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The Moral Affordances of Construing People as Cases: How Algorithms and the Data They Depend on Obscure Narrative and Noncomparative Justice 将人视为案例的道德启示:算法和数据如何依赖于模糊的叙述和非比较正义
IF 4.4 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-07-14 DOI: 10.1177/07352751231186797
Barbara Kiviat
Like many modes of rationalized governance, algorithms depend on rendering people as cases: discrete entities defined by regularized, atemporal attributes. This enables the computation behind the behavioral predictions organizations increasingly use to allocate benefits and burdens. Yet it elides another foundational way of understanding people: as actors in the unfolding narratives of their lives. This has epistemic implications because each cultural form entails a distinct information infrastructure. In this article, I argue that construing people as cases carries consequences for moral reasoning as well because different moral standards require different information. While rendering people as cases affords adjudications of comparative justice, parsing noncomparative justice often necessitates narrative. This explains why people frequently reach for stories that sit beyond the representations of individuals found in records and databases. With this argument, I contribute to the sociology of categorization/classification and draw broader conclusions about modern systems of bureaucratic, computational, and quantitative governance.
像许多合理化治理模式一样,算法依赖于将人作为案例来呈现:由规则化的局部属性定义的离散实体。这使得组织越来越多地使用行为预测背后的计算来分配利益和负担。然而,它忽略了理解人的另一种基本方式:作为他们生活叙事中的行动者。这具有认识意义,因为每种文化形式都包含着不同的信息基础设施。在这篇文章中,我认为将人理解为案例也会对道德推理产生影响,因为不同的道德标准需要不同的信息。虽然将人视为案件提供了比较正义的裁决,但解析非比较正义往往需要叙事。这就解释了为什么人们经常去寻找那些超出记录和数据库中个人表现的故事。通过这一论点,我为分类/分类的社会学做出了贡献,并对官僚、计算和定量治理的现代系统得出了更广泛的结论。
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引用次数: 0
The Environmental State: Nature and the Politics of Environmental Protection 环境状态:自然与环境保护政治
IF 4.4 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1177/07352751231184462
C. Rea, S. Frickel
Basic oppositions between economic growth and environmental protection are well understood by sociologists, but the state’s role in environmental protection and regulation is underspecified in sociological theory. We define the environmental state and theorize two structuring forces central to its provision of environmental welfare. First, culturally distinctive constructions of nature shape environmental politics and statecraft. State actions linked to charismatic “special” nature often win broad political support, whereas actions linked to less resonant “ordinary” nature do not. Second, historical legacies of developmentalism shape environmental coalitions. Arms of the environmental state that combine extractive pasts with newer regulatory responsibilities are better able to build broad support, whereas narrowly regulatory or developmental arms struggle to do so. We illustrate the relevance of each process for the politics of environmental regulation and of technoscientific expertise. Both processes help explain the varied efficacy of environmental states and set the stage for their comparative study.
社会学家很清楚经济增长与环境保护之间的基本对立,但在社会学理论中,国家在环境保护和监管中的作用却没有得到充分的说明。我们定义了环境状态,并将其提供环境福利的两种结构力量理论化。首先,文化上独特的自然结构塑造了环境政治和治国方略。与有魅力的“特殊”性质有关的国家行动经常赢得广泛的政治支持,而与不那么引起共鸣的“普通”性质有关的行动却得不到支持。其次,发展主义的历史遗产塑造了环境联盟。将过去的采掘与新的监管职责结合起来的环境国家部门能够更好地获得广泛的支持,而狭隘的监管或发展部门则难以做到这一点。我们说明了每个过程与环境监管政治和技术科学专业知识的相关性。这两个过程都有助于解释环境状态的不同功效,并为它们的比较研究奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 3
Modernity and the Politics of Newness: Unraveling New Time in the Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966 to 1968 现代性与新颖性政治:在1966年至1968年的中国文化大革命中揭示新时代
IF 4.4 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1177/07352751231183721
Xiaohong Xu, I. Reed
This article develops a new approach to the sociology of time by examining how the contentious politics of newness shapes modern revolutionary politics. It goes beyond the prevalent dualistic conception of social time and develops a tripartite model by distinguishing two kinds of unordinary time—carnival time and new time—that are conflated in the dualistic conception. We analyze the Chinese Cultural Revolution (CCR) as a crucial case for understanding the importance of new time to modern revolutionary politics. The effort to forge an ongoing, widely experienced “new time” created a series of contradictions and difficulties in the CCR regarding the power dynamics and boundaries of the experiences of radical newness. The eventual failure of the Jacobin politics of the CCR conditioned the post-CCR suspicion of mass movements and political changes. More broadly, the politics of the interpretation of time provides a different angle on the sociology of political modernity.
