International Journal of Law and Psychiatry最新文献_第8页

Examining intellectual functioning and disability in Singapore's legal landscape 考察新加坡法律环境中的智力功能和残疾

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q1 LAW

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102137

Andy Z.J. Teo, Danielle L.J. Sng, Stella W.L. Tan, Lim Xin Xiang

Individuals with intellectual disabilities constitute a significant portion of those managed within the criminal justice system. Courts are increasingly challenged with determining appropriate sentencing. Additionally, many of these individuals have complex social and medical backgrounds, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach to assess their legal and moral culpability. Consequently, these factors impact sentencing outcomes, including decisions regarding incarceration versus rehabilitation programs. This current study utilises all available court judgments involving intellectual functioning and disability recorded on LawNet (Singapore's legal database) from 1985 to 2024 to examine their relationship with sentencing considerations. Broadly, this study reviews sentencing considerations related to individuals' intellectual functioning and the legislation in place to support this population. Specifically, this study further scopes into examining the outcomes of judgments that had the offender undergo an intellectual ability assessment, and its relation to current legislative frameworks' responses to the complex process of judicial decision-making. Hence, this study examines the challenges faced in tailoring legislative frameworks to the complex nature of intellectual functioning and disability in Singapore's legal arena.

在刑事司法系统管理的人员中，智力残疾人员占很大一部分。法院在确定适当量刑方面受到越来越多的挑战。此外，其中许多人具有复杂的社会和医学背景，因此有必要采取多学科方法来评估他们的法律和道德罪责。因此，这些因素会影响量刑结果，包括关于监禁还是改造项目的决定。目前的这项研究利用了1985年至2024年间记录在LawNet（新加坡法律数据库）上的所有涉及智力功能和残疾的法院判决，以研究它们与量刑考虑的关系。从广义上讲，本研究回顾了与个人智力功能相关的量刑考虑以及为支持这一人群而制定的立法。具体而言，本研究进一步研究了对罪犯进行智力评估的判决结果，以及其与当前立法框架对复杂司法决策过程的反应的关系。因此，本研究考察了在调整立法框架以适应新加坡法律领域智力功能和残疾的复杂性质时所面临的挑战。

{"title":"Examining intellectual functioning and disability in Singapore's legal landscape","authors":"Andy Z.J. Teo, Danielle L.J. Sng, Stella W.L. Tan, Lim Xin Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Individuals with intellectual disabilities constitute a significant portion of those managed within the criminal justice system. Courts are increasingly challenged with determining appropriate sentencing. Additionally, many of these individuals have complex social and medical backgrounds, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach to assess their legal and moral culpability. Consequently, these factors impact sentencing outcomes, including decisions regarding incarceration versus rehabilitation programs. This current study utilises all available court judgments involving intellectual functioning and disability recorded on LawNet (Singapore's legal database) from 1985 to 2024 to examine their relationship with sentencing considerations. Broadly, this study reviews sentencing considerations related to individuals' intellectual functioning and the legislation in place to support this population. Specifically, this study further scopes into examining the outcomes of judgments that had the offender undergo an intellectual ability assessment, and its relation to current legislative frameworks' responses to the complex process of judicial decision-making. Hence, this study examines the challenges faced in tailoring legislative frameworks to the complex nature of intellectual functioning and disability in Singapore's legal arena.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 102137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A template for a psychiatric advance directive: Co-development and qualitative evaluation with key stakeholders 精神病学预先指示的模板：与关键利益相关者共同发展和定性评估

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q1 LAW

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102135

Anne-Sophie Gaillard , Jakov Gather , Iris Haferkemper , Jochen Vollmann , Sarah Potthoff , Matthé Scholten , Esther Braun

Background

Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) allow mental health service users to express their treatment preferences for future mental health crises. An accessible template for PADs can improve their implementation in practice.

Aim

Developing and evaluating a PAD template tailored to the German context together with key stakeholders.

Method

We co-developed a prototype PAD template based on a systematic review of the content of PADs and a review of existing templates in consultation with our research group's lived experience council. The prototype was evaluated in 5 focus groups with service users, relatives, mental healthcare professionals, peer support workers and legal guardians as well as 4 consultation sessions with clinical and legal experts and the research group's lived experience council. We revised the template after each feedback round.

Results

Participants valued the inclusion of the options to articulate personal values, preferred types of support in their recovery process, and preferred measures of supported decision-making in the template. They recommended including a summary page with the most important information in a crisis, a section for service users to describe themselves when stable or well, and the option to state preferences for post-inpatient care. There was controversy among study participants on whether the template should include individual indicators of decision-making capacity, preferences regarding treatment setting, and de-escalation strategies.

Conclusions

This study presents the development of the first German PAD template together with key stakeholders. The study design can be used as a model for developing templates tailored to other legal contexts.

