Pub Date : 2022-09-13DOI: 10.1177/01622439221122549
Laura Schelenz
Diversity has become increasingly relevant in computer science and technology development, both in terms of inclusive design teams and as a concept used to design “diversity-aware” technologies. The latter part has received less attention and notions of diversity leveraged to design technologies remain understudied. This paper critically examines diversity concepts employed by computer scientists and designers by reviewing 120 articles in two subfields of computer science: personalized recommendations and human–computer interaction. Drawing on Black feminism and critical race theory-inspired literature, I offer a critique of demographic and cultural user representations and underscore the shortcomings of diversity as a strategy to increase user satisfaction and fairness. Particularly concerning is the unreflected use of binary, static, and individual-level diversity concepts in the design of technologies. Such concepts render structural inequalities between and within groups of users invisible and thereby risk reinforcing existing injustices. The paper closes with considerations on whether and how diversity concepts can be leveraged by designers in a social justice–oriented manner.
{"title":"Diversity Concepts in Computer Science and Technology Development: A Critique","authors":"Laura Schelenz","doi":"10.1177/01622439221122549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221122549","url":null,"abstract":"Diversity has become increasingly relevant in computer science and technology development, both in terms of inclusive design teams and as a concept used to design “diversity-aware” technologies. The latter part has received less attention and notions of diversity leveraged to design technologies remain understudied. This paper critically examines diversity concepts employed by computer scientists and designers by reviewing 120 articles in two subfields of computer science: personalized recommendations and human–computer interaction. Drawing on Black feminism and critical race theory-inspired literature, I offer a critique of demographic and cultural user representations and underscore the shortcomings of diversity as a strategy to increase user satisfaction and fairness. Particularly concerning is the unreflected use of binary, static, and individual-level diversity concepts in the design of technologies. Such concepts render structural inequalities between and within groups of users invisible and thereby risk reinforcing existing injustices. The paper closes with considerations on whether and how diversity concepts can be leveraged by designers in a social justice–oriented manner.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"14 1","pages":"1054 - 1079"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82889628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-22DOI: 10.1177/01622439221119852
Warwick Anderson
Her own COVID book, I Immunodemocracy i (2020), was therefore dedicated to saving "Agamben" from Agamben himself, to resuscitating his social theory. So how, we ask, might longer and more intense experiences of the continuing pandemic have changed the minds of Agamben, Zizek, Latour, and others like them? " Philosophy and the Pandemic in a Postdigital Era: Foucault, Agamben, Zizek." French philosopher [24], approaching eighty, also dismissed his old friend Agamben's viral suspicions and speculated that the pandemic might forge new social solidarities instead of fragmenting communities into isolates of bare life. [Extracted from the article]
{"title":"The Virus That Therefore I Am","authors":"Warwick Anderson","doi":"10.1177/01622439221119852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221119852","url":null,"abstract":"Her own COVID book, I Immunodemocracy i (2020), was therefore dedicated to saving \"Agamben\" from Agamben himself, to resuscitating his social theory. So how, we ask, might longer and more intense experiences of the continuing pandemic have changed the minds of Agamben, Zizek, Latour, and others like them? \" Philosophy and the Pandemic in a Postdigital Era: Foucault, Agamben, Zizek.\" French philosopher [24], approaching eighty, also dismissed his old friend Agamben's viral suspicions and speculated that the pandemic might forge new social solidarities instead of fragmenting communities into isolates of bare life. [Extracted from the article]","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"39 1","pages":"1334 - 1349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84508487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-21DOI: 10.1177/01622439221119851
F. Daniel
Biological waste recycling has recently attracted widespread interest and investment. Large industrial plants that use microbiological engineering to process municipal waste and produce biogas have been established in different countries including Germany, France, Portugal, Brazil, Canada, and China, to name a few. These biowaste facilities are not simply classical energy infrastructures, as they are commonly described, but rather rely on the power of bacteria, archaea, and fungi at several levels to accomplish the work of waste metamorphosis. Such an appropriation of microbes’ vital force is based on specific and complex human–microbe relations, or microbiopolitics, that rely on practices of attention, care, and proximity with waste material. However, in these industrial attempts of upgrading the metabolic work of bacteria, the need for more hands-on daily care of waste materials and biological processes is being superseded by the automation of waste processing. Close examination of the French context shows that this shift produces ignorance regarding the growth and evolution of bacterial colonies and reduces humans’ attention and proximity to the industrial process, thereby depriving the microbes of elements that hitherto kept them domesticated.
