Pub Date : 2009-07-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-8608.2009.01562.X
J. Moon, Stephanos Anastasiadis, F. Viganò
{"title":"The potential of CSR to support the implementation of the EU sustainability strategy: editorial introduction.","authors":"J. Moon, Stephanos Anastasiadis, F. Viganò","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-8608.2009.01562.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-8608.2009.01562.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47954,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics-A European Review","volume":"46 43 1","pages":"268-272"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80526161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-18DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01560.x
D. Payne, C. Trumbach
This article focuses on the issue of data mining as it relates to the consumer and to the issue of whether the consumer's private information has any proprietary status. A brief review of data mining is provided as a background for a better understanding of the purposes and uses of data mining. Also examined are several issues of the ethics of data mining, including a review of stakeholders, who they are and which may be most seriously affected by unethical data mining practices. Several suggestions for the improvement of data mining as it relates to the consumer are further presented: suggestions that would allow for data mining that would be beneficial to both the business community and the consumer.
{"title":"Data Mining: Proprietary Rights, People and Proposals","authors":"D. Payne, C. Trumbach","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01560.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01560.x","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the issue of data mining as it relates to the consumer and to the issue of whether the consumer's private information has any proprietary status. A brief review of data mining is provided as a background for a better understanding of the purposes and uses of data mining. Also examined are several issues of the ethics of data mining, including a review of stakeholders, who they are and which may be most seriously affected by unethical data mining practices. Several suggestions for the improvement of data mining as it relates to the consumer are further presented: suggestions that would allow for data mining that would be beneficial to both the business community and the consumer.","PeriodicalId":47954,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics-A European Review","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2009-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89876755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-18DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01561.x
G. Svensson, G. Wood, Jang B. Singh, Michael Callaghan
The objective of this paper is to develop and describe a construct of the ethos of the corporate codes of ethics (i.e. an ECCE construct) across three countries, namely Australia, Canada and Sweden. The introduced construct is rather unique as it is based on a cross-cultural sample seldom seen in the literature. While the outcome of statistical analyses indicated a satisfactory factor solution and acceptable estimates of reliability measures, some research limitations have been stressed. They provide a foundation for further research in the field and testing of the ECCE construct in other cultural and corporate settings. We believe that the ECCE construct makes a contribution to theory and practice in the field as it outlines a theoretical construct for the benefit of other researchers. It is also of managerial interest as it provides a grounded framework of areas to be considered in the implementation in organizations of corporate codes of ethics.
{"title":"A Cross-Cultural Construct of the Ethos of the Corporate Codes of Ethics: Australia, Canada and Sweden","authors":"G. Svensson, G. Wood, Jang B. Singh, Michael Callaghan","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01561.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01561.x","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to develop and describe a construct of the ethos of the corporate codes of ethics (i.e. an ECCE construct) across three countries, namely Australia, Canada and Sweden. The introduced construct is rather unique as it is based on a cross-cultural sample seldom seen in the literature. While the outcome of statistical analyses indicated a satisfactory factor solution and acceptable estimates of reliability measures, some research limitations have been stressed. They provide a foundation for further research in the field and testing of the ECCE construct in other cultural and corporate settings. We believe that the ECCE construct makes a contribution to theory and practice in the field as it outlines a theoretical construct for the benefit of other researchers. It is also of managerial interest as it provides a grounded framework of areas to be considered in the implementation in organizations of corporate codes of ethics.","PeriodicalId":47954,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics-A European Review","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2009-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89227878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-18DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01565.x
S. Wen
Concentrated attention on institutional investors' activism has been perceived in the last few decades and further intensified in the post-Enron era. A new area of particular significance that has emerged is institutional investors' growing awareness and practice of socially responsible investment (SRI). This article starts by reviewing the importance of institutional investor activism and the historical implication of SRI. Significantly, various elements that give rise to the growth of SRI in the modern business world are considered in detail. It is recognized that, although current empirical evidence suggests ambiguous effects of SRI, the positive impact of institutional investors' activism on SRI is likely to have been undermined due to the underdevelopment of evaluation systems, and SRI should stand out as a good investment option for its joint financial and societal concerns. Nevertheless, obstructions still exist in the exercise of investor activism and the pursuit of SRI strategy, which implies that, at least in the near future, SRI strategy will remain as a minor investment trend for institutional investors in Anglo-American countries. Additional regulatory methods and awarding schemes are, therefore, expected to motivate institutional investors' activism on SRI, and subsequently to promote global sustainability.
