International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal最新文献

Abstract

Researchers’ interest in studying the relationship between age and entrepreneurship has mushroomed in the last decade. While over a hundred articles are published and indexed in the Scopus database alone with varying and fragmented results, there has been a lack of effort in reviewing, integrating, and classifying the literature. This article offers a framework-based systematic review of 174 articles to comprehend the relationship and influencing factors related to an individual's age and entrepreneurship. Bibliographic coupling is used to identify the prominent clusters in the literature on this topic and the most influential articles. Also, the TCCM review framework is adopted to provide a comprehensive insight into dominant theories applied, contexts (geographic regions and industries) incorporated, characteristics (antecedents, consequences, mediating and moderating variables, and their relationships) investigated, and research methods employed in age and entrepreneurship research over the last fifteen (2007–2022). Though the literature covers an array of industries, to better understand the age-entrepreneurship correlation, we need to investigate the new-age technologically driven business sectors further to expand our knowledge. Furthermore, we detect that the Theory of Planned Behavior mostly dominates the literature, with other theories trivially employed. Finally, we apply the TCCM framework to suggest fertile areas for future research.

While research on social entrepreneurship and related concepts is steadily increasing, the existing research has over-emphasized the fact that pro-social motive is the primary reason for social entrepreneurs to start social enterprises. Though few studies challenge the pre-existing notion and argue that personal interest can also end up in the creation of social enterprises, the present study tries to understand how these motives evolve and shape over time to convert into social enterprises. By doing so, the study addresses a research gap regarding understanding diverse pathways taken by social entrepreneurs to launch social enterprises. To answer the research question, the study adopts a qualitative research design with a narrative approach. The study employs the concept of contextualised life stories to further design the study. Data was collected from four social entrepreneurs in Kerala, India, by using in-depth interviews as this context is not much explored in the literature. The study found that the creation of social enterprises is not merely the presence of personal interest or prosocial motives in social entrepreneurs. Rather, it rests on how these interests and motives interact and transition through the influence of triggering events. The study also found that triggering events can either happen naturally or be created. Identifying the latter could be useful for relevant stakeholders of social entrepreneurship, ranging from policymakers to practitioners, to create such trigger events to promote more social entrepreneurial activities. Therefore, the study recommends further studies to investigate the triggering events that influence the creation of social enterprises in different contexts.

Organisational resilience has become an increasingly important topic for businesses in recent years, as disruptions and unexpected events can have a significant impact on their operations, reputation, and financial performance. Such were the case with the COVID-19 pandemic, the cyberattacks on essential services or the recent conflict in Ukraine, all of which entail long-term disruptions that affect strategic business objectives. To ensure continuity of operations, it is essential to establish a comprehensive approach to enterprise risk management and increase resilience through internationally recognised standards such as COSO-ERM, ISO 31000, ISO 28000 or ISO 22316. The objective of this study will be to test a maturity model that will provide scientific support to professionals and, to a greater extent, to companies and other organisations. It assesses an organisation's security and resilience management system maturity level against internationally-recognised standards, with this model allowing them to visualise its evolution in subsequent updates. The proposed model has been tested through a survey that was carried out anonymously among the main companies included in the Spanish IBEX 35 stock index. It is an innovative model that can pave the way for new trends in entrepreneurship and management in terms of organisational resilience, after being empirically tested in a real business environment. It is also a direct transfer to the industry and allows for the creation of new strategies in service operations that support resilience.

This research observes the relationship between industry 4.0 technologies (i.e., Internet of Things or IoT, machine learning, blockchain technology, and big data) and supply chain performance (SCP) with the mediating role of technological intensity in manufacturing firms using a resource-based view (RBV). Marketing strategy alignment is used as a moderator between technological intensity and SCP. The PLS-SEM is used, and 340 responses are used for the final analysis, collected using a simple random sampling technique. Multiple regressions were used to test hypotheses. IoT, blockchain technology, and technological intensity improve SCP. In contrast, machine learning and big data do not directly influence SCP. IoT, machine learning, big data, and blockchain technology significantly determine technological intensity. Besides, technological intensity significantly mediates industry 4.0 technologies and SCP. Finally, marketing strategy alignment strengthens the relationship between technological intensity and SCP. This research recommends that management implement industry 4.0 technologies, technological intensity, and marketing strategy alignment to improve SCP. This initial research examines industry 4.0 technologies, technological intensity, and marketing strategy alignment influence on SCP by using RBV.

