Science Technology & Human Values最新文献

英文中文

Making Futures by Freezing Life: Ambivalent Temporalities of Cryopreservation Practices 通过冷冻生命创造未来:冷冻保存实践的矛盾时间性

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Science Technology & Human Values

Pub Date : 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.1177/01622439231170557

Veit Braun, S. Lafuente-Funes, T. Lemke, Ruzana Liburkina

The preservation of biological matter at extremely low temperatures has gained increasing importance in a broad range of life science fields in recent years. Social and cultural studies of cryotechnologies have often likened the freezing of life to a stillstand of time. This special issue explores the argument that cryotechnologies require us to rethink time and temporality more broadly: freezing does not simply equate to an interruption of the “natural” course of time. Covering diverse types of freezing practices and biological materials—egg cells, cord blood, lab mice, and breast milk—the articles in this issue inquire empirically and theoretically into different ways in which cryotechnologies contribute in making particular pasts, presents, and futures. In engaging with cryopreservation, we have to take into account the complex, sometimes contradictory, pathways in which life, death, and time are made and remade through freezing.

近年来，在极低温下保存生物物质在广泛的生命科学领域中变得越来越重要。对冷冻技术的社会和文化研究经常把生命的冻结比作时间的静止。本期特刊探讨了冷冻技术要求我们更广泛地重新思考时间和时间性的观点:冷冻并不仅仅等同于对“自然”时间进程的中断。这期的文章涵盖了不同类型的冷冻方法和生物材料——卵细胞、脐带血、实验室小鼠和母乳——从经验和理论上探讨了冷冻技术在创造特定的过去、现在和未来方面的不同方式。在进行冷冻保存时，我们必须考虑到生命、死亡和时间通过冷冻产生和重塑的复杂，有时甚至是矛盾的途径。

引用次数: 0

Thank you to our reviewers for 2021 and 2022 感谢我们2021年和2022年的审稿人

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Science Technology & Human Values

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/01622439231155034

Courtney Addison, M. Kearnes, K. Lancaster, T. Neale

One of the most gratifying aspects of this editorial role is the social worlds that form through the everyday work of running a journal. We felt this acutely at the December 4S/ESOCITE annual meeting, where many Science, Technology, & Human Values (ST&HV) Editorial Board members were able to meet in person for the first time, and where members of the editorial collective heard past, current, and future authors presenting their work. However, the social world of ST&HV extends well beyond these moments of co-presence, and in this issue, we get to acknowledge a particularly vital part of the journal’s community: its peer reviewers. The vast majority of reviews we receive are thoughtful, robust, constructive, and invigorating, and these are always a pleasure to open and relay to authors.

这个编辑角色最令人满意的一个方面是，通过经营期刊的日常工作形成的社会世界。在12月4S/ESOCITE年会上，我们深切地感受到了这一点，许多《科学、技术与人文价值》(ST&HV)的编辑委员会成员第一次能够面对面地见面，编辑集体的成员也听到了过去、现在和未来的作者介绍他们的工作。然而，ST&HV的社会世界远远超出了这些共同存在的时刻，在这一期中，我们要承认期刊社区的一个特别重要的部分:同行审稿人。我们收到的绝大多数评论都是深思熟虑的、有力的、有建设性的、令人振奋的，这些评论总是让我们很高兴打开并传递给作者。

引用次数: 0

Working at the Seams of Colonial Structures: Alternative Sociotechnical Infrastructures Revealed by Hurricane Maria 在殖民地结构的接缝处工作:玛丽亚飓风揭示的替代社会技术基础设施

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Science Technology & Human Values

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/01622439211058448

F. E. Vasquez

This study explains why and how Puerto Rican activists responded effectively to the crisis in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria in 2017. By relying on a structural approach, this study analyzes the local institutional environment. Using the seamful work framework, it examines activists’ practice to reveal activists’ relation with their official state infrastructure and their interactions with said infrastructure before and after Maria. Using semi-structured interviews, observations, and publicly available documents, this study shows that activists navigate the state’s unequal infrastructure by building their infrastructures, called alternative sociotechnical infrastructures, which consist of a set of heterogeneous assortments of actors, organizations, and technologies to address state-driven inequality and natural disasters. Activists do not work to restore existing state infrastructures, instead, they deploy their expertise in their communities to address many of the challenges brought on by disasters. This study emphasizes a bottom-up approach, highlighting local actors’ agency by focusing on the convergence of their knowledge, organizations, and Information and Communication Technologies. Moreover, this research proposes that state-community disconnect is rooted in neoliberal and colonial measures and cautions against considering disasters as opportunities to start anew. Finally, this research proposes new possibilities to plan bottom-up relief efforts that acknowledge the role of civil society and activists.