{"title":"Institutional Investor Activism on Socially Responsible Investment: Effects and Expectations","authors":"S. Wen","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01565.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01565.x","url":null,"abstract":"Concentrated attention on institutional investors' activism has been perceived in the last few decades and further intensified in the post-Enron era. A new area of particular significance that has emerged is institutional investors' growing awareness and practice of socially responsible investment (SRI). This article starts by reviewing the importance of institutional investor activism and the historical implication of SRI. Significantly, various elements that give rise to the growth of SRI in the modern business world are considered in detail. It is recognized that, although current empirical evidence suggests ambiguous effects of SRI, the positive impact of institutional investors' activism on SRI is likely to have been undermined due to the underdevelopment of evaluation systems, and SRI should stand out as a good investment option for its joint financial and societal concerns. Nevertheless, obstructions still exist in the exercise of investor activism and the pursuit of SRI strategy, which implies that, at least in the near future, SRI strategy will remain as a minor investment trend for institutional investors in Anglo-American countries. Additional regulatory methods and awarding schemes are, therefore, expected to motivate institutional investors' activism on SRI, and subsequently to promote global sustainability.","PeriodicalId":47954,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics-A European Review","volume":"342 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2009-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75937374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-14DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00511.x
S. Norton
The current debate as to whether the natural environment should be accorded stakeholder status involves an assumption that it is in some way different from other stakeholders, requiring favorable discriminatory treatment. Essentially it is regarded as passive, requiring regulatory agencies to represent its interests or the wider public to demand its protection on the occasion of, for example, oil spills that leave wildlife in a visibly distressed state. But the natural environment does not have consciousness as do traditional classes of stakeholders such as employees, shareholders and contractors, nor does it negotiate in markets over the price at which it sells its output in the way that a trader haggles with potential buyers. This paper proposes that in the context of financial markets the natural environment possesses stakeholder status, founded upon the essentiality of ecosystem stability for their proper functioning and the structuring of instruments traded on them.
{"title":"The Natural Environment as a Salient Stakeholder: Non-Anthropocentrism, Ecosystem Stability and the Financial Markets","authors":"S. Norton","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00511.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00511.x","url":null,"abstract":"The current debate as to whether the natural environment should be accorded stakeholder status involves an assumption that it is in some way different from other stakeholders, requiring favorable discriminatory treatment. Essentially it is regarded as passive, requiring regulatory agencies to represent its interests or the wider public to demand its protection on the occasion of, for example, oil spills that leave wildlife in a visibly distressed state. But the natural environment does not have consciousness as do traditional classes of stakeholders such as employees, shareholders and contractors, nor does it negotiate in markets over the price at which it sells its output in the way that a trader haggles with potential buyers. This paper proposes that in the context of financial markets the natural environment possesses stakeholder status, founded upon the essentiality of ecosystem stability for their proper functioning and the structuring of instruments traded on them.","PeriodicalId":47954,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics-A European Review","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2007-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85623726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00492.x
E. Lévinas, François Bouchetoux, Campbell Jones
This is a translation of ‘Socialite et argent’, a text by Emmanuel Levinas originally published in 1987. Levinas describes the emergence of money out of interhuman relations of exchange and the social relations – sociality – that result. While elsewhere he has presented sociality as ‘nonindifference to alterity’ it appears here as ‘proximity of the stranger’ and points to the tension between an economic system based on money and the basic human disposition to respond to the face of the other person. Money both encodes and effaces sociality, both designates and disguises social relations. It arises from the way that needs and interests are manifested in exchange relations, in what he calls the ‘interestedness’ of economic life. But interests are always already cut through by the fact that being is always ‘being with others’. Being is always ‘interbeing’. Interestedness is always confronted by disinterestedness, that is, by a sociality marked by the ‘goodness of giving’, attachment to and concern for the poverty of the other person. Levinas concludes with a discussion of sociality and justice, posing questions about the tension between the demand to respond to an Other immediately before me and at the same time to respond to the demands of an other Other (the third person) who also invites a response.
