Psychology of Violence最新文献

Objective: This brief report examines associations of age, sexual identity, prior sexual victimization, hazardous drinking behavior, and male sexual partners with the odds of prospective sexual assault among sexual minority women.

Method: This study utilized data from 467 sexual minority women enrolled in Waves 3 (2010-2012) and 4 (2016-2017) of the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women survey. We conducted logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with the risk of sexual assault over time.

Results: Logistic regression analyses showed that younger age (18-30), prior victimization, hazardous drinking, bisexual sexual identity, and number of male partners in the previous 5 years at Wave 3 were prospectively associated with sexual assault at Wave 4.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that younger age, prior sexual victimization, hazardous drinking, and male sexual partnerships increase the subsequent odds of sexual assault among sexual minority women. The findings suggest opportunities for targeted interventions to prevent sexual violence in high-risk groups, as well as areas for future research.

Objective: Among women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV), to document the prevalence of explicit and implicit firearm threat across the life course, determine if threat type differentiates women on various characteristics and IPV experiences, elucidate firearm threat incident characteristics, and describe women's perceptions of their partners' willingness to use a firearm against them.

Method: Women (N = 258, M _age = 40.1 years, 43.8% Black) who reported experiencing physical or psychological IPV were recruited from the community, mainly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrospective data on firearm threats were collected during individual interviews.

Results: Of participants, 35% reported experiencing firearm threats by an intimate partner during their lifetime. Participants experienced 9.1 (SD = 24.3) instances of firearm threat, on average. Participants who experienced implicit firearm threat only were not significantly different from those who experienced explicit threat on various characteristics and IPV experiences. Most incidents took place in private locations when no one else was around. Partners were described as "angry/irrational/extremely upset" during 68.7% of incidents, "calm" during 38.6% of incidents, and separately, were reported to be under the influence of alcohol/drugs in 49.4% of incidents. One-fourth of participants believed their partner would be willing to use a gun against them.

Conclusions: Findings underscore the need for stronger attention to implicit firearm threat in practice and policy. Clinically, there is a need to advance training of providers to raise awareness of explicit and implicit firearm threats and recognize the heterogeneity of incident characteristics as it has implications for survivor-centered practices.

Objective: Rough sex is increasingly common among younger cohorts. Preliminary evidence suggests that engagement in rough sex is not always consensual, and it may be associated with a history of sexual victimization. This study sought to examine that relationship in a large U.S. national sample.

Method: Participants (weighted N = 4,546) were recruited to complete an online survey in which they were asked about their experiences enacting a variety of rough sex behaviors on a partner and their experiences having these behaviors enacted on them by a partner-both consensually and nonconsensually. They were also asked about experiences of sexual coercion (sexual acts through verbal pressure) and sexual assault (nonconsensual sexual acts). A single item assessing nonconsensual rough sex was pilot tested.

Results: Individuals with a history of sexual victimization (either sexual coercion or sexual assault) were significantly more likely to report enacting rough sex and experiencing both consensual and nonconsensual rough sex. The single item assessing nonconsensual rough sex showed utility (i.e., captured sexual victims that were missed by traditional sexual victimization items) and validity (i.e., was correlated with traditional sexual victimization items and with a multi-item measure of nonconsensual rough sex).

Conclusions: Engagement in rough sex is associated with sexual victimization history, pointing to the potential for vulnerability and exploitation within rough sex. Additionally, these results speak to the need to assess for experiences of nonconsensual rough sex, and they provide some preliminary evidence for the validity of a single item that could be added to existing victimization measures.

Objective: This study examined daily level changes in sexual assault incidence over the course of the pandemic, and whether such changes could be contextualized by pandemic-related changes in socializing and substance use.

Method: In a longitudinal study that encompassed pre-pandemic (February 2019 - March 2020) and pandemic periods (July 2020 - October 2021), young adult women (N=181; 22 - 25 years, M = 23.6) completed eight bursts of daily reports, each consisting of three weekend days (Friday - Sunday), three times a year (27 reports annually). Each day, women reported on their socializing, substance use, and unwanted sexual experiences.