本文通过考察具有争议性的新颖性政治如何塑造现代革命政治,发展了一种研究时间社会学的新方法。它超越了流行的社会时间二元概念,通过区分二元概念中合并的两种不同寻常的时间——狂欢时间和新时间,形成了一个三段式的模型。我们将中国文化大革命作为理解新时代对现代革命政治重要性的一个重要案例来分析。努力打造一个持续的、广泛体验的“新时代”,在CCR中产生了一系列关于激进新颖性经验的权力动态和边界的矛盾和困难。CCR雅各宾派政治的最终失败决定了CCR后对群众运动和政治变革的怀疑。更广泛地说,时间解释的政治学为政治现代性社会学提供了一个不同的视角。
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引用次数: 1
Charismatic Mimicry: Innovation and Imitation in the Case of Volodymyr Zelensky 魅力模仿:Volodymyr Zelensky案例中的创新与模仿
IF 4.4 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1177/07352751231174436
P. Joosse, Dominik Želinský
Moving beyond frameworks of charisma scholarship that stress antagonism between charisma and establishment society, this article discerns and theoretically accounts for more mutualistic forms of influence between charismatic leaders and elite representatives of traditional or rational-legal institutions. Specifically, we combine contemporary work in the cultural sociology of charisma with Girard’s notion of mimesis to provide a theory of charismatic mimicry; we explain situations where, rather than opposing the charismatic leader, elites align themselves with the new sources of legitimacy being proffered by the charismatic leader. At times, these institutional elites even co-opt new charismatic protocols into their own vocabularies of leadership. We demonstrate the usefulness of our model for interpreting the case of the Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky and his encounters with European leaders.
本文超越了强调魅力与建制社会对立的魅力学术框架,从理论上发现并解释了魅力领袖与传统或理性法律制度的精英代表之间更为互惠的影响力形式。具体而言,我们将魅力文化社会学的当代工作与吉拉德的模仿概念相结合,提供了魅力模仿理论;我们解释了精英们不是反对魅力领袖,而是与魅力领袖提供的新的合法性来源保持一致的情况。有时,这些机构精英甚至会在自己的领导词汇中加入新的魅力协议。我们展示了我们的模型在解释乌克兰总统弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基及其与欧洲领导人会面的案例方面的有用性。
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引用次数: 0
Exit, Voice, and Gender 退出、声音和性别
IF 4.4 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-05-11 DOI: 10.1177/07352751231169955
Rogers Brubaker
Albert Hirschman’s exit-voice paradigm provides a useful lens for analyzing the current neo-categorical phase of gender politics in which attention has shifted from the content of the binary gender categories to the structure of the gender category system. During this phase of categorical destabilization, exit from originally assigned categories—in bureaucratically recorded, statistically reported, and informally negotiated forms—has become culturally legitimate and institutionally supported in a broadening range of milieus. Hirschman’s paradigm brings into focus the selectivity of exit and its potentially—and paradoxically—stabilizing consequences for the traditional gender order. The increased ease and pronounced selectivity of exit can channel dissatisfaction with gender arrangements into exit rather than voice or—as exit may itself be a form of voice—into individualized, psychologically driven forms of voice. And the selective exit of gender-nonconforming individuals from originally assigned categories can reinforce the stereotypical associations of these categories with gender conformity.