精神病学预先指示（pad）允许心理健康服务使用者表达他们对未来心理健康危机的治疗偏好。一个可访问的pad模板可以在实践中改进它们的实现。目的与主要利益相关者一起开发和评估适合德国环境的PAD模板。方法我们在系统回顾PAD内容的基础上，与我们研究组的生活经验委员会协商对现有模板的回顾，共同开发了一个PAD原型模板。该原型在5个焦点小组中进行了评估，其中包括服务使用者、亲属、精神保健专业人员、同伴支持工作者和法定监护人，以及与临床和法律专家以及研究小组的生活经验委员会进行了4次咨询。我们在每一轮反馈后修改模板。结果参与者重视在模板中包含表达个人价值观的选项，在恢复过程中首选的支持类型，以及支持决策的首选措施。他们建议包括一个总结页面，其中包含危机中最重要的信息，服务用户在稳定或健康时描述自己的部分，以及说明对住院后护理的偏好。研究参与者对模板是否应该包括决策能力、治疗设置偏好和降级策略的个人指标存在争议。本研究与主要利益相关者一起提出了第一个德国PAD模板的发展。研究设计可以用作开发适合其他法律背景的模板的模型。

{"title":"A template for a psychiatric advance directive: Co-development and qualitative evaluation with key stakeholders","authors":"Anne-Sophie Gaillard , Jakov Gather , Iris Haferkemper , Jochen Vollmann , Sarah Potthoff , Matthé Scholten , Esther Braun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) allow mental health service users to express their treatment preferences for future mental health crises. An accessible template for PADs can improve their implementation in practice.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>Developing and evaluating a PAD template tailored to the German context together with key stakeholders.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We co-developed a prototype PAD template based on a systematic review of the content of PADs and a review of existing templates in consultation with our research group's lived experience council. The prototype was evaluated in 5 focus groups with service users, relatives, mental healthcare professionals, peer support workers and legal guardians as well as 4 consultation sessions with clinical and legal experts and the research group's lived experience council. We revised the template after each feedback round.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants valued the inclusion of the options to articulate personal values, preferred types of support in their recovery process, and preferred measures of supported decision-making in the template. They recommended including a summary page with the most important information in a crisis, a section for service users to describe themselves when stable or well, and the option to state preferences for post-inpatient care. There was controversy among study participants on whether the template should include individual indicators of decision-making capacity, preferences regarding treatment setting, and de-escalation strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study presents the development of the first German PAD template together with key stakeholders. The study design can be used as a model for developing templates tailored to other legal contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 102135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144773196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Restricted patients and detention in the community: The human rights implications of supervised discharge under the Mental Health Bill 2025 限制病人和社区拘留：根据《2025年精神卫生法》监督出院对人权的影响

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q1 LAW

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-08-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102136

Ailbhe O'Loughlin , Iain McKinnon

This article critically analyses provisions in the Mental Health Bill 2025 that, if passed, will amend the Mental Health Act (MHA) 1983 to create a power for tribunals and the Justice Secretary to discharge restricted patients from hospital subject to conditions that deprive them of their liberty in the community. These provisions pose a threat to the human rights of patients who straddle the divide between the mental health and criminal justice systems. Furthermore, the provisions and the cases that preceded them expose the limits of policies of de-institutionalisation and official ambitions to move people with learning disabilities and autism spectrum disorder out of psychiatric hospitals and to support them to live in the community. Such seemingly progressive moves are tempered by a political drive to continue to control those who are thought to pose risks to others. As this article makes clear, detention in the community is not a lesser form of detention than detention in hospital, and it requires stringent safeguards in light of the UK's obligations under Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights. This article advances an alternative solution. Instead of creating a new, and complex, power that could lead to unlawful detentions in the community, suitable community-facing hospital accommodation for restricted patients subject to the same safeguards as hospital settings should be made available.

本文批判性地分析了《2025年精神卫生法》中的条款，这些条款如果获得通过，将修订1983年《精神卫生法》，赋予法庭和司法部长在剥夺其在社区自由的条件下将受限制的病人从医院出院的权力。这些规定对跨越精神卫生系统和刑事司法系统鸿沟的患者的人权构成威胁。此外，这些规定及其之前的案例暴露了非机构化政策的局限性，也暴露了官方将有学习障碍和自闭症谱系障碍的人从精神病院迁出并支持他们在社区生活的雄心。这些看似进步的举措受到了继续控制那些被认为对他人构成威胁的人的政治推动力的制约。该条明确指出，社区拘留的形式并不比医院拘留的形式低，根据联合王国根据《欧洲人权公约》第5条所承担的义务，这需要严格的保障措施。本文提出了一种替代解决方案。与其创造一种可能导致在社区非法拘留的新的复杂权力，不如为受到限制的病人提供适合的面向社区的医院住宿，这些病人应受到与医院环境相同的保障。

