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Situated perspectives on the city: a reflection on scaling participation through design 城市的情境视角:通过设计扩大参与的思考
IF 3.7 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-21 DOI: 10.1177/09562478211028066
Beatrice De Carli, A. Frediani
This article explores the relationship between design methodologies and the scaling of participation in cities. The article recognizes that the scaling of community-led informal settlement upgrading is a central concern in the broader debate on scaling participation, and it interrogates the potential contribution of design methodologies in connecting localized, community-led upgrading initiatives outwards and upwards. We discuss these ideas by drawing on our own experience of devising and facilitating a number of participatory design and planning initiatives titled Change by Design with the non-profit organization Architecture Sans Frontières – UK (ASF-UK). Reflecting on this experience, we argue that the inclusion of a design-based, city-level perspective in localized upgrading initiatives can be a powerful conceptual and practical tool to support horizontal, vertical and deep scaling; and we highlight the importance of constructing this design tool in an embodied and situated manner, so that scaling processes remain firmly grounded in everyday lives and experiences.
本文探讨了设计方法与城市参与规模之间的关系。本文认识到,社区主导的非正式住区升级的规模是有关规模参与的更广泛辩论中的一个核心问题,并对设计方法在将本地化、社区主导的升级举措向外和向上联系起来方面的潜在贡献进行了探讨。我们通过与非营利组织英国建筑无国界组织(ASF-UK)合作,设计和促进一系列名为“设计改变”的参与式设计和规划倡议,来讨论这些想法。反思这一经验,我们认为,在本地化升级计划中纳入基于设计的城市层面视角,可以成为支持水平、垂直和深度扩展的强大概念和实用工具;我们强调以具体化和定位的方式构建这个设计工具的重要性,以便缩放过程牢固地扎根于日常生活和体验。
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引用次数: 0
Limits to and opportunities for scaling participation: lessons from three city-wide urban poor networks in Dhaka, Bangladesh 扩大参与的局限性和机会:孟加拉国达卡三个城市贫困人口网络的经验教训
IF 3.7 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-09 DOI: 10.1177/09562478211026253
Sally Cawood
In Dhaka, three urban poor networks play a central role in advocating for the rights and entitlements of low-income settlement residents. Despite their numerous achievements, this article outlines how attempts to scale participation via these networks are limited by three overlapping state–civil society processes: (1) the politicization and increased monitoring of non-governmental organizations (NGOs); (2) shifting donor preferences towards service delivery and the creation of new community-based organizations (CBOs); and (3) the ongoing dominance and paternalism of NGOs towards low-income settlement residents. By situating these findings within existing understandings of in/formal governance and political participation, it can be argued that attempts to scale may struggle to evade or transform deep structures of dependency, patronage and intermediation. Recognizing that scaling can and does occur under these conditions, the article outlines opportunities to support the city-wide networks and alternative forms of organizing, to address pressing needs and priorities.
在达卡,三个城市贫困网络在倡导低收入定居居民的权利和福利方面发挥着核心作用。尽管取得了许多成就,但本文概述了通过这些网络扩大参与的尝试如何受到三个重叠的国家-民间社会进程的限制:(1)非政府组织的政治化和加强监督;(2) 将捐助者的偏好转向提供服务和建立新的社区组织;以及(3)非政府组织对低收入定居居民的持续主导和家长式作风。通过将这些发现置于对正式/正式治理和政治参与的现有理解中,可以说,规模化的尝试可能难以逃避或改变依赖、庇护和中介的深层结构。认识到在这种情况下可以而且确实会扩大规模,文章概述了支持全市网络和其他组织形式的机会,以满足紧迫的需求和优先事项。
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引用次数: 4
One step forward, two steps back? Shifting patterns of participation in a former informal settlement in Mexico City 向前一步,向后两步?墨西哥城一个前非正式定居点的参与模式发生变化
IF 3.7 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-09 DOI: 10.1177/09562478211027122
T. Silvonen
While advances in participatory planning have led in many cases to the more inclusive rebuilding of informal settlements, the debate regarding participatory planning has focused largely on the improvement of current informal settlements without asking “what next”. Declining living conditions following settlement consolidation, however, provide evidence of the potential shortfalls of temporary participatory approaches. Drawing on an ethnographic case study of a former informal settlement in Iztapalapa, Mexico City, this paper analyses the erosion of resident participation in neighbourhood development over 40 years. Comparisons between residents’ accounts of neighbourhood formation, mostly in the 1980s, and contemporary experiences show a gradual decrease in resident engagement. The data collected in 2016–2017 highlight this diminishing local participation and suggest that the disappearance of earlier local practices of engagement is linked in various ways to the failure of formally supported practices of citizen participation. The paper shows what can be learnt from residents’ memories of transforming informal settlements.
