Psychology of Violence最新文献

Objective: Guided by the I³ Model, the present study examined the independent and interactive effects of intersectional distal and proximal minority stress (disinhibiting factors) and adaptive coping (inhibiting factor) on physical intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration in sexual and racial minoritized (SRM) adults.

Method: Participants were 349 cisgender individuals (57% assigned female at birth) who identified with both a sexual and racial minoritized identity. They were recruited through an online panel service to complete a survey that assessed multiple SRM stressors, adaptive coping, and physical IPV perpetration.

Results: A measurement model which included latent factors of intersectional distal and proximal minority stress and adaptive coping exhibited excellent fit. Hurdle negative binomial regression models indicated that (a) distal intersectional minority stress increased the odds of perpetrating physical IPV (OR = 2.48), (b) frequency of physical IPV perpetration was positively associated with both distal (IRR = 1.32) and proximal (IRR = 1.54) intersectional minority stress, and (c) the positive association between distal intersectional minority stress and frequency of physical IPV perpetration was significantly reduced at higher levels of adaptive coping.

Conclusions: Based on a large sample of SRM adults, findings tentatively indicate that (1) distal and proximal intersectional minority stress increase risk for physical IPV, and (2) adaptive coping mitigates this risk for distal, but not proximal, intersectional minority stressors. Results provide preliminary evidence for integrating adaptive coping into culturally-informed interventions designed to reduce negative health sequelae associated with intersectional minority stress, and IPV perpetration specifically, among SRM adults.

Objective: Latino sexual minority men (LSMM) experience intersecting stressors due to the marginalization of their sexual and ethnic minority identities, elevating risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). However, there is little understanding of IPV among LSMM, especially concerning how IPV may differ in LSMM compared to heterosexual women, on whom most of the literature is based. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to begin identifying nuances in IPV among LSMM as a first step toward tailored measurement and intervention development.

Methods: Using a qualitative description approach, we conducted 23 semi-structured in-depth interviews with adult LSMM in South Florida. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. The first 10 transcripts were analyzed using an inductive open coding approach, which were then clustered into themes. This inductive process yielded a codebook, which was utilized to code the remaining 13 transcripts. We reached data saturation at 21 interviews and conducted two additional interviews to confirm the emergent themes.

Results: Seven themes emerged. LSMM participants described: 1) Overt power dynamics related to dyadic differences in age and ethnicity; 2) Heteronormative constraints to help seeking; 3) The role of substance use in non-physical aggression; 4) Manipulation tactics to prevent survivors from leaving violent relationships; 5) Threats related to immigration and citizenship status; 6) Cutoff from sources of support; and 7) Use of financial control.

Conclusion: This study provides some of the first data on the nuances of IPV as experienced by LSMM. Findings suggest LSMM can experience IPV in ways that remain uncaptured by common IPV measures.

Objective: The rates of suicide and prevalence of mental health and behavioral problems have been increasing among adolescents and young adults in the United States over the past two decades. This study examines underlying distal and mediating proximal factors leading to suicide attempts during the sensitive transition period of emerging adulthood.

Methods: We conducted bivariate, multivariate, and mediation regression analyses of five years of data from a large national student survey to first identify and then decompose relationships between past-year suicide attempt into distal and proximal associations, controlling for a range of personal and sociodemographic respondent characteristics.

Results: Of 372,000 college students surveyed, 4,292 (1.2%) reported having attempted suicide during the past year. Mediation by proximal, precipitating factors accounted for percentages of the total distal factors as follows: history of diagnosed mental health disorder (20.1%), history of diagnosed alcohol use disorder (25.7%), history of physical abuse (73.9%), financial distress experienced during childhood (40.2%) and having a disability (23.4%). Recent depression severity and recent sexual assault victimization accounted for ≥ 40% of the total indirect association of each distal factor. Mediation of diagnosed mental health disorder and diagnosed alcohol use disorder were attributed primarily to conceptually related proximal factors.

Conclusions: Information regarding dynamic relationships between distal and proximal risk factors may inform integrated clinical and comprehensive campus suicide prevention strategies to mitigate the life-threatening consequences of mental health disorders, alcohol and drug misuse, and stressful life experiences during emerging adulthood.

Objective: Bullying and Teen Dating Violence (TDV) perpetration are major public health concerns for middle school youth. Previous research indicates bullying perpetration predicts future TDV perpetration; however, the potential bidirectional associations between bullying and TDV have not been fully explored. The current study evaluated bidirectional, longitudinal associations between bullying and TDV perpetration in middle school youth.