{"title":"Restricted patients and detention in the community: The human rights implications of supervised discharge under the Mental Health Bill 2025","authors":"Ailbhe O'Loughlin , Iain McKinnon","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article critically analyses provisions in the Mental Health Bill 2025 that, if passed, will amend the Mental Health Act (MHA) 1983 to create a power for tribunals and the Justice Secretary to discharge restricted patients from hospital subject to conditions that deprive them of their liberty in the community. These provisions pose a threat to the human rights of patients who straddle the divide between the mental health and criminal justice systems. Furthermore, the provisions and the cases that preceded them expose the limits of policies of de-institutionalisation and official ambitions to move people with learning disabilities and autism spectrum disorder out of psychiatric hospitals and to support them to live in the community. Such seemingly progressive moves are tempered by a political drive to continue to control those who are thought to pose risks to others. As this article makes clear, detention in the community is not a lesser form of detention than detention in hospital, and it requires stringent safeguards in light of the UK's obligations under Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights. This article advances an alternative solution. Instead of creating a new, and complex, power that could lead to unlawful detentions in the community, suitable community-facing hospital accommodation for restricted patients subject to the same safeguards as hospital settings should be made available.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 102136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144766704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The practical goals of inpatient forensic mental health services in Sweden – A qualitative comparative analysis of met and unmet rehabilitative needs in the transition to outpatient care 瑞典住院法医精神卫生服务的实际目标——在向门诊护理过渡的过程中，对满足和未满足的康复需求进行定性比较分析

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q1 LAW

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102138

S.H. Pedersen , F. Lindström , J. Nyman , A.G. Crocker , L. Eriksson , T. Nilsson

Forensic mental health services (FMHS) seek to alleviate mental illness and reduce the risk of (violent) recidivism, but they may also be understood to be responsible for supporting patients with many other aspects of their often challenging lives. In practice, the task of an inpatient institution such as FMHS is concluded when the patient can transition to outpatient care, a move which is governed by law. Therefore, the practical goals are at least partly set by legal criteria for transition to outpatient care. Using qualitative comparative analysis, this study identifies systematic patterns of rehabilitative needs as assessed by clinicians that differentiate between FMHS patients who are deemed ready for outpatient care and those who are not. It also identifies how such systematic patterns align with legal criteria governing the transition to outpatient care. We find systematic patterns of rehabilitative needs that are associated with being considered ready for outpatient care and that these patterns map meaningfully onto the legislative criteria for forensic psychiatric care in Sweden. Mental health needs, violence risk needs, and needs associated with social functioning all bear on readiness for outpatient care but only in conjunction with one of the other. The results indicate that the transition to forensic outpatient care in Sweden depends on aspects outside the core objectives of non-recidivism and mental health, and rest on efforts by actors external to FMHS. This places high demands on clarity of institutional boundaries and the role of social functioning needs in decisions about compulsory care.

法医心理健康服务（FMHS）寻求减轻精神疾病和减少（暴力）再犯的风险，但它们也可能被理解为负责在患者经常充满挑战的生活的许多其他方面提供支持。在实践中，像FMHS这样的住院机构的任务是在病人可以过渡到门诊治疗时结束的，这是一个受法律管辖的举动。因此，实际目标至少部分是由过渡到门诊护理的法律标准设定的。通过定性比较分析，本研究确定了临床医生评估的康复需求的系统模式，以区分FMHS患者，哪些被认为准备好了门诊治疗，哪些没有。它还确定了这种系统模式如何与管理过渡到门诊护理的法律标准相一致。我们发现康复需求的系统模式与被认为准备好接受门诊治疗有关，这些模式有意义地映射到瑞典法医精神病学护理的立法标准上。心理健康需求、暴力风险需求和与社会功能相关的需求都对门诊护理的准备程度有影响，但只有与另一个相结合。结果表明，瑞典向法医门诊护理的过渡取决于非再犯和精神健康这一核心目标以外的方面，并取决于FMHS以外行为者的努力。这对明确机构界限和社会功能需求在有关强制保健的决定中的作用提出了很高的要求。

{"title":"The practical goals of inpatient forensic mental health services in Sweden – A qualitative comparative analysis of met and unmet rehabilitative needs in the transition to outpatient care","authors":"S.H. Pedersen , F. Lindström , J. Nyman , A.G. Crocker , L. Eriksson , T. Nilsson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forensic mental health services (FMHS) seek to alleviate mental illness and reduce the risk of (violent) recidivism, but they may also be understood to be responsible for supporting patients with many other aspects of their often challenging lives. In practice, the task of an inpatient institution such as FMHS is concluded when the patient can transition to outpatient care, a move which is governed by law. Therefore, the practical goals are at least partly set by legal criteria for transition to outpatient care. Using qualitative comparative analysis, this study identifies systematic patterns of rehabilitative needs as assessed by clinicians that differentiate between FMHS patients who are deemed ready for outpatient care and those who are not. It also identifies how such systematic patterns align with legal criteria governing the transition to outpatient care. We find systematic patterns of rehabilitative needs that are associated with being considered ready for outpatient care and that these patterns map meaningfully onto the legislative criteria for forensic psychiatric care in Sweden. Mental health needs, violence risk needs, and needs associated with social functioning all bear on readiness for outpatient care but only in conjunction with one of the other. The results indicate that the transition to forensic outpatient care in Sweden depends on aspects outside the core objectives of non-recidivism and mental health, and rest on efforts by actors external to FMHS. This places high demands on clarity of institutional boundaries and the role of social functioning needs in decisions about compulsory care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 102138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Personality disorder, mental capacity and compulsory intervention 人格障碍，心理能力和强制干预