这项研究解释了波多黎各活动人士在2017年飓风玛丽亚之后有效应对危机的原因和方式。本研究运用结构分析方法，对地方制度环境进行分析。使用“缝工作”框架，它考察了活动家的实践，以揭示活动家与官方国家基础设施的关系，以及他们在玛丽亚之前和之后与所述基础设施的互动。利用半结构化访谈、观察和公开文件，本研究表明，活动人士通过建立他们的基础设施(称为替代社会技术基础设施)来驾驭国家不平等的基础设施，这些基础设施由一组不同种类的行动者、组织和技术组成，以解决国家驱动的不平等和自然灾害。活动人士并不致力于恢复现有的国家基础设施，相反，他们在社区中部署他们的专业知识，以解决灾害带来的许多挑战。本研究强调自下而上的方法，通过关注地方行动者的知识、组织和信息通信技术的融合，突出地方行动者的能动性。此外，这项研究提出，国家与社区的脱节根植于新自由主义和殖民主义措施，并警告不要将灾难视为重新开始的机会。最后，本研究提出了新的可能性，以规划自下而上的救济工作，承认公民社会和活动家的作用。

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引用次数: 1

CORRIGENDUM to the Special Issue Titled “Reproduction in the Postgenomic Age”, Volume 47, Issue 6 “后基因组时代的生殖”特刊的更正，第47卷，第6期

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Science Technology & Human Values

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/01622439231154487

引用次数: 0

The Role of Vitrification in Spanish Reproductive Labs: A Cryo-revolution Led by Strategic Freezing 玻璃化在西班牙生殖实验室的作用:由战略冷冻领导的冷冻革命

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Science Technology & Human Values

Pub Date : 2023-02-21 DOI: 10.1177/01622439231155649

S. Lafuente-Funes

Assisted reproductive technologies have expanded vastly and are frequently addressed using the language of revolution. The last two decades witnessed important transformations in Spanish repromarkets, some of which are linked to one freezing technique: vitrification. This cryotechnique tends to be presented by professionals as revolutionary as well, even if in a humbler way: a technique with the capacity to revolutionize reproductive labs. Celebrated for its ability to freeze oocytes, the introduction and assimilation of vitrification have implied many transformations in Spanish clinics and the broader reproductive industry in Spain. This paper describes the role of vitrification from the point of view of the labs, drawing on interviews with professionals and observations of laboratory work, and focusing on the changes, which include but are not restricted to freezing oocytes. I argue that vitrification has increased the role of cryopreservation in reproductive labs overall in Spain, expanding the use of strategic, short-term freezing of embryos. This is discussed as part of a “cryomedicalized” turn, using Charlotte Kroløkke and Anna Sofie Bach’s term, which enlarges the scope of medicalization through optimization and prevention, in the context of late reproduction and a strong reproductive market.

辅助生殖技术已经大大扩展，并且经常使用革命的语言。过去二十年见证了西班牙再市场的重大变革，其中一些与一种冷冻技术有关:玻璃化。这种冷冻技术往往也被专业人士认为是革命性的，即使是以一种更谦逊的方式:一种有能力彻底改变生殖实验室的技术。以冷冻卵母细胞的能力而闻名，玻璃化的引入和同化意味着西班牙诊所和西班牙更广泛的生殖行业的许多转变。本文从实验室的角度描述了玻璃化的作用，借鉴了对专业人员的采访和对实验室工作的观察，并着重于这些变化，包括但不限于冷冻卵母细胞。我认为玻璃化已经增加了冷冻保存在西班牙生殖实验室的作用，扩大了战略的使用，短期冷冻胚胎。这是作为“低温医疗化”转向的一部分来讨论的，使用Charlotte kroll økke和Anna Sofie Bach的术语，在生育后期和强大的生殖市场的背景下，通过优化和预防扩大了医疗化的范围。

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引用次数: 0

"Let's Not Have the Perfect Be the Enemy of the Good": Social Impact Bonds, Randomized Controlled Trials, and the Valuation of Social Programs. “不要让完美成为好的敌人”:社会影响债券，随机对照试验和社会项目的评估。

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Science Technology & Human Values