Abstract

This study examines the complex relationships between Psychological Capital, family business, ownership, gender, and firm performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study examines the effects of these variables on firm performance and explores the empirical interaction effects. The findings reveal that Psychological Capital positively influences firm performance, supporting the hypothesis that owners with higher Psychological Capital contribute to better business outcomes. Additionally, family business and ownership significantly impact firm performance, indicating that family involvement and concentrated ownership drive organizational success. Surprisingly, the results indicate a negative impact of gender on firm performance, suggesting that firms managed by women are perceived as less successful. The study also explores the interaction effects and finds that the positive relationship between Psychological Capital and firm performance is amplified in family businesses. However, gender does not moderate this relationship, indicating that women Owners face challenges in translating their Psychological Capital into firm performance in the emerging economy of Ecuador. The results provide insights into the complex dynamics within family businesses and underline the need to address gender disparities and promote inclusive Ownership practices. Implications are discussed.

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between the family governance evolutionary stages and the rate of return required by family businesses’ shareholders (k_e), building on an institutional and relational governance lens. We make the distinction between the informal stage, the family council stage and the family constitution stage. Findings from a sample of Spanish private family firms reveal that family firms in the family constitution stage have a lower k_e than family firms in the family council stage and the informal stage. Surprisingly, family firms in the family council stage seem to have a higher k_e than family firms that are in the informal stage, which points to ceremonial adoption effects and a mismatch between governance needs and practices in the family council stage. We also find that the effect of different family governance stages on k_e is conditional on the number of family shareholders.

This study examines the influence of emotional factors on entrepreneurial decision-making, specifically focusing on early-stage entrepreneurs and those with more years of experience in the entrepreneurial process. The aim is to understand how emotional intensity affects business decisions at different stages of entrepreneurship. Neuroqualitative interviews were conducted using a stratified sample of entrepreneurs. The methodology included semi-structured interviews. Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) technology was employed to simultaneously measure participants’ emotional levels during the interviews. The results revealed significant differences in emotional levels between novice and experienced entrepreneurs concerning the analysed emotional factors. Novice entrepreneurs exhibited higher levels of anxiety and fear, especially in questions not previously anticipated, while experienced entrepreneurs showed confidence and a more optimistic outlook, particularly on topics related to long-term consolidation and revenue forecasting. This study highlights originality by demonstrating the importance of emotional factors in entrepreneurial decision-making and their variation over time in the entrepreneurial process. The use of GSR technology in neuroqualitative interviews adds a unique dimension by providing an objective assessment of entrepreneurs’ emotional levels, thus complementing the qualitative richness of verbal responses. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of emotional complexity in business decision-making and emphasize the need to consider these aspects in entrepreneurship support strategies.

Abstract

The geographical location of an establishment is a strategic decision of major importance for companies. In the case of franchising, the peculiarities of the system render this decision of vital importance. The objectives of this work are threefold: a) to identify hotspots of franchise establishments; b) to perform an analysis of the distance between establishments; and c) to specify a weighted geographical regression model to estimate the influence of income, population density, and percentage of commercial area of the municipalities on the number of establishments of the franchises located in the chosen municipalities. To this end, 1,508 establishments belonging to seven franchising chains operating in Spain have been selected. The results show that there is an agglomeration of establishments in various geographical areas. Geographically weighted regression also confirms that the variables analysed constitute good predictors of the number of establishments in each municipality.

Emotional intelligence (EI) and leadership style are topics that have attracted a growing interest in the literature. In this study, we posit that entrepreneurs’ EI is an antecedent of transformational leadership (TL) while examining the moderating role of gender and generational cohort. Data were collected from 2,084 international entrepreneurs and analysed using multivariate analysis and hierarchical linear regression. The results confirm EI as an antecedent of TL and show that others’ emotion appraisal (OEA) and regulation of emotions (ROE) are the most contributing subdimensions of EI to TL. Moreover, the study also reveals significant gender and generational cohort differences for EI and TL. In one of the relevant findings, our research shows that only female Gen Z entrepreneurs have lower scores than their male counterparts. Although men’s EI scores are similar across generations, women’s scores are significantly higher in each older generation leaving ¡open questions for further research in the area.