Addiction Research & Theory最新文献

Background: Recovery capital encompasses internal and external factors that support recovery from substance use disorder, such as employment, social support, and physical and mental health. There is a need for more research on recovery capital among women who are incarcerated, who often face complex barriers to recovery, such as poverty, unemployment, and histories of trauma.

Methods: Women (N = 900) were recruited from Kentucky jails as part of the broader NIDA-funded Kentucky Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (JCOIN) cooperative project. Measures from baseline interviews (during incarceration) were selected in alignment with the Substance Abuse Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA)'s four dimensions of recovery ('health', 'home', 'purpose' and 'community'). Bivariate analyses and multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to determine correlations between selected measures and women's scores on the Brief Assessment of Recovery Capital (BARC-10).

Results: Women reported an average BARC-10 score of 45.4. Several differences were observed in BARC-10 scores across all four recovery dimensions. Items retained in the full multilevel GLM explained 48% of the variance in recovery capital (R ²=0.479), with the 'community' dimension representing the strongest relationship (R ²=0.445). Perceived social support was the strongest individual correlate (B=2.40, p<0.001) of all variables within the model.

Conclusions: This sample of incarcerated women reported low recovery capital. However, findings highlight recovery capital as a multidimensional construct, related to factors across all four SAMSHA dimensions of recovery, especially 'community'. Interventions are needed to build recovery capital across each dimension, particularly leveraging social support, to promote sustained recovery among women who are incarcerated.

Objectives: Opioid use disorder (OUD) and its treatment (MOUD) are associated with altered sleep health. The purposes are to (1) describe profiles of sleep health among adults using medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and (2) examine the associations between multi-level individual, family, neighborhood, and social characteristics and sleep profiles. We hypothesized that poor quality of life, adverse life experiences, addiction behavior, dysfunctional family and social interactions, and negative neighborhood characteristics are associated with negative profiles of sleep health.

Methods: This study comprised baseline analyses of the NIH/HEAL-funded CLOUDS study (Collaboration Linking Opioid Use Disorder and Sleep). We obtained self-report measures of sleep health and indicators of multi-level individual, family, and neighborhood factors. We identified sleep health profiles with K-means cluster analysis and examined the associations between these multi-level factors and sleep health profiles.

Results: The sample included 165 participants (M age = 42, SD =11.4 years; N = 73/42.2% female; N = 37/22.4% Black or more than one race). We identified four sleep health profiles: Healthy sleep (Profile A; 30.3%); mild insomnia/late sleep timing (Profile B: 20%); clinical insomnia/long sleep (Profile C: 25.5%); and insomnia with excessive daytime sleepiness (Profile D: 23.6%). There were statistically significant differences across sleep profiles in physical and psychological health, addiction use and risk, family function, neighborhood esthetic quality, and perceptions of community support, with more adverse factors associated with poorer sleep health.

Conclusions: Research is needed to understand the causal directions of these relationships and promote multi-level interventions to promote sleep health.

Objective: Alcohol misuse reaches peak prevalence during adolescence and emerging adulthood increasing the risk for health harms, which is particularly concerning among Black/African American (AA) youth considering the health inequities these individuals experience. Also, disparities in alcohol-related negative social consequences (e.g., incarceration, unemployment) exist. Interventions for youth who engage in risky drinking need to be tailored to diverse needs to achieve better public health outcomes, health equity, and social justice. Herein, to inform future tailored interventions, we report on the factors associated with drinking severity among a sample of Black/AA youth who screened positive for past 3-month risky drinking.

Method: We analyzed baseline cross-sectional data from a randomized controlled trial on alcohol intervention efficacy among youth aged 16-24. This study focused on 184 Black/AA participants. Using multivariate regression, we examined substance use characteristics, self-efficacy to reduce alcohol consumption, and resiliency as they relate to alcohol use severity, controlling for age and sex.

Results: In an adjusted model, older age, more frequent non-fatal overdose experiences, and lower self-efficacy to reduce drinking were significantly associated with more severe drinking. Sex, other substance use, and resiliency did not significantly differentiate alcohol use severity in this sample.