阿尔伯特·赫希曼的退出-声音范式为分析当前性别政治的新范畴主义阶段提供了一个有用的视角,在这个阶段,人们的注意力已经从二元性别范畴的内容转移到性别范畴系统的结构上。在这个分类不稳定的阶段,从最初指定的类别中退出——以官僚记录、统计报告和非正式谈判的形式——在文化上是合法的,在更广泛的环境中得到了制度上的支持。赫希曼的范式聚焦于退出的选择性及其对传统性别秩序潜在的——矛盾的——稳定后果。退出的日益轻松和明显的选择性可以将对性别安排的不满转化为退出而不是发声,或者——退出本身可能是一种发声形式——转化为个性化的、心理驱动的发声形式。性别不符合的个体选择性退出原有的分类会强化这些分类与性别符合的刻板印象联系。
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引用次数: 0
Unmasked: A History of the Individualization of Risk 揭露:风险个体化的历史
IF 4.4 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.1177/07352751231169012
Greta R. Krippner
In this article, I explore how risk transformed from being understood as a property of groups to being understood as a property of individuals by examining the history of public and private insurance in the United States. Rather than locate changes in how risk is managed in our society in the “great risk shift” that occurred with the emergence of neoliberalism, I suggest the individualization of risk in recent decades is only the latest instantiation of a recurrent conflict between security and freedom that has marked the evolution of capitalism. Seen from this longer historical perspective, the “personal responsibility revolution” appears not as the handiwork of neoliberal policymakers but, rather, as the unintended result of social movements that contested discriminatory practices in insurance markets. Thus, paradoxically, my account suggests that struggles against discrimination seeded the individualization of risk that is now the hallmark of neoliberal capitalism.
在这篇文章中,我通过研究美国公共和私人保险的历史,探讨风险是如何从被理解为群体的财产转变为被理解为个人的财产的。与其将我们社会中风险管理方式的变化定位于伴随新自由主义出现的“大风险转移”,我认为近几十年来风险的个体化只是标志着资本主义演变的安全和自由之间反复冲突的最新例证。从更长的历史角度来看,“个人责任革命”似乎不是新自由主义政策制定者的杰作,而是反对保险市场歧视性做法的社会运动的意外结果。因此,矛盾的是,我的描述表明,反对歧视的斗争播下了风险个体化的种子,而风险个体化现在是新自由主义资本主义的标志。
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引用次数: 3
The Soils of Black Folk: W.E.B. Du Bois’s Theories of Environmental Racialization 黑人的土壤:杜波依斯的环境种族化理论
IF 4.4 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-04-22 DOI: 10.1177/07352751231164999
Ankit Bhardwaj
Sociologists have canonized W.E.B. Du Bois as a theorist of race but have neglected his engagement with environmental themes. Not only was he concerned with ecology, such as the health of soils and water, but environmental themes also figured in his explanations of racism. Du Bois prefigured contemporary scholarship on environmental racism, detailing colonial capitalism’s uneven distribution of environmental benefits—such as natural resources—and harms—such as flooding and pollution. Moreover, Du Bois had novel insights on the role of environmental entities in shaping the adoption of racism, a process I term environmental racialization. He demonstrates how struggles over land led workers to pursue racism rather than solidarity. He argues that capitalist planters adopted racism to blame laborers for degraded soils. Du Bois is one of sociology’s earliest environmental theorists, uniquely illuminating how environment-society relations shape racism.
社会学家推崇杜波依斯为种族理论家,但忽视了他对环境主题的参与。他不仅关注生态,如土壤和水的健康,而且环境主题也出现在他对种族主义的解释中。杜波依斯预言了当代关于环境种族主义的学术,详细描述了殖民资本主义对环境利益(如自然资源)和危害(如洪水和污染)的不均衡分配。此外,杜波依斯对环境实体在形成种族主义方面的作用有着新颖的见解,我称之为环境种族化。他展示了土地斗争如何导致工人追求种族主义而非团结。他认为,资本主义种植园主采用种族主义来指责劳动者造成土壤退化。杜波依斯是社会学最早的环境理论家之一,他独特地阐述了环境与社会关系如何塑造种族主义。
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引用次数: 1
When Is Populism Good for Liberal Democracy? 民粹主义什么时候对自由民主有利?
IF 4.4 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-04-20 DOI: 10.1177/07352751231167389
Josh Pacewicz
Debates over populism pit those who see it as dangerous for liberal democracy against those who view it as necessary for mobilizing the marginalized. This article flips the question and asks whether and how populist rhetoric supports liberal democracy. I synthesize accounts of voting behavior, poststructural Marxism, and pragmatism to develop a cognitive theory of populist resonance focused on how people use rhetoric to solve conceptual problems and illustrate it with interviews from the American Rust Belt during the Obama elections. In the main, voters use populist rhetoric to simplify political decisions when cross-pressured. Therefore, many traditional partisans, who saw party politics as rooted in blue- and white-collar identities, routinely made populist claims to sideline anti-pluralist appeals, whereas those alienated from politics were given to illiberalism. The analysis provides micro-sociological foundations for the intuition that populism is democratically functional in a stable party system, whereas illiberal populism is a symptom of enfeebled political parties.