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q1 LAW

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102127

Gavin Davidson , Steph Kerr , Iain McDougall , Claire McCartan , Patrick Hann , Emily Stirling

In Northern Ireland, the current main legal framework for compulsory intervention is the Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986. It is a traditional mental health law which enables detention in hospital if mental disorder and risk criteria are met. However, under Article 3(2), it states that people should not be detained “by reason only of personality disorder”. There has been a process of law reform in Northern Ireland to create a non-discriminatory, comprehensive legal framework for all. This resulted in the Mental Capacity Act (Northern Ireland) 2016. The Act, when fully implemented, will replace the Order for everyone aged 16 and over, which is in contrast to most other countries where there are both mental health and mental capacity laws. Under the new Act there are no specific exclusions so, if a person is unable to make the relevant decision, including if the cause of impairment relates to issues associated with personality disorder, then compulsory intervention is allowed as long as the proposed intervention is in the person's ‘best interests’. The Act was partially implemented in 2019 and currently is only used when the Order does not apply. This article explores: the development of this new legal framework; the implementation of the Act; and some of the ongoing debates, and practice complexities, related to services for people with a diagnosis of personality disorder.

在北爱尔兰，目前强制干预的主要法律框架是1986年《精神健康（北爱尔兰）令》。这是一项传统的精神卫生法，如果符合精神障碍和风险标准，可以将其拘留在医院。然而，根据第3(2)条，不应“仅以人格障碍为理由”拘留人。北爱尔兰进行了一项法律改革进程，以便为所有人建立一个非歧视性、全面的法律框架。这导致了2016年《精神能力法》（北爱尔兰）的出台。该法全面实施后，将取代适用于16岁及以上所有人的命令，这与大多数既有精神健康法又有精神能力法的其他国家形成对比。根据新法案，没有具体的例外情况，因此，如果一个人无法做出相关决定，包括如果损害的原因与人格障碍相关的问题有关，那么只要拟议的干预符合该人的“最佳利益”，就允许强制干预。该法案于2019年部分实施，目前仅在该命令不适用的情况下使用。本文探讨了这一新的法律框架的发展；该法案的执行；一些正在进行的争论和实践的复杂性，与为诊断为人格障碍的人提供服务有关。

{"title":"Personality disorder, mental capacity and compulsory intervention","authors":"Gavin Davidson , Steph Kerr , Iain McDougall , Claire McCartan , Patrick Hann , Emily Stirling","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Northern Ireland, the current main legal framework for compulsory intervention is the Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986. It is a traditional mental health law which enables detention in hospital if mental disorder and risk criteria are met. However, under Article 3(2), it states that people should not be detained “by reason only of personality disorder”. There has been a process of law reform in Northern Ireland to create a non-discriminatory, comprehensive legal framework for all. This resulted in the Mental Capacity Act (Northern Ireland) 2016. The Act, when fully implemented, will replace the Order for everyone aged 16 and over, which is in contrast to most other countries where there are both mental health and mental capacity laws. Under the new Act there are no specific exclusions so, if a person is unable to make the relevant decision, including if the cause of impairment relates to issues associated with personality disorder, then compulsory intervention is allowed as long as the proposed intervention is in the person's ‘best interests’. The Act was partially implemented in 2019 and currently is only used when the Order does not apply. This article explores: the development of this new legal framework; the implementation of the Act; and some of the ongoing debates, and practice complexities, related to services for people with a diagnosis of personality disorder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 102127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A mixed-methods analysis of the influence of bio-behavioral scientific evidence on U.S. judges' reasoning and sentencing decision-making 生物行为科学证据对美国法官推理和量刑决策影响的混合方法分析

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q1 LAW

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102126

Mia A. Thomaidou, Colleen M. Berryessa, Sandy S. Xie

In contemporary criminal justice systems, the integration of neuroscience evidence into legal proceedings poses complex challenges as well as opportunities. This study investigates how judges–shaped by their beliefs and personal characteristics–approach sentencing decision-making in light of scientific explanations of behavior or psychiatric diagnoses. Specifically, it addresses two research questions: (1) How do scientific explanations of behavior influence how judges assess responsibility? (2) What cognitive biases or misconceptions may affect their interpretations of such evidence? We utilized a mixed-methods approach, including Natural Language Processing techniques and qualitative analysis, to analyze data from semi-structured interviews with 34 U.S. criminal court judges. Sentiment analysis revealed differences in emotional tone between judges with varying degrees of belief in scientific determinism and based on gender, age, geographical region, and professional background. Structural Topic Modeling identified key considerations, including determinism, responsibility, treatment needs, and moral concerns. Qualitative analysis enriched these results by unraveling the philosophical and legal considerations that judges grapple with when considering scientific explanations for defendants' behavior. Findings underscore the nuanced interplay between scientific understandings of behavior, personal beliefs, and judicial decision-making.