Results: Pandemic sexual assault incidence was about half that of the pre-pandemic period. Women reported fewer socializing occasions, less frequent alcohol use, and were more likely to socialize with a partner at someone's home during the pandemic, rather than with friends at a party or bar, compared with the pre-pandemic period. However, on days when women used alcohol and socialized, they were about 3 times more likely to experience sexual assault. Perpetrators of sexual assaults reported during the pandemic were more likely to be previous rather than new sexual partners, compared with pre-pandemic sexual assaults.

Conclusions: The contexts of sexual assaults experienced by women during the pandemic differed qualitatively from those reported prior to the pandemic. Changes in the social context were related to reduced risk for sexual assault; however, as one type of risk receded (assault emerging from social settings), another (assault by a partner, at home) became more prominent.

Objective: With COVID-19 came a range of public health measures that impacted people's routine activities. According to routine activity theory, these could affect the rate and nature of crime. This has largely been examined with volume crime (e.g., burglary, robbery) or crimes committed in the home. Stranger sex offenses greatly vary in nature and occur in a range of settings; therefore, these offenses present a novel opportunity to investigate different routine activity theory-based hypotheses. Method: The National Crime Agency routinely collects detailed information about all stranger sex offenses reported to the police in the United Kingdom. With these standardized data (N = 6,422), we studied the relationship between COVID-19 public health measures and the rate and characteristics of stranger sex offending across the entire first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, contrasting this with data from the same period pre-COVID-19. Results: Our findings accord with classic criminological theory whereby the incidence and characteristics of U.K. stranger sex offenses reported to police covaried with the population's patterns of mobility and national lockdowns during the first year of COVID-19. This impact on routine activities also manifested in differences in perpetrator and victim behavior and characteristics. Conclusions: Our study supports the applicability of routine activity theory to sex offending and brings new insights regarding the situational prevention of sex offending during major events such as a pandemic. It is also relevant to the urgent need to educate prosecutors who are now making decisions about sex offenses perpetrated during the early years of this pandemic.

Objectives: Intersectional oppression exposes transgender women of color to gender-based violence and contributes to inequities across the HIV prevention and care continua. This pilot study aimed to adapt and examine the feasibility and acceptability of Kickin' it with the Gurlz, an HIV status-neutral multicomponent intervention designed to address violence, promote healing from trauma, and reduce barriers to engagement in HIV prevention and care.

Methods: Intervention components included Violence and Gender Affirmation Screening, peer navigation sessions, and a rigorous adaptation of Seeking Safety peer-delivered group sessions. We conducted a one-arm pilot study in which participants completed pre-test, immediate post-test, and 3-month follow-up surveys. A subset of participants completed qualitative exit interviews.

Results: Results indicated good feasibility with all participants completing the Violence and Gender Affirmation Screening, all completing at least one peer navigation session, 79% attending at least 7 of 8 group sessions across 7 cohorts, and 89% completing at least one follow-up survey. Exit interviews and group session evaluations indicated high acceptability. As this pilot study was not powered nor intended to evaluate intervention efficacy, intent-to-treat analyses did not detect significant changes in most hypothesized mediators, mental health, substance use, and HIV outcomes; however, there were significant changes in intimate partner violence and medical and legal gender affirmation.

Conclusions: Kickin' it with the Gurlz demonstrated promise as a peer-delivered HIV status-neutral intervention designed to address violence, healing from trauma, and improve engagement in HIV prevention and care with transgender women of color.

Objective: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem among college students. However, few studies have used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine IPV, and instead have relied on methods that introduce recall bias (e.g., cross-sectional methods, daily diary). Thus, this study examined the feasibility of EMA to assess IPV among college students aged 18-25.

Method: A sample of 164 college students (18-25 years old, 62.8% women) in a dating relationship with a recent history of IPV perpetration completed one morning and four randomly prompted surveys daily for 28 days.

Results: Findings demonstrated high compliance (89.57% for morning and 73.49% for random surveys) with EMA surveys. The prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual IPV reported on randomly prompted surveys was higher relative to morning surveys. The number of reported IPV instances was higher during the first half of sampling (i.e., first 14 days) compared to the last half of sampling (i.e., days 15-28). Finally, participants reported an overall neutral reaction to EMA methods, despite some technological challenges.