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/01622439211042083

James W Williams

This article uses the case of "social impact bonds" (SIBs) to explore the role of social science methods in new markets in "social investment." Pioneered in the UK in 2010, SIBs use private capital to fund social programs with governments paying returns for successful outcomes. Central to the SIB model is the question of evaluation and the method to be used in determining program outcomes and investor returns. In the United States, the randomized controlled trial (RCT) has been the dominant method. However, this has not been without controversy. Some SIB practitioners and investors have argued that, while this may be the perfect tool, the need to grow the SIB market demands a more pragmatic approach. Drawing from a three-year study of SIBs, and informed by Science and Technology Studies (STS)-inspired work on valuation and the social life of methods, the article explores RCTs as both a valuation technology central to SIB design and the object of a micropolitics of valuation which has impeded market growth. It is the relationship between, and the politics of, evaluation and valuation that is a key lesson of the SIB experiment and an important insight for future research on "social investment" and other settings where methods are constitutive of financial value.

本文以“社会影响债券”(SIBs)为例，探讨社会科学方法在“社会投资”新市场中的作用。sib于2010年在英国首创，利用私人资本为社会项目提供资金，政府为取得成功的成果支付回报。SIB模型的核心是评估问题和用于确定项目成果和投资者回报的方法。在美国，随机对照试验(RCT)一直是主要的方法。然而，这并非没有争议。一些SIB从业者和投资者认为，尽管这可能是一个完美的工具，但SIB市场的增长需要一种更务实的方法。通过对SIB进行为期三年的研究，并通过科学与技术研究(STS)启发的评估和方法的社会生活工作，本文探讨了随机对照试验作为SIB设计的核心评估技术和阻碍市场增长的评估微观政治的对象。评估和估值之间的关系及其政治是SIB实验的一个关键教训，也是未来研究“社会投资”和其他方法构成金融价值的环境的重要见解。

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引用次数: 11

Predicting Success in the Embryology Lab: The Use of Algorithmic Technologies in Knowledge Production. 预测胚胎学实验室的成功：算法技术在知识生产中的应用》。

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIAL ISSUES

Science Technology & Human Values

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-15 DOI: 10.1177/01622439211057105

Alina Geampana, Manuela Perrotta

This article analyzes local algorithmic practices resulting from the increased use of time-lapse (TL) imaging in fertility treatment. The data produced by TL technologies are expected to help professionals pick the best embryo for implantation. The emergence of TL has been characterized by promissory discourses of deeper embryo knowledge and expanded selection standardization, despite professionals having no conclusive evidence that TL improves pregnancy rates. Our research explores the use of TL tools in embryology labs. We pay special attention to standardization efforts and knowledge-creation facilitated through TL and its incorporated algorithms. Using ethnographic data from five UK clinical sites, we argue that knowledge generated through TL is contingent upon complex human-machine interactions that produce local uncertainties. Thus, algorithms do not simply add medical knowledge. Rather, they rearrange professional practice and expertise. Firstly, we show how TL changes lab routines and training needs. Secondly, we show that the human input TL requires renders the algorithm itself an uncertain and situated practice. This, in turn, raises professional questions about the algorithm's authority in embryo selection. The article demonstrates the embedded nature of algorithmic knowledge production, thus pointing to the need for STS scholarship to further explore the locality of algorithms and AI.

本文分析了在生育治疗中越来越多地使用延时（TL）成像技术所带来的本地算法实践。延时摄影技术产生的数据有望帮助专业人员挑选出最适合植入的胚胎。尽管专业人士没有确凿证据证明延时摄影技术能提高受孕率，但延时摄影技术的出现却以深入了解胚胎和扩大选择标准化为特征。我们的研究探讨了胚胎学实验室使用 TL 工具的情况。我们特别关注通过 TL 及其算法促进的标准化工作和知识创造。利用来自英国五个临床基地的人种学数据，我们认为，通过 TL 生成的知识取决于复杂的人机互动，这些互动会产生局部的不确定性。因此，算法并不是简单地增加医学知识。相反，它们重新安排了专业实践和专业知识。首先，我们展示了 TL 如何改变实验室常规和培训需求。其次，我们展示了 TL 所需的人工输入使算法本身成为一种不确定的情景实践。这反过来又对算法在胚胎选择中的权威性提出了专业质疑。这篇文章展示了算法知识生产的嵌入式本质，从而指出科学、技术和社会科学学术界需要进一步探索算法和人工智能的地方性。

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引用次数: 0

What Is an STS Contribution Now? 现时什么是化粪池系统的贡献?