这是由伊曼纽尔·列维纳斯(Emmanuel Levinas)于1987年首次出版的《社会名流与代理人》(Socialite et agent)的翻译。列维纳斯描述了货币的出现源于人与人之间的交换关系以及由此产生的社会关系——社会性。在其他地方，他将社会表现为“对另类漠不关心”，而在这里，他表现为“接近陌生人”，并指出了基于金钱的经济体系与人类对他人面孔做出反应的基本性格之间的紧张关系。金钱既能编码社会关系又能掩盖社会关系，既能指定社会关系又能掩饰社会关系。它源于需求和利益在交换关系中表现出来的方式，即他所谓的经济生活的“利益”。但利益总是已经被存在总是“与他人在一起”这一事实所切断。存在总是“相互作用”。利益总是与无私相冲突，也就是说，以“给予的善良”为标志的社会，依恋和关心他人的贫困。列维纳斯以对社会性和正义的讨论结束，提出了一些问题，关于在我面前立即回应他者的要求与同时回应另一个他者(第三人称)的要求之间的紧张关系，他者也邀请了回应。
{"title":"Sociality and Money","authors":"E. Lévinas, François Bouchetoux, Campbell Jones","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00492.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00492.x","url":null,"abstract":"This is a translation of ‘Socialite et argent’, a text by Emmanuel Levinas originally published in 1987. Levinas describes the emergence of money out of interhuman relations of exchange and the social relations – sociality – that result. While elsewhere he has presented sociality as ‘nonindifference to alterity’ it appears here as ‘proximity of the stranger’ and points to the tension between an economic system based on money and the basic human disposition to respond to the face of the other person. Money both encodes and effaces sociality, both designates and disguises social relations. It arises from the way that needs and interests are manifested in exchange relations, in what he calls the ‘interestedness’ of economic life. But interests are always already cut through by the fact that being is always ‘being with others’. Being is always ‘interbeing’. Interestedness is always confronted by disinterestedness, that is, by a sociality marked by the ‘goodness of giving’, attachment to and concern for the poverty of the other person. Levinas concludes with a discussion of sociality and justice, posing questions about the tension between the demand to respond to an Other immediately before me and at the same time to respond to the demands of an other Other (the third person) who also invites a response.","PeriodicalId":47954,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics-A European Review","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74026865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00501.x
R.G.A. Kaulingfreks, René ten Bos
This paper takes issue with what seem to be standard practices of at least some organizations that use models in their ad campaigns. These organizations know that many of their models have had drug problems but refuse either to tolerate this or to help them. Some organizations have, allegedly in the name of a responsibility for the health of their customers, rather opted for a firm condemnation of the practices in which models such as Kate Moss apparently engage. This raises questions about hypocrisy. The paper uses Levinas's concept of the face critically to describe what might be going on in the conflict between Moss and some of the companies she worked for. Moss is arguably understood by these companies as a role model who should not engage with drugs or street life. Against these more or less patronizing tendencies, the paper claims that it is not so much the face but processes of defacement that should trouble us from a moral perspective. The face, it is maintained, is not only ethical but also has a materiality. In opposition to what is maintained by at least some scholars of Levinas, art, literature and history have alerted us over and over again that the face is anything but indelible. Some examples from art show us the versatility and vulnerability of the face. The gossip and hype about what came to be known as the Kate Moss affair stands, it is argued, in a long misogynic tradition of defacement.
{"title":"On Faces and Defacement: The Case of Kate Moss","authors":"R.G.A. Kaulingfreks, René ten Bos","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00501.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00501.x","url":null,"abstract":"This paper takes issue with what seem to be standard practices of at least some organizations that use models in their ad campaigns. These organizations know that many of their models have had drug problems but refuse either to tolerate this or to help them. Some organizations have, allegedly in the name of a responsibility for the health of their customers, rather opted for a firm condemnation of the practices in which models such as Kate Moss apparently engage. This raises questions about hypocrisy. The paper uses Levinas's concept of the face critically to describe what might be going on in the conflict between Moss and some of the companies she worked for. Moss is arguably understood by these companies as a role model who should not engage with drugs or street life. Against these more or less patronizing tendencies, the paper claims that it is not so much the face but processes of defacement that should trouble us from a moral perspective. The face, it is maintained, is not only ethical but also has a materiality. In opposition to what is maintained by at least some scholars of Levinas, art, literature and history have alerted us over and over again that the face is anything but indelible. Some examples from art show us the versatility and vulnerability of the face. The gossip and hype about what came to be known as the Kate Moss affair stands, it is argued, in a long misogynic tradition of defacement.","PeriodicalId":47954,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics-A European Review","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82123519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00500.x