Conclusions: EMA is a feasible method for assessing events of IPV in college students. The reduction of recall bias afforded with EMA methods could bring more accurate examination of prevalence and proximal risk factors for IPV. Intervention approaches could benefit from harnessing EMA methods to bring interventions to the moment they are needed among those who experience IPV.

Objective: A prominent theory accounting for the development and maintenance of aggressive behavior from childhood to adolescence is the social cognitive model, which holds that aggressive behavior is sustained over time through various context-dependent beliefs, biases, and schemas that emerge through repeated observation of aggressive social interactions. In this study, we provide a novel test of whether this model could also account for late adolescent and young adult weapon use.

Method: We use integrative data analysis to combine information from two longitudinal studies of youth in urban areas (Study 1: N=426, 4 waves over 13 years, from ages 8 to 27; Study 2: N=200, 4 waves over 4 years, from ages 15 to 18; total N=626, 51% female, 56% Black). Data consists of both youth and parent report.

Results: We show that normative beliefs supporting aggression promote the observational learning of weapon use in late adolescence and early adulthood. In addition, we show that these normative beliefs that promote the observational learning of weapon use in late adolescence and early adulthood are significantly stronger for people who 8-years earlier scored higher on callousness who held normative beliefs approving of retaliatory aggression at that time.

Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that interventions in childhood and adolescence that counteract normative beliefs approving of aggression and that reduce callousness will lessen the likelihood of the later imitation of observed neighborhood weapon violence by the intervened youth.

Objective: The I³ model outlines how factors interact to predict intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration such as relationship tension, emotion regulation (ER) and distress tolerance difficulties, and alcohol use. Despite the model's emphasis on these factors' synergistic nature (i.e., "perfect storm"), they are typically examined disparately and use retrospective self-report over an aggregate timeframe, preventing a nuanced examination of IPV. The current event-level study aimed to (a) examine the confluence of event-level instigating (e.g., relationship tension), impelling (e.g., ER difficulties, distress intolerance), and disinhibiting (e.g., alcohol use) I³ factors predicting IPV perpetration; and (b) investigate how between- and within-person deviations in these I³ factors impact likelihood of same-day IPV perpetration.

Method: A community sample of 150 young adults with IPV histories completed 25 online daily diaries examining I³ factors and IPV perpetration.

Results: Using generalized estimating equations examining the interactive effects of relationship tension, ER difficulties, distress intolerance, and alcohol use on IPV likelihood, results showed a significant three-way interaction between average levels of relationship tension, ER difficulties, and alcohol use predicting IPV perpetration likelihood. At high average levels of relationship tension and alcohol use, ER difficulties had a significant positive effect on IPV perpetration likelihood. When examining within-person deviations in I³ factors, only deviations in relationship tension above one's average level significantly predicted IPV perpetration likelihood.

Conclusion: Findings support the synergistic nature of relationship tension, ER difficulties and alcohol use on increased likelihood of IPV perpetration, particularly for one's typical level of each factor.

Objective: Caregiver socialization is an important component of youth behavior development, yet little research has considered whether caregiver messages about use of fighting and nonviolent conflict resolution may be related to youths' beliefs about fighting and subsequent firearm carriage. This study examined the extent to which youths' beliefs about fighting moderated the relation between caregiver messages about how to manage conflict and youth firearm carrying.

Method: Participants were 254 youth (ages 12-17; 56% female; 88% African American) drawn from a larger community-based study of positive youth development and youth violence prevention in a low-income urban area. Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted in SPSS. Covariates included age, sex, race, and intervention community.

Results: Significant direct effects were produced between caregiver messages supporting fighting and nonviolence and youth firearm carrying, as were youth beliefs supporting reactive and instrumental aggression with firearm carrying. Though the interaction term was significant in the first two models, further examination of conditional probabilities indicated that youth beliefs were did not moderate the relations between caregiver messages and firearm carrying.

Conclusion: This study establishes preliminary relations between caregiver socialization messages and youth firearm carrying. Further longitudinal research is needed to understand caregiver-youth socialization and messages about how to manage conflict and reduce firearm behavior.