{"title":"Industrializing Bacterial Work: Microbiopolitics, Biogas Alchemy, and the French Waste Management Sector","authors":"F. Daniel","doi":"10.1177/01622439221119851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221119851","url":null,"abstract":"Biological waste recycling has recently attracted widespread interest and investment. Large industrial plants that use microbiological engineering to process municipal waste and produce biogas have been established in different countries including Germany, France, Portugal, Brazil, Canada, and China, to name a few. These biowaste facilities are not simply classical energy infrastructures, as they are commonly described, but rather rely on the power of bacteria, archaea, and fungi at several levels to accomplish the work of waste metamorphosis. Such an appropriation of microbes’ vital force is based on specific and complex human–microbe relations, or microbiopolitics, that rely on practices of attention, care, and proximity with waste material. However, in these industrial attempts of upgrading the metabolic work of bacteria, the need for more hands-on daily care of waste materials and biological processes is being superseded by the automation of waste processing. Close examination of the French context shows that this shift produces ignorance regarding the growth and evolution of bacterial colonies and reduces humans’ attention and proximity to the industrial process, thereby depriving the microbes of elements that hitherto kept them domesticated.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"6 1","pages":"1223 - 1244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77080866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-21DOI: 10.1177/01622439221120114
L. Sharp
Of what relevance is a cowboy boot to understandings of the moral underpinnings of lab animal care, value, and personhood? I trace the movement of chimpanzees from laboratories to sanctuaries, wherein associated forms of care in the latter expose efforts to foster emergent chimpanzee personhood. Staff of one sanctuary view chimps’ former lives as constrained by standardized, impersonal forms of care: as lab subjects, they were confined to small quarters and valued primarily as sources of scientific data. In contrast, sanctuary care entails efforts to individualize animals through quirky, creative strategies that jostle interspecies boundaries. In one instance, a pair of cowboy boots embodies associated challenges and triumphs. I argue that attentiveness to the values assigned to nonhuman ways of being, interspecies encounters, and inanimate things together uncover otherwise hidden efforts to redirect entrenched notions of professional responsibility, compassion, and the morality of care. I ask, if anthropological definitions of personhood are anchored in forms of human sociality, under what conditions can practices, objects, and other creatures rattle, alter, or redirect premises of personhood to incorporate interspecies understandings? How might the wobbly boundaries of sanctuary life loop back to transform, rather than denigrate, the works and lives of laboratory staff?
{"title":"Care and the Cowboy Boot: Interspecies Responsibility and the Wobbly Boundaries of Lab Animal Personhood","authors":"L. Sharp","doi":"10.1177/01622439221120114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221120114","url":null,"abstract":"Of what relevance is a cowboy boot to understandings of the moral underpinnings of lab animal care, value, and personhood? I trace the movement of chimpanzees from laboratories to sanctuaries, wherein associated forms of care in the latter expose efforts to foster emergent chimpanzee personhood. Staff of one sanctuary view chimps’ former lives as constrained by standardized, impersonal forms of care: as lab subjects, they were confined to small quarters and valued primarily as sources of scientific data. In contrast, sanctuary care entails efforts to individualize animals through quirky, creative strategies that jostle interspecies boundaries. In one instance, a pair of cowboy boots embodies associated challenges and triumphs. I argue that attentiveness to the values assigned to nonhuman ways of being, interspecies encounters, and inanimate things together uncover otherwise hidden efforts to redirect entrenched notions of professional responsibility, compassion, and the morality of care. I ask, if anthropological definitions of personhood are anchored in forms of human sociality, under what conditions can practices, objects, and other creatures rattle, alter, or redirect premises of personhood to incorporate interspecies understandings? How might the wobbly boundaries of sanctuary life loop back to transform, rather than denigrate, the works and lives of laboratory staff?","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"13 1","pages":"1199 - 1222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78643242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1177/01622439221102985
G. Bowker
{"title":"Working with Olga Kuchinskay and Katie Vann","authors":"G. Bowker","doi":"10.1177/01622439221102985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221102985","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"102 1","pages":"656 - 657"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75849087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1177/01622439221105658
P. Brown
{"title":"Sheldon Krimsky: An Appreciation of an STS Scholar Par Excellence (June 26, 1941 to April 23, 2022)","authors":"P. Brown","doi":"10.1177/01622439221105658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221105658","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"41 1","pages":"627 - 630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87404689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01Epub Date: 2021-12-30DOI: 10.1177/01622439211068798
Wolfgang Kaltenbrunner, Kean Birch, Maria Amuchastegui
In this paper, we analyze the role of science and technology studies (STS) journal editors in organizing and maintaining the peer review economy. We specifically conceptualize peer review as a gift economy running on perpetually renewed experiences of mutual indebtedness among members of an intellectual community. While the peer review system is conventionally presented as self-regulating, we draw attention to its vulnerabilities and to the essential curating function of editors. Aside from inherent complexities, there are various shifts in the broader political-economic and sociotechnical organization of scholarly publishing that have recently made it more difficult for editors to organize robust cycles of gift exchange. This includes the increasing importance of journal metrics and associated changes in authorship practices; the growth and differentiation of the STS journal landscape; and changes in publishing funding models and the structure of the publishing market through which interactions among authors, editors, and reviewers are reconfigured. To maintain a functioning peer review economy in the face of numerous pressures, editors must balance contradictory imperatives: the need to triage intellectual production and rely on established cycles of gift exchange for efficiency, and the need to expand cycles of gift exchange to ensure the sustainability and diversity of the peer review economy.