Per-Anders Forstorp
Fundraising and marketing of aid are increasingly sophisticated forms of business transaction covering a set of legal and economic aspects such as charity law, volunteering, tax-effective giving, philanthropy, donations and bequest solicitation, etc. (Sargeant & Jay 2002, Tempel 2002). Fundraising is also related to ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ aimed at presenting corporations as generous and responsible by means of integrating social and environmental factors in their business activities, far beyond, so we are told, of what the law actually requires. While the act of giving in the realm of philanthropy perhaps first of all is motivated by an individual’s willingness to sacrifice some part of his/her economic or temporal surplus in order to help others, it is also imbued with innovative business models where this initial incentive is optimized (Seiler 2005). Soliciting the goodwill and financial generosity of the individual giver is obviously claimed as the most legitimate concern in any kind of fundraising transaction. This activity, however, takes place with the help of the continuous development of business models where the altruism, empathy and the human ability to establish relations are operationalized in more concrete transactional terms. Thus, the process in which generosity is operationalized in methods and technologies for giving can be referred to as a process in which the intentions and actions of a donor are commodified (Thrift 2005). Without questioning the general good intentions of fundraising or the authentic generosity of givers, there is certainly a tension between the giver’s empathy for others, on the one hand, and the calculating rationality of the fundraiser, on the other, in his or her effort of marketing or persuading a potential donor (Derrida 1992). It is far beyond this introduction, however, to go deeper into this fascinating blend of altruism and business rationality. A more thorough analysis of fundraising would need to relate to important themes in economic anthropology focusing on issues such as the symbolic representation of money and the moral evaluation of monetary exchange in order to explore the range of cultural meanings around monetary transactions (Bloch & Parry 1989, Parry 1989). Influential economic theories, e.g. by Marx and Simmel in their respective ways, state that money acts as a powerful agent of social and cultural transformation. Money is credited with intrinsic power and attributed as the agent of social change. They also note that money encapsulates a spirit of rationality, calculability and anonymity that may potentially both cause and stand in contrast to a spirit of community associated with an idealized Gemeinschaft. The historical observation that money is linked to the growth of individualism and to the decline of communities of solidarity in which social bonds are dissolved (but also strengthened) is a theory that may be typically Western in its outlook. In this context, the observa
{"title":"Fundraising Discourse and the Commodification of the Other","authors":"Per-Anders Forstorp","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00500.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00500.x","url":null,"abstract":"Fundraising and marketing of aid are increasingly sophisticated forms of business transaction covering a set of legal and economic aspects such as charity law, volunteering, tax-effective giving, philanthropy, donations and bequest solicitation, etc. (Sargeant & Jay 2002, Tempel 2002). Fundraising is also related to ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ aimed at presenting corporations as generous and responsible by means of integrating social and environmental factors in their business activities, far beyond, so we are told, of what the law actually requires. While the act of giving in the realm of philanthropy perhaps first of all is motivated by an individual’s willingness to sacrifice some part of his/her economic or temporal surplus in order to help others, it is also imbued with innovative business models where this initial incentive is optimized (Seiler 2005). Soliciting the goodwill and financial generosity of the individual giver is obviously claimed as the most legitimate concern in any kind of fundraising transaction. This activity, however, takes place with the help of the continuous development of business models where the altruism, empathy and the human ability to establish relations are operationalized in more concrete transactional terms. Thus, the process in which generosity is operationalized in methods and technologies for giving can be referred to as a process in which the intentions and actions of a donor are commodified (Thrift 2005). Without questioning the general good intentions of fundraising or the authentic generosity of givers, there is certainly a tension between the giver’s empathy for others, on the one hand, and the calculating rationality of the fundraiser, on the other, in his or her effort of marketing or persuading a potential donor (Derrida 1992). It is far beyond this introduction, however, to go deeper into this fascinating blend of altruism and