在当代刑事司法系统中，将神经科学证据整合到法律程序中既带来了复杂的挑战，也带来了机遇。本研究调查了法官是如何根据对行为或精神诊断的科学解释来做出判决决策的——他们的信仰和个人特征是如何形成的。具体来说，它解决了两个研究问题：(1)行为的科学解释如何影响法官评估责任的方式？(2)哪些认知偏见或误解可能影响他们对这些证据的解释？我们使用混合方法，包括自然语言处理技术和定性分析，分析来自34名美国刑事法院法官的半结构化访谈的数据。情绪分析显示，不同科学决定论信仰程度的法官，在性别、年龄、地理区域和专业背景的影响下，情绪基调存在差异。结构主题建模确定了关键的考虑因素，包括决定论、责任、治疗需求和道德问题。定性分析通过揭示法官在考虑对被告行为进行科学解释时所面临的哲学和法律考虑，丰富了这些结果。研究结果强调了对行为、个人信仰和司法决策的科学理解之间微妙的相互作用。

{"title":"A mixed-methods analysis of the influence of bio-behavioral scientific evidence on U.S. judges' reasoning and sentencing decision-making","authors":"Mia A. Thomaidou, Colleen M. Berryessa, Sandy S. Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In contemporary criminal justice systems, the integration of neuroscience evidence into legal proceedings poses complex challenges as well as opportunities. This study investigates how judges–shaped by their beliefs and personal characteristics–approach sentencing decision-making in light of scientific explanations of behavior or psychiatric diagnoses. Specifically, it addresses two research questions: (1) How do scientific explanations of behavior influence how judges assess responsibility? (2) What cognitive biases or misconceptions may affect their interpretations of such evidence? We utilized a mixed-methods approach, including Natural Language Processing techniques and qualitative analysis, to analyze data from semi-structured interviews with 34 U.S. criminal court judges. Sentiment analysis revealed differences in emotional tone between judges with varying degrees of belief in scientific determinism and based on gender, age, geographical region, and professional background. Structural Topic Modeling identified key considerations, including determinism, responsibility, treatment needs, and moral concerns. Qualitative analysis enriched these results by unraveling the philosophical and legal considerations that judges grapple with when considering scientific explanations for defendants' behavior. Findings underscore the nuanced interplay between scientific understandings of behavior, personal beliefs, and judicial decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Swinging the pendulum from ‘a necessary evil’ to ‘the dignity of risk’: Can new UN legislative guidance help to end psychiatric coercion? 将钟摆从“必要之恶”转向“风险的尊严”：新的联合国立法指导能帮助结束精神胁迫吗？

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q1 LAW

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102102

Laura Davidson

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) came into force almost two decades ago. Prohibitive of disability discrimination, Article 1 includes “long-term…mental…[and] intellectual impairments”. Thus, psychiatric coercion and the detention and forced medical treatment of persons with permanent cognitive impairment are unlawful acts. Due to non-compliance with the CRPD, the World Health Organization (WHO) withdrew its legislative mental health guidance several years ago. It has since conducted lengthy consultations with stakeholders, including many with lived experience of psychosocial disability.¹ This has led to new guidance compiled jointly with the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Mental Health, Human Rights and Legislation: Guidance and Practice (2023). The publication is described as a useful resource for states and decision-makers, and a “call to action” to realise the CRPD's vision of a shift from coercive care to equality and non-discrimination. It offers suggestions for legislative provisions that promote human rights and dignity in mental health systems to comply with international human rights norms and standards. Furthermore, it exhorts states to ensure that legislation recognises the “dignity of risk” for service users, which runs contrary to the current dominant biomedical model. This article considers the Guidance's take on key CRPD provisions and reflects on its logic and the legislative solutions it offers to various legal and ethical questions surrounding “hard cases”. The article also discusses some of the likely implications arising from compliance with the Guidance and the CRPD on which it is based, with particular reference to the law of England and Wales.

《残疾人权利公约》（CRPD）于近20年前生效。第1条禁止残疾歧视，包括“长期……精神……[和]智力缺陷”。因此，精神胁迫以及对有永久性认知障碍的人的拘留和强迫治疗是非法行为。由于不遵守《残疾人权利公约》，世界卫生组织（世卫组织）几年前撤回了其精神卫生立法指导。此后，它与利益攸关方进行了长时间的磋商，其中包括许多有过心理社会残疾经历的人为此，与联合国人权事务高级专员办事处（人权高专办）《精神卫生、人权与立法：指南与实践（2023年）》联合编写了新的指南。该出版物被描述为国家和决策者的有用资源，以及实现《残疾人权利公约》从强制护理转向平等和非歧视的愿景的“行动呼吁”。它为促进精神卫生系统中的人权和尊严的立法规定提出建议，以符合国际人权规范和标准。此外，它敦促各国确保立法承认服务使用者的“风险尊严”，这与目前占主导地位的生物医学模式背道而驰。本文考虑《指引》对《残疾人权利公约》主要条款的看法，并反思其逻辑和它为围绕“疑难案件”的各种法律和道德问题提供的立法解决方案。本文还讨论了遵守《指引》及其所依据的《残疾人权利公约》可能产生的一些影响，特别提到了英格兰和威尔士的法律。