Method: Cross-lagged panel models were used to evaluate bidirectional associations for bullying and TDV perpetration in middle school youth (n =1,840; M = 12.16 years, SD = 0.42) across three time points, 6 months apart, starting at the fall of 7^th grade and ending in the fall of 8^th grade.

Results: Findings indicated bullying perpetration and TDV perpetration demonstrated stability across time. Across all three waves, bullying perpetration at one time point consistently predicted TDV perpetration at the subsequent time point (medium effect sizes). TDV perpetration at T1 predicted bullying perpetration at T2 (medium effect size), and TDV perpetration at T2 did not substantially predict bullying perpetration at T3 (small effect size).

Conclusion: Findings indicate once middle school youth initiate bullying or TDV, they tend to persist in this behavior. Findings suggest all peer relationships (including friends and dating partners) may serve as training grounds for each other, with youth who learn violence perpetration is effective in one type of relationship (e.g., dating) transferring this behavior to others (e.g., friendship). Findings support the need for cross-cutting violence interventions that target both bullying and TDV simultaneously.

Objective: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with worsened perinatal antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. While physical and sexual forms of IPV have been focused on, psychological and financial IPV have received less attention. We explored how perinatal women's experiences with psychological and financial IPV influenced their wellbeing, mental health, and HIV treatment.

Method: We conducted 45 in-depth qualitative interviews with perinatal women living with HIV and exposure to past-year IPV in Johannesburg, South Africa. Interviews were conducted in English, isiZulu, or Sesotho in two phases (2014-2015 and 2019-2020), transcribed verbatim, translated into English as necessary, and thematically double-coded.

Results: Pregnant and postpartum women described experiencing physical, sexual, psychological, and financial IPV. In addition to traditional acts of psychological violence, women described infidelity, abandonment, ignoring, and blame. Several women described psychological abuse as the "worst type" of violence, because of the long-lasting, debilitating effects on mental health. Dealing with the repetition of psychological abuse heightened depressive symptoms for some women, which in turn made ART adherence harder. Most participants were financially dependent on their partners and described partners having exclusive control over money and access to household food. Financial violence such as withholding food or refusing to give money for essentials seemed to indirectly reduce women's ability to take ART.

Conclusions: Psychological and financial IPV have pronounced influence on how women navigate the perinatal phase and HIV treatment. Addressing IPV during the perinatal phase may help to improve HIV outcomes and women and children's health.

Objective: Little is known about the role of school-level factors in adolescent violence. Using multilevel latent class analysis, we identified groups of adolescents and schools based on adolescent involvement in violent behaviors and assessed how these group memberships differed by individual and school characteristics.

Method: We used baseline data from a randomized controlled trial of a school-based violence prevention program. Participants included 2,768 adolescents (Mean_age=13 years) enrolled in 7^th grade across 24 public schools in southeast Texas.

Results: We identified three classes of adolescents, including a Non-violent class (74.5%), a Moderately Violent class (20.0%), and a Highly Violent class (5.4%). Adolescents in the latter two classes reported more stressful life events and less positive student-to-teacher relationships than their peers in the Non-Violent Class. Two school-level classes were also identified: Moderate Risk Schools in which the Non-violent adolescent class was the majority, and High-Risk Schools, which consisted mainly of Highly and Moderately Violent classes. Schools with larger sizes were more likely to fall in the High-Risk Schools class. Class memberships did not significantly vary based on student-to-student relationship, awareness of the need for reporting violent incidents, or % of economically disadvantaged students in schools.

Conclusions: To better address youth violence, schools should provide supports to buffer the negative impact of stressful life events and foster positive teacher-student relationships. Furthermore, given a disproportionate number of high risk students are in larger schools, school size should be considered a risk factor for aggression.

Objective: A growing literature documents the intergenerational effects of maternal childhood trauma (MCT) on offspring developmental outcomes. However, cross-sectional designs of prior studies limit understanding of long-term effects of MCT on the next generation. We examined the long-term association of MCT with the developmental trajectory of their children's aggressive behavior from preschool years to preadolescence, while considering maternal psychological distress as a potential mediator in a high-risk sample.

Method: Mother-child dyads (N = 256; 55% girls), urban, primarily African American, were enrolled in a prospective study about the sequelae of prenatal cocaine exposure. Aggressive behavior was assessed with the caregiver-reported Child Behavior Checklist at ages 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, and 12. At offspring age of 4 years, MCT was caregiver-reported using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and psychological distress via the Brief Symptom Inventory.

