly human brains and long juvenile development, while selecting for tolerance of strangers. We then explore how human cooperation in the protection and provisioning of young plants and animals can explain the evolution of domestication traits such as changes in development; loss of aggressive, defensive, and bet-hedging aspects of the phenotype; and increased fertility. We argue that the importance of cooperative breeding to human societies has made humans especially likely to enter into interspecies cooperative breeding relationships.

我们提出,驯化是种间合作繁殖的结果。将驯化视为合作繁殖的结果可以解释驯化是如何在植物和动物中发生的,包括不涉及人类的驯化案例,并揭示为什么人类参与了如此多的驯化关系。我们回顾了人类进化的合作育种模式,该模式认为,异父异母对人类婴儿的照顾促成了人类大脑的进化和漫长的幼年发育,同时也选择了对陌生人的容忍。然后,我们探讨了人类在保护和供养幼年动植物方面的合作如何解释驯化特征的进化,如发育的变化;表型中攻击性、防御性和对赌性的丧失;以及生育率的提高。我们认为,合作繁育对人类社会的重要性使得人类特别有可能建立种间合作繁育关系。
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引用次数: 0
Eco-geographic and sexual variation of the ribcage in Homo sapiens 智人肋骨的生态地理和性别变异。
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22040
José M. López-Rey, Manuel D. D'Angelo del Campo, Verónica Seldes, Daniel García-Martínez, Markus Bastir

Up to now, Allen and Bergmann's rules have been studied in modern humans by analyzing differences in limb length, height, or body mass. However, there are no publications studying the effects of latitude in the 3D configuration of the ribcage. To assess this issue, we digitally reconstructed the ribcages of a balanced sample of 109 adult individuals of global distribution. Shape and size of the ribcage was quantified using geometric morphometrics. Our results show that the ribcage belonging to tropical individuals is smaller and slenderer compared to others living in higher latitudes, which is in line with Allen and Bergmann's rules and suggests an allometric relationship between size and shape. Although sexual dimorphism was observed in the whole sample, significant differences were only found in tropical populations. Our proposal is that, apart from potential sexual selection, avoiding heat loss might be the limiting factor for sexual dimorphism in cold-adapted populations.

迄今为止,Allen 和 Bergmann 的规则是通过分析肢体长度、身高或体重的差异来研究现代人的。然而,目前还没有研究纬度对肋骨三维结构影响的出版物。为了评估这个问题,我们对全球分布的 109 个成年个体的肋骨进行了数字重建。我们使用几何形态计量学对肋骨的形状和大小进行了量化。我们的结果表明,热带个体的肋骨与生活在高纬度地区的其他个体相比更小、更细,这与艾伦和伯格曼的规则一致,并表明大小与形状之间存在着异速关系。虽然在整个样本中都观察到了性二型现象,但只有在热带种群中才发现了显著差异。我们的建议是,除了潜在的性选择外,避免热量损失可能是适应寒冷的种群出现性二型的限制因素。
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引用次数: 0
On the scientific credibility of paleoanthropology: Reply to Villmoare and Kimbel 关于古人类学的科学可信性:答复 Villmoare 和 Kimbel。
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-30 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22041
Richard J. Smith, Bernard Wood

Smith and Wood reply to Villmoare and Kimbel regarding the scientific credibility of problems in paleoanthropology that require causal explanations for unique historical events.

史密斯和伍德就古人类学中需要对独特历史事件做出因果解释的问题的科学可信性回答了 Villmoare 和 Kimbel。
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引用次数: 0
The immunity gap in primates 灵长类动物的免疫差距
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-15 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22038
Clara L. Mariencheck

Vertebrates exhibit sexual dimorphism in response to infectious diseases and in morbidity and mortality rates to various pathogens. Females are generally more immunocompetent than males, despite their increased reproductive burden and the immunosuppressive effects of gestation. In addition, females generally have lower incidences of cancer compared to males; however, they have higher rates of autoimmune disorders. These sex differences may be a result of life history differences, sexual selection, genetics, and/or the physiological effects of hormones. As highly social mammals with complex life histories, primates offer a unique opportunity to investigate the evolution of enhanced female immunocompetence. This review aims to examine the evidence of this immunity gap, understand current hypotheses for its evolution, and explore the potential role of X chromosome specific genes and heterozygosity within this framework.

脊椎动物在对传染病的反应以及对各种病原体的发病率和死亡率方面表现出性双态性。尽管雌性的生殖负担加重,而且妊娠会产生免疫抑制作用,但雌性的免疫能力通常比雄性强。此外,与男性相比,女性的癌症发病率通常较低;但女性的自身免疫性疾病发病率较高。这些性别差异可能是生活史差异、性选择、遗传和/或激素的生理效应造成的。灵长类动物是具有复杂生活史的高度社会性哺乳动物,为研究雌性免疫能力增强的进化提供了一个独特的机会。本综述旨在研究这种免疫力差距的证据,了解目前有关其进化的假说,并探讨 X 染色体特异基因和杂合性在这一框架中的潜在作用。
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引用次数: 0
On the scientific credibility of paleoanthropology 关于古人类学的科学可信度。
IF 4.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22037
Brian Villmoare, William Kimbel

Smith and Smith and Wood proposed that the human fossil record offers special challenges for causal hypotheses because “unique” adaptations resist the comparative method. We challenge their notions of “uniqueness” and offer a refutation of the idea that there is something epistemologically special about human prehistoric data. Although paleontological data may be sparse, there is nothing inherent about this information that prevents its use in the inductive or deductive process, nor in the generation and testing of scientific hypotheses. The imprecision of the fossil record is well-understood, and such imprecision is often factored into hypotheses and methods. While we acknowledge some oversteps within the discipline, we also note that the history of paleoanthropology is clearly one of progress, with ideas tested and resolution added as data (fossils) are uncovered and new technologies applied, much like in sciences as diverse as astronomy, molecular genetics, and geology.

史密斯、史密斯和伍德提出,人类化石记录为因果假说提供了特殊的挑战,因为 "独特的 "适应性抵制了比较方法。我们对他们的 "独特性 "概念提出质疑,并驳斥了人类史前数据在认识论上具有特殊性的观点。虽然古生物学数据可能很稀少,但这些信息本身并不妨碍在归纳或演绎过程中使用,也不妨碍科学假设的产生和检验。化石记录的不精确性是众所周知的,而这种不精确性也经常被纳入假设和方法中。虽然我们承认该学科内部存在一些失误,但我们也注意到古人类学的历史显然是一个不断进步的历史,随着数据(化石)的发掘和新技术的应用,各种观点不断得到验证,决议也不断得到补充,这与天文学、分子遗传学和地质学等不同科学领域的情况十分相似。
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引用次数: 0
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Evolutionary Anthropology
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