{"title":"Swinging the pendulum from ‘a necessary evil’ to ‘the dignity of risk’: Can new UN legislative guidance help to end psychiatric coercion?","authors":"Laura Davidson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) came into force almost two decades ago. Prohibitive of disability discrimination, Article 1 includes “long-term…mental…[and] intellectual impairments”. Thus, psychiatric coercion and the detention and forced medical treatment of persons with permanent cognitive impairment are unlawful acts. Due to non-compliance with the CRPD, the World Health Organization (WHO) withdrew its legislative mental health guidance several years ago. It has since conducted lengthy consultations with stakeholders, including many with lived experience of psychosocial disability.<span><span><sup>1</sup></span></span> This has led to new guidance compiled jointly with the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), <em>Mental Health, Human Rights and Legislation: Guidance and Practice</em> (2023). The publication is described as a useful resource for states and decision-makers, and a “call to action” to realise the CRPD's vision of a shift from coercive care to equality and non-discrimination. It offers suggestions for legislative provisions that promote human rights and dignity in mental health systems to comply with international human rights norms and standards. Furthermore, it exhorts states to ensure that legislation recognises the “dignity of risk” for service users, which runs contrary to the current dominant biomedical model. This article considers the Guidance's take on key CRPD provisions and reflects on its logic and the legislative solutions it offers to various legal and ethical questions surrounding “hard cases”. The article also discusses some of the likely implications arising from compliance with the Guidance and the CRPD on which it is based, with particular reference to the law of England and Wales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of the sensitivity of the Health Screening of People in Police Custody (HELP-PC) tool in Northumbria Police, UK 英国诺森比亚警察局在押人员健康筛查（HELP-PC）工具敏感性评估

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q1 LAW

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102101

Thomas Cranshaw , Helena Austin , John Moore , Evelyn Evans , Salma Rauf , Faye Groom , Ellie Mannix , Ellen Whitehouse , Iain McKinnon

This paper presents an evaluation of a novel health screening tool implemented in 2016 by Northumbria Police, in the North East of England, United Kingdom. The aim of the study was to determine the sensitivity of the tool in detecting physical and mental health conditions. Secondary aims were to produce useful data on the prevalence of these conditions and onward referrals within custody. The tool was compared to a clinical interview carried out within the custody suite by research psychiatrists. Researchers spent a total of 64 days within the custody suite and interviewed 177 participants. The tool performed variably, with 100 % sensitivity for diabetes, epilepsy and psychosis, however in other areas the sensitivity was lower such as for opioid dependency (18 %). When compared to the pilot study of the tool there is a non-significant trend towards improved sensitivity, with no areas in which sensitivity has reduced. In comparison to a previous evaluation of an alternative tool, this tool has improved sensitivity for asthma (92 vs 49 %, p < 0.001), cardiovascular complaints (38 vs 2 %, p < 0.0001), head injury (72 vs 17 %, p = 0.004) and intellectual disability (82 vs 25 %, p = 0.016).

本文介绍了2016年由英国英格兰东北部诺森比亚警察局实施的一种新型健康筛查工具的评估。该研究的目的是确定该工具在检测身体和精神健康状况方面的敏感性。次要目的是就这些情况的普遍程度和在拘留期间的后续转诊提供有用的数据。研究人员将该工具与精神病学家在监护病房内进行的临床访谈进行了比较。研究人员在拘留室里呆了64天，采访了177名参与者。该工具的表现各不相同，对糖尿病、癫痫和精神病的敏感性为100%，但在其他领域的敏感性较低，如阿片类药物依赖（18%）。与该工具的初步研究相比，灵敏度提高的趋势并不显著，没有任何灵敏度降低的区域。与之前对替代工具的评估相比，该工具提高了对哮喘的敏感性(92% vs 49%, p <；0.001)，心血管疾病(38 vs 2%, p <；0.0001)，头部损伤（72% vs 17%, p = 0.004）和智力残疾（82% vs 25%, p = 0.016）。

{"title":"Evaluation of the sensitivity of the Health Screening of People in Police Custody (HELP-PC) tool in Northumbria Police, UK","authors":"Thomas Cranshaw , Helena Austin , John Moore , Evelyn Evans , Salma Rauf , Faye Groom , Ellie Mannix , Ellen Whitehouse , Iain McKinnon","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an evaluation of a novel health screening tool implemented in 2016 by Northumbria Police, in the North East of England, United Kingdom. The aim of the study was to determine the sensitivity of the tool in detecting physical and mental health conditions. Secondary aims were to produce useful data on the prevalence of these conditions and onward referrals within custody. The tool was compared to a clinical interview carried out within the custody suite by research psychiatrists. Researchers spent a total of 64 days within the custody suite and interviewed 177 participants. The tool performed variably, with 100 % sensitivity for diabetes, epilepsy and psychosis, however in other areas the sensitivity was lower such as for opioid dependency (18 %). When compared to the pilot study of the tool there is a non-significant trend towards improved sensitivity, with no areas in which sensitivity has reduced. In comparison to a previous evaluation of an alternative tool, this tool has improved sensitivity for asthma (92 vs 49 %, <em>p</em> < 0.001), cardiovascular complaints (38 vs 2 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001), head injury (72 vs 17 %, <em>p</em> = 0.004) and intellectual disability (82 vs 25 %, <em>p</em> = 0.016).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A repertoire and critical review of international resources relevant to medical assistance in dying where a mental disorder is the sole underlying medical condition 对与精神失常是唯一潜在医疗状况的死亡医疗援助有关的国际资源的汇编和批判性审查