虽然参与式规划的进步在许多情况下导致了对非正规住区的更具包容性的重建,但关于参与性规划的辩论主要集中在改善目前的非正规住区时,而没有问“下一步会怎样”。然而,定居点巩固后生活条件的下降证明了临时参与性办法的潜在不足。本文通过对墨西哥城伊兹塔帕拉帕一个前非正式定居点的民族志案例研究,分析了40多年来居民参与社区发展的侵蚀。居民对社区形成的描述(主要发生在20世纪80年代)与当代经历的比较表明,居民参与度逐渐下降。2016-2017年收集的数据强调了这种地方参与的减少,并表明早期地方参与实践的消失在各种方面与正式支持的公民参与实践的失败有关。这篇论文展示了从居民改造非正规住区的记忆中可以学到什么。
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引用次数: 2
Queering participatory planning 寻求参与式规划
IF 3.7 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1177/09562478211019377
V. C. Broto
All over the world, people suffer violence and discrimination because of their sexual orientation and gender identity. Queer theory has linked the politics of identity and sexuality with radical democracy experiments to decolonize development. Queering participatory planning can improve the wellbeing of vulnerable sectors of the population, while also enhancing their political representation and participation. However, to date, there has been limited engagement with the politics of sexuality and identity in participatory planning. This paper identifies three barriers that prevent the integration of queer concerns. First, queer issues are approached as isolated and distinct, separated from general matters for discussion in participatory processes. Second, heteronormative assumptions have shaped two fields that inform participatory planning practices: development studies and urban planning. Third, concrete, practical problems (from safety concerns to developing shared vocabularies) make it difficult to raise questions of identity and sexuality in public discussions. An engagement with queer thought has potential to renew participatory planning.
在世界各地,人们因性取向和性别认同而遭受暴力和歧视。酷儿理论将身份和性政治与激进的民主实验联系起来,以实现发展的非殖民化。寻求参与性规划可以改善弱势群体的福祉,同时也可以提高他们的政治代表性和参与度。然而,迄今为止,在参与性规划中,对性和身份政治的参与有限。本文指出了阻碍酷儿关注点整合的三个障碍。首先,酷儿问题被视为孤立和独特的问题,与参与过程中讨论的一般问题分开。其次,非规范性假设形成了两个领域,为参与式规划实践提供信息:发展研究和城市规划。第三,具体的、实际的问题(从安全问题到开发共享词汇)使人们很难在公开讨论中提出身份和性问题。与酷儿思想的接触有可能更新参与式计划。
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引用次数: 7
A city on the edge: the political ecology of urban green space 边缘城市:城市绿地的政治生态
IF 3.7 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-06-13 DOI: 10.1177/09562478211019836
P. Cobbinah, Valentina Nyame
African cities, faced with rapid urbanization and haphazard land use practices, struggle to address their fast-declining urban green space (UGS). Yet the spatial extent of UGS, and the influence of city planning legislation and frameworks, remains largely unexplored. Using a case study of Kumasi, Ghana, this study draws on mixed methods to address three research questions: (i) How did Kumasi’s UGS evolve from 1991 to 2019? (ii) How do city planning, legislation and the regulatory framework influence UGS management? (iii) What is the land governance institutional culture for managing UGS? Findings from the spatial analysis indicate a loss of over 80 per cent in Kumasi’s UGS between 1991 and 2019. Although unplanned urbanization, poor urban planning and political interference were frequently discussed as contributory factors, the foundational cause was found to lie in the complex and conflicting relationship between land governance agencies. This situation has resulted in the absence of a culture of coordination with regard to urban development, particularly towards UGS.