Conclusions: Tailored behavioral interventions to reduce risky drinking severity among Black/AA youth may benefit from considering culturally appropriate ways to increase self-efficacy to reduce drinking while paying special attention to addressing risk for overdose experiences.

Background: Research examining mechanisms that underlie adolescent addiction recovery can help inform best practices for this at-risk group. Alternative Peer Groups (APGs) are recovery supports intending to facilitate positive peer connections and prosocial activities. Consistent with the G-CHIME framework (Ogilvie & Carson, 2022), theory suggests APGs enhance adolescent recovery through Connectedness with APG peers and leaders, leading to Growth, Hope, Identity, Meaning, and Empowerment. In this study, we conducted qualitative analyses using the G-CHIME framework to examine recovery processes among APG participants.

Methods: This was a secondary analysis of interviews with former APG participants (n=14; 71% male; M_age =20.4) and with leaders of those APGs (n = 7). G-CHIME elements were used as preliminary codes and sub-codes were generated during transcript review, including the addition of Motivation. Transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method.

Results: G-CHIME generally mapped onto recovery processes but in several novel ways. For example, connection to APG peers/staff was integral to recovery for most, but not all participants. Transitioning from being selfish to selfless emerged as a key process mapping onto G-CHIME domains of Identity, Meaning, and Empowerment, often depicted through 'helping others' or becoming considerate. Motivation, although not a formal G-CHIME component, appeared throughout, suggesting this construct underlies many of the G-CHIME components.

Conclusions: Using the G-CHIME framework may provide a more comprehensive understanding of youth recovery narratives. This enhanced understanding of pathways taken when participating in recovery support services may help program staff leverage such knowledge to increase engagement and positive outcomes.

Individuals who smoke cigarettes and experience affective vulnerabilities report more severe smoking patterns. Prior work has identified several transdiagnostic risk factors associated with perceived barriers for smoking cessation, including distress tolerance, anxiety sensitivity, and emotion dysregulation. However, no work has explored the unique effect of these constructs on dimensions of perceived barriers for smoking cessation while controlling for the shared variance across these affective vulnerabilities. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance, and emotion dysregulation on perceived barriers for smoking cessation related to addiction, external, and internal domains when controlling for the shared variance across the identified affective vulnerabilities. Participants included 154 adults who reported daily cigarette smoking and low distress tolerance (M _age = 29.6 years; SD = 7.49; 31% female). Results indicate that higher anxiety sensitivity is related to greater external perceived barriers for smoking cessation whereas lower distress tolerance is related to greater internal and addiction perceived barriers for smoking cessation. The current findings suggest anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance are important to better understanding perceived barriers for smoking cessation in the context of one another and emotion dysregulation.

Background: Prior studies have found that e-cigarette-related interpersonal communication and perceived norms are associated with young adults' e-cigarette use. However, it is unclear whether social network size moderates these relationships. This study examined the relationship between interpersonal discussions, perceived norms, and e-cigarette use outcomes (i.e., daily vaping episodes and vaping days per week) and further examined whether network size moderates these relationships.

Methods: The sample consisted of 670 college students (81% female, 82.8% white; M_age = 21.20; SD = 3.92).

Results: There was a significant and positive association between e-cigarette-related interpersonal communication, daily vaping episodes, and vaping days per week, but not for perceived norms. In addition, we found a significant interaction between interpersonal communication and network size. Follow-up Johnson-Neyman analyses revealed that the association between the frequency of e-cigarette discussions and vaping days per week was significant and positive when network size was low to medium; however, this relationship changes and becomes non-significant when network size was high.

Conclusions: The results highlight that young adults who are in smaller social networks and frequently discuss e-cigarettes may be susceptible to vaping multiple times per day and days per week. Therefore, interventions to reduce e-cigarette use among young adults may be particularly effective when implemented within smaller social networks.