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q1 LAW

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102114

Caroline Favron-Godbout , Izadora Foster , Eric Racine

Background

The possibility of asking for help in ending one's life is at the heart of some of the most enduring debates in medicine and bioethics. As a growing number of countries open to the practice, many concerns are emerging internationally about medical assistance in dying where a mental disorder is the sole underlying medical condition (MAiD-MD). It is paramount to understand what academic literature and resources are available to support different stakeholders in the context of MAiD-MD.

Objectives

This review aims to specifically identify various resources related to MAiD-MD and to initiate a process of compiling international resources to raise awareness about certain resources and support stakeholders to develop new resources.

Methods

This review of resources adopted a methodology inspired by the work of Arksey and O'Malley (2005) and Levac et al. (2010)’s scoping studies, as well as more structured forms of thematic literature reviews for content extraction.

Results

165 resources related directly or indirectly to MAiD-MD were identified and grouped according to the following six categories: 1) Laws, judgments, decisions, and reports from the operationalization of laws; 2) Ethical and clinical guidelines, protocols, practice guides, and information for healthcare professionals; 3) Resource directories; 4) Resources for sharing experiences, discussions, support or training; 5) Written resources for MAiD applicants, their relatives or the population; 6) Resources to support reflections and guide the development of practices. Twenty main relevant themes were identified through the thematic analysis. These themes are addressed and explored in varying degrees of depth throughout different resources.

Discussion

A diversity of relevant resources is developed internationally, but these are sometimes dispersed, little known, or inaccessible to the public. Numerous resources are developed to inform the various stakeholders and train healthcare professionals, but there seems to be a need to develop advanced support resources to help the various stakeholders in the context of MAiD-MD.

寻求帮助结束生命的可能性是医学和生物伦理学中一些最持久的争论的核心。随着越来越多的国家对这种做法开放，国际上出现了许多关于以精神障碍为唯一潜在医疗状况的死亡医疗援助的担忧（MAiD-MD）。了解哪些学术文献和资源可用于支持mad - md背景下的不同利益相关者是至关重要的。本综述旨在明确确定与mad - md相关的各种资源，并启动汇编国际资源的过程，以提高对某些资源的认识，并支持利益相关者开发新资源。方法本次资源综述采用的方法受到Arksey和O' malley（2005）以及Levac等人（2010）的范围界定研究的启发，以及内容提取的更结构化的主题文献综述形式。结果将165个直接或间接与mad - md相关的资源按以下6类进行分类：1)法律、判决、决定和法律实施报告；2)卫生保健专业人员的伦理和临床指南、协议、实践指南和信息；3)资源目录；4)分享经验、讨论、支持或培训的资源；5)为MAiD申请人、其亲属或人口提供的书面资源；6)支持反思和指导实践发展的资源。通过专题分析确定了20个主要的相关主题。这些主题在不同的资源中以不同程度的深度进行处理和探索。国际上开发了多种相关资源，但这些资源有时分散、鲜为人知或公众无法获得。已经开发了许多资源来通知各种利益相关者并培训医疗保健专业人员，但似乎需要开发先进的支持资源来帮助MAiD-MD背景下的各种利益相关者。

{"title":"A repertoire and critical review of international resources relevant to medical assistance in dying where a mental disorder is the sole underlying medical condition","authors":"Caroline Favron-Godbout , Izadora Foster , Eric Racine","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The possibility of asking for help in ending one's life is at the heart of some of the most enduring debates in medicine and bioethics. As a growing number of countries open to the practice, many concerns are emerging internationally about medical assistance in dying where a mental disorder is the sole underlying medical condition (MAiD-MD). It is paramount to understand what academic literature and resources are available to support different stakeholders in the context of MAiD-MD.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This review aims to specifically identify various resources related to MAiD-MD and to initiate a process of compiling international resources to raise awareness about certain resources and support stakeholders to develop new resources.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This review of resources adopted a methodology inspired by the work of Arksey and O'Malley (2005) and Levac et al. (2010)’s scoping studies, as well as more structured forms of thematic literature reviews for content extraction.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>165 resources related directly or indirectly to MAiD-MD were identified and grouped according to the following six categories: 1) Laws, judgments, decisions, and reports from the operationalization of laws; 2) Ethical and clinical guidelines, protocols, practice guides, and information for healthcare professionals; 3) Resource directories; 4) Resources for sharing experiences, discussions, support or training; 5) Written resources for MAiD applicants, their relatives or the population; 6) Resources to support reflections and guide the development of practices. Twenty main relevant themes were identified through the thematic analysis. These themes are addressed and explored in varying degrees of depth throughout different resources.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>A diversity of relevant resources is developed internationally, but these are sometimes dispersed, little known, or inaccessible to the public. Numerous resources are developed to inform the various stakeholders and train healthcare professionals, but there seems to be a need to develop advanced support resources to help the various stakeholders in the context of MAiD-MD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hoarding disorder, therapeutic jurisprudence and residential tenancy law: A complex relationship and opportunities for reform 囤积症、治疗法学与住宅租赁法：复杂关系与改革机遇