非洲城市面临着快速的城市化和随意的土地利用做法,难以解决其快速下降的城市绿地(UGS)问题。然而,UGS的空间范围,以及城市规划立法和框架的影响,在很大程度上仍未得到探索。通过对加纳库马西的案例研究,本研究采用混合方法来解决三个研究问题:(i)库马西的UGS从1991年到2019年是如何演变的?(ii)城市规划、立法和监管框架如何影响教资会的管理?(iii)管理教资会的土地治理制度文化是什么?空间分析结果表明,库马西的UGS在1991年至2019年间损失了80%以上。尽管计划外的城市化、糟糕的城市规划和政治干预经常被讨论为促成因素,但其根本原因在于土地管理机构之间复杂而冲突的关系。这种情况导致在城市发展方面缺乏协调文化,特别是在UGS方面。
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引用次数: 17
Enabling participatory planning to be scaled in exclusionary urban political environments: lessons from the Mukuru Special Planning Area in Nairobi 使参与式规划能够在排斥性的城市政治环境中扩大规模:内罗毕穆库鲁特别规划区的经验教训
IF 3.7 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-04-29 DOI: 10.1177/09562478211011088
P. Horn
Drawing on the Mukuru Special Planning Area in Nairobi (Kenya), this article analyses enabling conditions for scaling participatory planning in otherwise exclusionary urban political environments. It contributes to debates that focus on qualitative changes required to enhance citizen participation and on the integration of low-income residents’ needs, demands and innovations into city-wide planning practices around informal settlement upgrading. The article identifies three conditions that are key to enable and enhance the success of scaling efforts. First, moving to scale requires identifying, generating and making strategic use of political opportunities and building political momentum around them. Second, in addition to mobilizing, organizing and connecting stakeholders at different levels, successful scaling efforts must also promote qualitative changes in the way these stakeholders see themselves, and how they interact with and relate to each other. Third, going to scale requires the capacity to manage conflict successfully and prevent attempts to disrupt, co-opt or halt a scaling process.
本文借鉴内罗毕(肯尼亚)的穆库鲁特别规划区,分析了在排斥性城市政治环境中扩大参与式规划的有利条件。它有助于辩论,重点是加强公民参与所需的质的变化,以及将低收入居民的需求、需求和创新纳入围绕非正式定居点升级的全市规划实践。这篇文章确定了三个条件,这三个条件是实现和提高扩大努力成功的关键。首先,扩大规模需要识别、创造和战略性地利用政治机会,并围绕这些机会建立政治势头。第二,除了动员、组织和连接不同级别的利益攸关方之外,成功的扩大工作还必须促进这些利益攸关方看待自己的方式以及他们如何相互作用和联系的质的变化。第三,要实现规模化,就需要有能力成功地管理冲突,防止试图破坏、参与或停止规模化进程。
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引用次数: 12
Towards understanding enabling environments for good practices in disaster risk management: an analysis of critical junctures in Manizales, Colombia 了解灾害风险管理良好做法的有利环境:对哥伦比亚马尼萨莱斯关键时刻的分析
IF 3.7 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-04-29 DOI: 10.1177/09562478211008873
J. Wesely
The city of Manizales in Colombia has been widely recognized as a good practice case in disaster risk management (DRM). Previous research has sought to amplify learning from Manizales through examining the characteristics of its innovative practices. These are championed by an inter-institutional alliance that includes academia, the local government, the regional environmental authority and service providers. This paper argues that this learning needs to be accompanied by a nuanced understanding of the historical trajectories that have allowed Manizales to create and consolidate its current enabling environment for DRM. The argument derives from an analysis of fieldwork data, including semi-structured interviews, participant observation and secondary data, through a critical juncture approach. Focusing on the critical juncture of seasonal heavy rains in 2003, the paper illustrates how institutional changes configured cultural–cognitive, regulatory and normative conditions for the emergence of one of Manizales’ most recognized good practices, the Guardians of the Slope programme.