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Science Technology & Human Values

Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221138631

T. Neale, K. Lancaster, Courtney Addison, M. Kearnes

引用次数: 3

Beyond the Egg and the Sperm?: How Science Has Revised a Romance through Reproductomics 超越卵子和精子?:科学是如何通过生殖学来修正爱情的

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Science Technology & Human Values

Pub Date : 2022-10-25 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221123943

Janelle Lamoreaux

Social scientists have shown that scientific characterizations of the egg and the sperm are shaped by gender stereotypes and cultural values. How have such characterizations been transformed by a recent embrace of -omics, when studies of reproduction increasingly go beyond genomics to incorporate proteomics, transcriptomics, exposomics, and other -omics perspectives? Scientists studying reproduction and analyzing eggs, sperm, and embryos are in some ways reimagining the roles, identities, and functions of gametes as fundamentally shaped by other molecular entities and environments. Such relational understandings of substances and processes, however, continue to operate through a teleology that often conscripts more nuanced -omics reflection into familiar genomic visions of sex and reproduction. While ideas of the gene as an alienable object may be unraveling, -omics efforts to go beyond the egg and the sperm are frequently constricted by an understanding of reproduction that remains tied to individualized bodies and by a genomically infused interpretation of the gamete as life itself.

社会科学家已经证明，卵子和精子的科学特征是由性别刻板印象和文化价值观塑造的。当生殖研究越来越多地超越基因组学，纳入蛋白质组学、转录组学、暴露组学和其他组学观点时，这些特征是如何被最近对组学的拥抱所改变的?研究生殖和分析卵子、精子和胚胎的科学家在某种程度上重新想象配子的角色、身份和功能，因为配子基本上是由其他分子实体和环境塑造的。然而，这种对物质和过程的关系理解，继续通过目的论来运作，这种目的论经常将更细微的组学反映到我们熟悉的性别和生殖的基因组愿景中。虽然基因是一个不可分割的客体的想法可能正在被解开，但组学超越卵子和精子的努力经常受到限制，因为对生殖的理解仍然与个性化的身体联系在一起，而且对配子作为生命本身的基因组解释也充满了限制。

引用次数: 2

Pluralistic Collaboration in Science and Technology: Reviewing Knowledge Systems, Culture, Norms, and Work Styles 科技多元合作:回顾知识系统、文化、规范和工作方式

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Science Technology & Human Values

Pub Date : 2022-10-10 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221124663

Saul Halfon, B. Sovacool

This paper challenges the language of “interdisciplinarity,” suggesting “pluralistic collaboration” as a better alternative. Interdisciplinarity, team science, and transdisciplinarity frame academic and problem-focused collaborations narrowly, overemphasizing epistemology, downplaying extra-disciplinary divides and nonacademic collaborators, and either ignoring or psychologizing individual-level phenomena. We first paint a picture of the tensions and divides that exist in pluralistic collaborations, in three dimensions—epistemic, cultural, and normative—using a series of literature reviews to simultaneously map and extend these dimensions. We then introduce and explore a fourth dimension—academic work styles. Individual level considerations of collaboration in the literature generally rely on psychological types. We explore what a more sociologically oriented approach to individual dynamics within collaborations would look like by identifying and exploring four general academic work styles: isolationist, imperialist, pragmatist, and pluralist. We conclude by emphasizing and reflecting on pluralistic collaboration. Pluralism exists along a range of dimensions, and pluralizing or homogenizing different dimensions (pluralizing pluralism) can produce diverse effects on the outcome of interdisciplinary collaboration. While we thus advocate for pluralism along a greater range of dimensions when addressing complex problems, we suggest that over-pluralization can be a problem.

这篇论文挑战了“跨学科”的语言，建议“多元合作”是一个更好的选择。跨学科、团队科学和跨学科将学术和以问题为中心的合作狭隘地框定了框架，过度强调认识论，淡化学科外的分歧和非学术合作者，忽视或心理化个人层面的现象。我们首先从三个维度——认知、文化和规范——描绘出多元合作中存在的紧张和分歧，并使用一系列文献综述来同时描绘和扩展这些维度。然后，我们介绍并探讨了第四个维度——学术工作风格。文献中对合作的个人层面考虑通常依赖于心理类型。通过识别和探索四种一般的学术工作风格:孤立主义、帝国主义、实用主义和多元主义，我们探索了一种更以社会学为导向的合作中个人动态的方法。最后，我们强调并反思多元合作。多元主义存在于一系列维度上，多元化或同质化不同维度(多元主义)会对跨学科合作的结果产生不同的影响。因此，虽然我们主张在解决复杂问题时在更大范围内实行多元化，但我们认为过度多元化可能是一个问题。

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