{"title":"Editorial Work and the Peer Review Economy of STS Journals.","authors":"Wolfgang Kaltenbrunner, Kean Birch, Maria Amuchastegui","doi":"10.1177/01622439211068798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439211068798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, we analyze the role of science and technology studies (STS) journal editors in organizing and maintaining the peer review economy. We specifically conceptualize peer review as a gift economy running on perpetually renewed experiences of mutual indebtedness among members of an intellectual community. While the peer review system is conventionally presented as self-regulating, we draw attention to its vulnerabilities and to the essential curating function of editors. Aside from inherent complexities, there are various shifts in the broader political-economic and sociotechnical organization of scholarly publishing that have recently made it more difficult for editors to organize robust cycles of gift exchange. This includes the increasing importance of journal metrics and associated changes in authorship practices; the growth and differentiation of the STS journal landscape; and changes in publishing funding models and the structure of the publishing market through which interactions among authors, editors, and reviewers are reconfigured. To maintain a functioning peer review economy in the face of numerous pressures, editors must balance contradictory imperatives: the need to triage intellectual production and rely on established cycles of gift exchange for efficiency, and the need to expand cycles of gift exchange to ensure the sustainability and diversity of the peer review economy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"47 4","pages":"670-697"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9260483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40591872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1177/01622439221105659
E. Hackett
{"title":"Sheldon Krimsky: A Peer without Peer","authors":"E. Hackett","doi":"10.1177/01622439221105659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221105659","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"45 1","pages":"631 - 633"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91341696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.1177/01622439221108535
M. Svendsen, L. Navne
The genome has become a crucial component in precision medicine aimed at tailoring medical treatment to the individual. To the extent that social science studies of genomics have explored questions related to the individual, these studies have focused on how the governance regarding genomes facilitates individuals’ rights, choices, and responsibilities. By contrast, we approach genomic governance by investigating how enactments of the person in precision medicine actualize practices of reciprocity and belonging in a national collective. Based on document analysis and ethnographic fieldwork in Denmark, we show that genomes are treated simultaneously as digital representations of individuals, social resources for a welfare state population, and emblems of public trust. By drawing on classical and contemporary anthropological theories of personhood, we unfold how Danish precision medicine prescribes a moral continuity between person, state, and territory. We argue that Danish precision medicine revitalizes a national politics of belonging and generates socio-spatial orientations through which the “me” of the person shares origin and place with the “we” of the welfare state.
{"title":"Citizen-Person: The “Me” in the “We” in Danish Precision Medicine","authors":"M. Svendsen, L. Navne","doi":"10.1177/01622439221108535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221108535","url":null,"abstract":"The genome has become a crucial component in precision medicine aimed at tailoring medical treatment to the individual. To the extent that social science studies of genomics have explored questions related to the individual, these studies have focused on how the governance regarding genomes facilitates individuals’ rights, choices, and responsibilities. By contrast, we approach genomic governance by investigating how enactments of the person in precision medicine actualize practices of reciprocity and belonging in a national collective. Based on document analysis and ethnographic fieldwork in Denmark, we show that genomes are treated simultaneously as digital representations of individuals, social resources for a welfare state population, and emblems of public trust. By drawing on classical and contemporary anthropological theories of personhood, we unfold how Danish precision medicine prescribes a moral continuity between person, state, and territory. We argue that Danish precision medicine revitalizes a national politics of belonging and generates socio-spatial orientations through which the “me” of the person shares origin and place with the “we” of the welfare state.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":"182 1","pages":"1176 - 1198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77480939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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