哥伦比亚的马尼萨莱斯市被广泛认为是灾害风险管理(DRM)的良好实践案例。以前的研究试图通过考察其创新实践的特点来扩大对马尼萨莱斯的学习。这些措施得到了包括学术界、地方政府、地区环境当局和服务提供商在内的机构间联盟的支持。本文认为,这种学习需要伴随着对历史轨迹的细致理解,这些轨迹使马尼萨莱斯能够创建和巩固其当前的DRM有利环境。该论点源于对现场工作数据的分析,包括半结构化访谈,参与者观察和二手数据,通过关键节点方法。本文以2003年季节性暴雨的关键时刻为重点,阐述了制度变革如何为马尼萨莱斯最受认可的良好做法之一——“护坡者”项目的出现创造了文化认知、监管和规范条件。
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引用次数: 2
Contextualizing the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on food security in two small cities in Bangladesh. COVID-19大流行对孟加拉国两个小城市粮食安全影响的背景分析。
IF 3.7 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0956247820965156
Hanna A Ruszczyk, M Feisal Rahman, Louise J Bracken, Sumaiya Sudha

The COVID-19 pandemic is an evolving urban crisis. This research paper assesses impacts of the lockdown on food security and associated coping mechanisms in two small cities in Bangladesh (Mongla and Noapara) during March to May 2020. Due to restrictions during the prolonged lockdown, residents (in particular low-income groups) had limited access to livelihood opportunities and experienced significant or complete loss of income. This affected both the quantity and quality of food consumed. Coping strategies reported include curtailing consumption, relying on inexpensive starchy staples, increasing the share of total expenditure allocated to food, taking out loans and accessing relief. The pandemic has exacerbated the precariousness of existing food and nutrition security in these cities, although residents with guaranteed incomes and adequate savings did not suffer significantly during lockdown. While coping strategies and the importance of social capital are similar in small and large cities, food procurement and relationships with local governments show differences.

COVID-19 大流行是一场不断演变的城市危机。本研究论文评估了 2020 年 3 月至 5 月期间封锁对孟加拉国两个小城市(勐拉和诺阿帕拉)的粮食安全和相关应对机制的影响。由于长期封锁期间的限制,居民(尤其是低收入群体)获得谋生机会的途径有限,并经历了严重或完全的收入损失。这影响了食物消费的数量和质量。据报告,应对策略包括减少消费、依靠廉价的淀粉类主食、增加食品支出在总支出中的比例、贷款和获得救济。大流行病加剧了这些城市现有粮食和营养安全的不稳定性,尽管收入有保障和有足够储蓄的居民在封锁期间并未遭受重大损失。虽然小城市和大城市的应对策略和社会资本的重要性相似,但食品采购以及与地方政府的关系却存在差异。
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引用次数: 0
The best glass? Equitable access to quality education in inner-city Kingston, Jamaica 最好的杯子?牙买加金斯敦市中心公平获得优质教育
IF 3.7 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0956247820983665
J. Dodman
Using a case study approach, this paper describes the history and considers the success of an innovative hybrid school model aimed at improving access to quality primary education in inner-city Kingston, Jamaica. It examines access, student achievement, non-academic issues and the challenges of COVID-19. It draws on personal experience and data from empirical research at the Chetolah Mel Nathan Education Centre, a recent merger of the Mel Nathan Preparatory School and the Chetolah Park Primary School in inner-city Kingston. The merger of these two schools resulted in the higher aspirations and outcomes associated with the prep school ethos, along with the range of government resources. While this particular hybrid model depended on a unique situation in Jamaica, it points to the more general potential for co-production in Jamaica, the wider Caribbean and further afield.