business rationality. A more thorough analysis of fundraising would need to relate to important themes in economic anthropology focusing on issues such as the symbolic representation of money and the moral evaluation of monetary exchange in order to explore the range of cultural meanings around monetary transactions (Bloch & Parry 1989, Parry 1989). Influential economic theories, e.g. by Marx and Simmel in their respective ways, state that money acts as a powerful agent of social and cultural transformation. Money is credited with intrinsic power and attributed as the agent of social change. They also note that money encapsulates a spirit of rationality, calculability and anonymity that may potentially both cause and stand in contrast to a spirit of community associated with an idealized Gemeinschaft. The historical observation that money is linked to the growth of individualism and to the decline of communities of solidarity in which social bonds are dissolved (but also strengthened) is a theory that may be typically Western in its outlook. In this context, the observa","PeriodicalId":47954,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics-A European Review","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88696567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-04-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-8608.2007.00484.X
Leslie Sekerka, R. Bagozzi
Why is moral courage in the workplace viewed as the unusual, rather than the norm? If we want to cultivate organizational environments that exhibit moral strength, we must consider how courage can be exercised in daily organizational life, as an action that can be achieved by everyone. To explore this notion, we see a need to develop additional understanding of how people determine whether or not they will act in a morally courageous way when faced with an ethical challenge. While existing theory sheds light on various aspects of ethical decision making, missing from the literature is an examination of how emotions, automatic responses to situational conditions, along with conscious and deliberative thought, work together to help guide this process. Yet to be fully explored are the internal factors and the social influences that accompany them, specifically those that contribute to forming the desire and decision to act with moral courage. We argue that scholarship designed to explain how this process unfolds will reshape our understanding of moral courage as an action open to self-control, and thus can occur more frequently than the rare event it is often presumed to be. Our depiction of the organizational member’s response to an ethical challenge helps take moral courage out of the extraordinary and into the realm of what can be achieved by most people, at least some of the time. Leading scholars in the area of ethical decision making have put forth an invitation to integrate constructs, topics and issues that span academic fields, taking a cross-disciplinary approach (Payne & Giacalone 1990, Treviño 1992). We accept this call and propose a process orientation to the study of moral conduct, one that is grounded in the behavioural sciences but mindful of philosophical contributions. Considering the recent focus on positive organizational scholarship (Cameron et al. 2003), we also show how moral courage can be better understood, encouraged and taught, by learning what contributes to organizational moral flourishing. If organizational members are expected to conduct themselves with exemplary standards of ethical behaviour, it is the responsibility of scholars and managers to provide clarity on how to do so effectively. To address this concern we ask, What induces people to act in morally courageous ways as they face an ethical challenge in the workplace? Our starting assumption is that moral courage can be realized and achieved by most organizational members, under certain personal and situational conditions. To build Respectively: Assistant Professor, Organizational Behavior and Ethics, Graduate School of Business & Public Policy, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA; and Professor of Marketing, Stephen M. Ross School of Business & Professor of Social and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI, USA.
为什么职场中的道德勇气被视为不寻常，而不是常态?如果我们想要培养展现道德力量的组织环境，我们必须考虑如何在日常组织生活中行使勇气，使之成为每个人都能实现的行动。为了探索这一概念，我们认为有必要进一步了解人们在面临道德挑战时如何决定他们是否会以道德勇敢的方式行事。虽然现有的理论揭示了道德决策的各个方面，但文献中缺少的是对情绪、对情境条件的自动反应、以及有意识和深思熟虑的思考如何共同帮助指导这一过程的研究。然而，有待充分探讨的是内部因素和伴随这些因素的社会影响，特别是那些有助于形成以道德勇气行动的愿望和决定的因素。我们认为，旨在解释这一过程如何展开的学术研究，将重塑我们对道德勇气的理解，即道德勇气是一种可以自我控制的行为，因此它可能比通常认为的罕见事件更频繁地发生。我们对组织成员对道德挑战的反应的描述，有助于将道德勇气从非凡中带出，进入大多数人都能做到的领域，至少在某些时候。伦理决策领域的主要学者已经提出了一个邀请，即采用跨学科的方法，整合跨学术领域的结构、主题和问题(Payne & Giacalone 1990, Treviño 1992)。我们接受这一呼吁，并提出一种道德行为研究的过程导向，一种以行为科学为基础，但注意哲学贡献的导向。考虑到最近对积极组织学术的关注(Cameron et al. 2003)，我们也展示了如何通过学习什么有助于组织道德繁荣来更好地理解、鼓励和教授道德勇气。如果期望组织成员以道德行为的模范标准行事，那么学者和管理者就有责任明确说明如何有效地做到这一点。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了这样的问题:当人们在工作场所面临道德挑战时，是什么促使他们以道德勇敢的方式行事?我们最初的假设是，在一定的个人和情境条件下，大多数组织成员可以实现和实现道德勇气。分别建立:美国加利福尼亚州蒙特雷海军研究生院商业与公共政策研究生院组织行为学与伦理学助理教授;美国密歇根州安娜堡市密歇根大学药学院Stephen M. Ross商学院市场营销学教授及社会与行政科学教授。
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Pub Date : 2007-04-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-8608.2007.00482.X
E. Karassavidou, Niki Glaveli
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