Background: Novel and personalized intervention strategies are necessary to address the wide treatment gap for individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) who are not prescribed medications for OUD (MOUD). The Dualistic Model of Passion (DMP) offers an innovative opportunity to understand an individual's relationship with opioid use and effectively measure readiness for treatment. The current study aimed to explore how passion for opioid use predicted opioid use behaviors and treatment outcomes among individuals who self-described as treatment-seeking.

Methods: As part of a screening for a larger virtual focus group study, a nationally recruited sample (N = 107; 72.0% non-Hispanic White, 54.2% male) currently receiving or seeking treatment for OUD completed the opioid use version of the Harmonious and Obsessive Passion Scale (O-HOPS) alongside other demographic and substance use history questionnaires.

Results: Eleven out of 13 O-HOPS items that loaded onto two factors (harmonious passion and obsessive passion) were retained in the confirmatory factor analysis solution. Results of the canonical correlation analysis revealed greater obsessive passion for opioid use was associated with more frequent opioid use and problems related to drug use in the past 30 days, controlling for harmonious passion for opioid use and other use- and treatment-related outcomes.

Conclusions: The DMP is applicable to individuals with OUD who are treatment-ready, as obsessive passion is associated with opioid use frequency and use-related consequences. Passion may be a novel metric of treatment readiness to improve engagement with evidence-based treatment such as MOUD initiation and maintenance.

Background: The role of the genome in the etiology of addictive disorders is increasingly emphasized, though the impact of this emphasis on people affected by addiction remains unclear. Furthering existing research on this topic, we sought to explore how attributing one's own addiction to genetic causes would relate to clinically relevant attitudes and beliefs, and whether any such impact would differ between people with substance addictions (alcohol use disorder in our sample) and those with behavioral addictions (gambling disorder in our sample).

Methods: Individuals affected by gambling disorder (GD; N=60) or alcohol use disorder (AUD; n=53) completed a measure of their belief in a possible genetic basis for their addictive disorder, as well as measures of beliefs about the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy, characterological self-blame, and beliefs about their ability to overcome their addictive disorder. A subset of 20 participants completed qualitative follow-up interviews to explore their perspectives in greater depth.

Results: In the GD sample, but not in the AUD sample, genetic attributions were positively associated with characterological self-blame; no other quantitative variables showed significant associations with genetic attributions. In the interviews, several participants expressed views of a genetic explanation for addiction as suggesting a need for biomedical (pharmacological) treatment. There was a diversity of views about whether a genetic explanation would indicate blamelessness on the part of the individual patient, as well as whether it would connote limited agency to overcome addiction through behavioral self-control.

Conclusions: Individuals with addictive disorders may endorse a variety of different perspectives about the implications of genetic explanations of addiction for treatment, self-efficacy, and blame, which may help to explain why quantitative associations between genetic attributions and other variables were not consistently observed.

Background: The stigma attached to alcohol or other drug use (AOD) disorders can lead to poorer treatment outcomes. Adolescents, who are developing their social identity, may hesitate to disclose their disorder and are vulnerable to stigmatizing experiences. Adolescents' preferred ways of discussing AOD disorder have not been explored.

Methods: This study explores the experience of AOD disclosure in 16 adolescents with an AOD disorder (recruited nationwide in the United States from 2022-2023). Participants were 12-19 years old (M = 16.8; SD = 1.78; 56% Male, 31% Female, 13% Non-binary), had experienced problematic substance use, and used some form of treatment or recovery support. Participants completed an interview in which they reflected on their social network, their recovery, and experiences related to AOD disorder disclosure. The research team used constant comparative analysis to develop themes from the interview data.

Results: A primary theme was the level of control participants felt regarding the persons to whom they disclosed their AOD recovery, and how that information was disclosed. Although some participants felt supported, several felt that their peers/family were overly intrusive (e.g., by questioning actions). Some participants experienced enacted stigma in interactions with others.

Conclusions: These results support recommendations for family, peers, and youth-facing providers to engage youth in treatment. Future work should aim to increase disclosure skills and coping strategies for adolescents experiencing AOD recovery, and educational efforts for practitioners, families, and peers on ways to have conversations around AOD recovery with adolescents that best support their recovery.