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q1 LAW

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102125

Adam Finkelstein, Marie Bismark, Rebecca Bentley, Erika Martino

For many, home represents comfort and security. However, for renters living with hoarding disorder, stable housing is often at risk. Hoarding disorder is a chronic mental illness associated with significant public health risks to both communities and individuals across jurisdictions. Internationally, residential tenancy laws often address hoarding using blunt legal measures at odds with the treatment needs of people living with the condition, which can negatively impact their health and wellbeing and potential recovery.

Leveraging a therapeutic jurisprudence framework to consider biopsychosocial outcomes, this paper examines residential tenancy laws in Victoria, Australia to consider how tenancy laws affect tenure security and the extent to which they hinder the promotion of health and wellbeing among renters living with hoarding disorder. A rapid review of international academic and grey literature, Victorian case-law and relevant parts of the Residential Tenancies Act 1997 (Vic) was conducted.

Analysis showed that, in the case of Victoria, the legal framework does not fully align with therapeutic jurisprudence principles, instead relying on impersonal task-centred approaches to address hoarding related issues in rental properties. Consequently, renters living with hoarding disorder are at increased risk of psychological distress, homelessness, and a reluctance to engage with supports. Recommendations with international relevance and applicability are discussed, including sector coordination and capacity building, and common avenues for legislative reform. Future research should prioritise lived experience perspectives, along with generating improved evidence through robust data collection that can inform reform in the rental sector.

对许多人来说，家代表着舒适和安全。然而，对于患有囤积症的租房者来说，稳定的住房往往存在风险。囤积障碍是一种慢性精神疾病，对各个司法管辖区的社区和个人都有重大的公共卫生风险。在国际上，住房租赁法经常使用与患有这种疾病的人的治疗需求不一致的生硬法律措施来解决囤积问题，这可能对他们的健康和福祉以及潜在的康复产生负面影响。利用治疗法学框架来考虑生物心理社会结果，本文研究了澳大利亚维多利亚州的住宅租赁法，以考虑租赁法如何影响租赁权安全，以及它们在多大程度上阻碍了患有囤积症的租房者促进健康和福祉。对国际学术和灰色文献、维多利亚州判例法和1997年《住宅租赁法》（维多利亚州）的相关部分进行了快速审查。分析表明，在维多利亚州的情况下，法律框架并不完全符合治疗法学原则，而是依靠客观的以任务为中心的方法来解决租赁物业中囤积相关问题。因此，患有囤积症的租房者面临更大的心理困扰、无家可归和不愿接受支持的风险。讨论了具有国际相关性和适用性的建议，包括部门协调和能力建设，以及立法改革的共同途径。未来的研究应优先考虑生活体验的观点，同时通过可靠的数据收集产生改进的证据，为租赁行业的改革提供信息。

{"title":"Hoarding disorder, therapeutic jurisprudence and residential tenancy law: A complex relationship and opportunities for reform","authors":"Adam Finkelstein, Marie Bismark, Rebecca Bentley, Erika Martino","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For many, home represents comfort and security. However, for renters living with hoarding disorder, stable housing is often at risk. Hoarding disorder is a chronic mental illness associated with significant public health risks to both communities and individuals across jurisdictions. Internationally, residential tenancy laws often address hoarding using blunt legal measures at odds with the treatment needs of people living with the condition, which can negatively impact their health and wellbeing and potential recovery.</div><div>Leveraging a therapeutic jurisprudence framework to consider biopsychosocial outcomes, this paper examines residential tenancy laws in Victoria, Australia to consider how tenancy laws affect tenure security and the extent to which they hinder the promotion of health and wellbeing among renters living with hoarding disorder. A rapid review of international academic and grey literature, Victorian case-law and relevant parts of the Residential Tenancies Act 1997 (Vic) was conducted.</div><div>Analysis showed that, in the case of Victoria, the legal framework does not fully align with therapeutic jurisprudence principles, instead relying on impersonal task-centred approaches to address hoarding related issues in rental properties. Consequently, renters living with hoarding disorder are at increased risk of psychological distress, homelessness, and a reluctance to engage with supports. Recommendations with international relevance and applicability are discussed, including sector coordination and capacity building, and common avenues for legislative reform. Future research should prioritise lived experience perspectives, along with generating improved evidence through robust data collection that can inform reform in the rental sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47930,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0