Results: Latent growth curve modeling indicated that MCT was indirectly associated with overall child aggressive behavior from 4-12 years of age via maternal psychological distress. Children's postnatal violence exposure was associated with a slower rate of decline in aggressive behavior over time. Boys had slower declines in aggression at a trend level, compared to girls.

Conclusions: MCT has a long-term adverse association with children's aggressive behavior via maternal psychological distress, which points to the need for therapeutic interventions that involve the provision of trauma-informed maternal support and the promotion of healthy behaviors of children. Postnatal violence exposure was also identified as a critical target of prevention to mitigate maladaptive development of aggression in children.

Objective: This experiment expands the findings from Abbey et al. (2021) by randomly assigning participants to one of three versions of a sexual aggression measure that differed only in the language used to convey lack of consent: (1) "make her"; (2) "without her consent"; or (3) "when she didn't want to."

Method: Men between the ages of 18 and 35 (N = 1291) were recruited through a Qualtrics Panel for a study of their dating and sexual experiences with women. They completed demographics; validity indicators; and one randomly assigned version of the sexual aggression measure.

Results: Self-reported rates of sexual aggression were high across conditions. Participants who responded to questions that used "make her" language reported significantly higher rates of verbally coerced penetrative sex than did participants who responded to questions about sex "without her consent" or "when she didn't want to." In contrast, self-reported rates of completed rape (i.e., physical force or incapacitation tactics), attempted rape, and nonpenetrative sexual contact did not significantly differ based on the language used to convey lack of consent. The magnitude of the correlations between the total number of sexually aggressive acts and convergent and discriminant validity measures was comparable regardless of the phrasing used to convey lack of consent.

Conclusions: Tacit societal approval of the use of verbal pressure to obtain sex makes it difficult for people to recognize their own use of these tactics. Societal-level solutions are required to create a climate in which freely given consent is the norm.

Objective: The goal of this study is to understand what type of sexual violence risk reduction intervention programs and elements are acceptable to Indigenous college students via quantitative survey research methods.

Method: 401 Indigenous college students (77.1% women, 19.7% men, 3.0% trans or Two Spirit) from across North America were recruited. Students read standardized descriptions of four different sexual victimization risk reduction interventions (SVRRIs) that ranged in characteristics and ranked the interventions. All students provided acceptability ratings for Flip the Script with Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act (EAAA) and a program of their choice. Participants also rated the importance of specific intervention elements, including cultural content.

Results: Most participants had a history of sexual victimization; 80.8% had been sexually victimized at some point in their life. The combined sexual violence and substance use reduction intervention (Sexual Assault Risk and Alcohol Use Reduction Program [SAARR]) was most frequently ranked as the first choice by 36.2% of the sample, p < 0.1. Considering acceptability ratings, all four SVRRIs were considered acceptable by most of the sample, with Flip the Script with EAAA rated highest of acceptability at 95.3% and Bringing in the Bystander having the lowest rate of acceptability at 71.4%. Cultural content was rated as a moderately important intervention element.

Conclusions: Indigenous college students are open to many different forms of sexual violence risk reduction interventions. Our findings suggest that simple cultural adaptations would be welcomed and scientifically supported to increase access and acceptability to violence interventions for Indigenous college students.

Objective: Many universities utilize bystander intervention training to address high rates of sexual assault on college campuses. To that end, research has long sought to characterize common barriers to bystander intervention to inform future programming efforts. However, recent efforts have also noted the importance of understanding intervention facilitators, or factors that encourage someone to help in risk situations. For example, a moral obligation to "step in" has been highlighted as a potential facilitator among college students who have intervened in sexual risk situations. Higher levels of empathy are also noted as encouraging prosocial intervention behaviors. Yet, what remains to be examined is the possibility that a greater combination of progressive moral foundations and empathic concern may favorably impact perceptions of barriers and behaviors as related to sexual assault bystander intervention.

Method: The current study tested this hypothesis in a sample of 1,144 undergraduate students who completed self-report assessments related to moral foundations, empathy, and perceptions of barriers and proactive behaviors in light of sexual assault risk.

Results: A series of moderation analyses revealed those who endorsed a greater combination of progressive moral foundations and empathic concern reported less perceived barriers and increased engagement in sexual assault bystander intervention behaviors. By contrast, those with lower empathy reported greater barriers and less intervention behaviors even in the presence of progressive moral foundations.

Conclusions: Should these virtues be modifiable as research suggests, activities enhancing progressive moral foundations and empathic concern may be important additions to bystander intervention programming on college campuses.