本文采用案例研究的方法,描述了历史,并考虑了一种创新的混合学校模式的成功,该模式旨在改善牙买加金斯敦市中心获得优质初等教育的机会。它审查了入学机会、学生成绩、非学术问题和2019冠状病毒病的挑战。它借鉴了个人经验和Chetolah Mel Nathan教育中心的实证研究数据,该中心是最近由金斯敦市中心的Mel Nathan预备学校和Chetolah Park小学合并而成的。这两所学校的合并导致了与预科学校精神相关的更高的愿望和成果,以及政府资源的范围。虽然这种特殊的混合模式取决于牙买加的独特情况,但它指出了在牙买加、更广泛的加勒比地区和更远的地方进行联合生产的更普遍的潜力。
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引用次数: 1
Bulletin Board 公告栏
IF 3.7 2区 经济学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0956247821993414
E. Hahn
Environment and Urbanization (E&U) seeks to advance a more socially just and environmentally sustainable urban world through the provision of knowledge. Our focus is the global South, where an estimated one in three of the urban population live in informal settlements and where more than half work within the informal economy. UN projections suggest that almost all the world’s growth in population in the next few decades will be in urban centres in the global South. Contributors to E&U include those engaging with critical social science to add theoretical and conceptual insights, those reporting innovative empirical findings that augment our understanding of context and solutions (and their significance for theories and concepts), and those able to share the voices of activist representative groups and movements that are rarely seen in the scholarly literature. In other words, our journal aims both to advance social justice and be the change we strive for by encouraging contributions that share the perspectives of disadvantaged and marginalized groups. E&U particularly encourages researchers, NGO staff, professionals and activists in Africa, Asia and Latin America to write about their work, present their ideas and debate issues. We promote the work of French-, Spanishand Portuguese-speaking authors by arranging for the translation of their work into English. Papers commonly deal with poverty, inequality, and the power relations underpinning both disadvantage and transformation. Papers also report on trends, policies, programmes and practices related to urbanization, urban development and urban environments. We are concerned with processes of progressive change, while recognizing that these are contested, and that change is neither uni-linear nor necessarily progressive. Urbanization processes are often poorly understood, and papers that contribute insights supporting an accurate understanding of grounded realities are important to us. We recognize that sustainable development, including needed responses to climate change, is critical to both current and future populations, and that ecosystems have a critical role in the wellbeing of urban populations and the resilience of their cities. We encourage contributions related to such themes.
环境与城市化(E&U)寻求通过提供知识来推动一个更具社会公正性和环境可持续性的城市世界。我们的重点是全球南方,估计三分之一的城市人口生活在非正规住区,一半以上在非正规经济中工作。联合国的预测表明,未来几十年,世界上几乎所有的人口增长都将发生在全球南方的城市中心。E&U的贡献者包括那些参与批判性社会科学以增加理论和概念见解的人,那些报告创新的实证发现以增强我们对背景和解决方案的理解(以及它们对理论和概念的意义)的人,以及那些能够分享学术文献中罕见的活动家代表团体和运动的声音的人。换言之,我们的期刊旨在促进社会正义,并通过鼓励分享弱势和边缘化群体观点的贡献,成为我们努力实现的变革。E&U特别鼓励非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的研究人员、非政府组织工作人员、专业人士和活动家写下他们的工作,提出他们的想法并讨论问题。我们通过安排将法语、西班牙语和葡萄牙语作家的作品翻译成英语来促进他们的作品。论文通常涉及贫困、不平等以及支撑劣势和转型的权力关系。文件还报告了与城市化、城市发展和城市环境有关的趋势、政策、方案和做法。我们关注渐进式变革的过程,同时认识到这些过程是有争议的,变革既不是单向的,也不一定是渐进的。城市化进程往往鲜为人知,那些有助于准确理解现实的见解的论文对我们来说很重要。我们认识到,可持续发展,包括应对气候变化的必要措施,对当前和未来的人口都至关重要,生态系统在城市人口的福祉和城市的复原力方面发挥着关键作用。我们鼓励与这些主题有关的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
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Environment and Urbanization
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