关于民粹主义的争论使那些认为民粹主义对自由民主是危险的人与那些认为民粹主义是动员边缘化群体所必需的人对立起来。这篇文章翻转了这个问题,询问民粹主义言论是否以及如何支持自由民主。我综合了对投票行为、后结构马克思主义和实用主义的描述,发展了一种民粹主义共鸣的认知理论,重点关注人们如何使用修辞来解决概念问题,并通过奥巴马选举期间美国铁锈地带的采访加以说明。总的来说,当受到交叉压力时,选民会使用民粹主义言论来简化政治决策。因此,许多传统党派人士认为政党政治植根于蓝色和白领身份,他们经常提出民粹主义主张,以回避反多元化的诉求,而那些与政治疏远的人则倾向于非自由主义。该分析为民粹主义在稳定的政党体系中民主运作的直觉提供了微观社会学基础,而非自由民粹主义是政党衰弱的症状。
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引用次数: 0
Mating Call, Dog Whistle, Trigger: Asymmetric Alignments, Race, and the Use of Reactionary Religious Rhetoric in American Politics 求偶的呼唤,狗哨,触发器:不对称结盟,种族,以及美国政治中反动宗教修辞的使用
IF 4.4 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/07352751231153664
Samuel L. Perry
Asymmetric social alignments are transforming American partisan rhetoric, particularly how politicians leverage identity-based appeals. For example, asymmetric religious, racial, and ideological alignments within the Republican party now make reactionary religious rhetoric increasingly strategic. Focusing on that case, I propose a novel conceptual model to understand what such rhetoric aims to accomplish. Reactionary religious rhetoric advertises, appeals, and activates on a spectrum from overt to subconscious registers, which I explain using three metaphors: mating call, dog whistle, and trigger. Within a context of asymmetrical partisan “sorting,” Christian nationalist rhetoric overtly advertises partisanship (mating call). Rhetoric deploying encoded terms like “Christian” and “socialist” appeals to ethno-culture, connecting specific political opponents to abstract ethno-religious threats (dog whistle). Lastly, research on overlapping identities increasingly suggests rhetoric involving threats to “Christianity” may unconsciously activate White racial threat (trigger). I consider applications of this conceptual model to growing political appeals to nationalist and populist identities.
不对称的社会联盟正在改变美国的党派言论,尤其是政治家如何利用基于身份的诉求。例如,共和党内部不对称的宗教、种族和意识形态结盟现在使得反动的宗教言论越来越具有战略意义。针对这种情况,我提出了一个新的概念模型来理解这种修辞的目的。反动的宗教修辞在从公开到潜意识的范围内宣传、呼吁和激活,我用三个比喻来解释:求偶的呼唤、狗哨和触发器。在不对称的党派“分类”的背景下,基督教民族主义的修辞公然宣扬党派之争(求偶召唤)。使用诸如“基督教”和“社会主义”等编码术语的修辞迎合了民族文化,将具体的政治对手与抽象的民族宗教威胁(狗哨)联系起来。最后,对重叠身份的研究越来越多地表明,涉及威胁“基督教”的修辞可能无意识地激活白人种族威胁(触发器)。我考虑将这一概念模型应用于日益增长的对民族主义和民粹主义身份的政治诉求。
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引用次数: 8
The Problem of Class Abstractionism 阶级抽象主义问题
IF 4.4 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/07352751231152489
M. McCarthy, M. Desan
With renewed interest in Marxism, class is back on the intellectual agenda. But so too is the familiar charge of “class reductionism.” This charge conflates two distinct claims regarding what we term the structural and political primacy of class. Structural primacy refers to the determinant role of class in social explanation, whereas political primacy refers to its centrality in radical politics. Crossing these distinct claims, we identify four possible positions on the primacy of class. Here, we focus on the two that affirm the structural primacy of class. What we call “class abstractionism,” which presumes to derive the political primacy of class from an account of its structural primacy, ultimately relies on an abstract conception of class that effectively presupposes its political primacy. In contrast, a more adequate account of structural primacy—what we call “class dynamism”—requires us to abandon the presupposition of class’s necessary political primacy.
随着对马克思主义重新产生兴趣,阶级又回到了知识分子的议程上。但是,对“阶级简化论”的熟悉指控也是如此。这一指控结合了两种截然不同的主张,即我们所说的阶级的结构和政治首要地位。结构首要是指阶级在社会解释中的决定性作用,而政治首要是指阶级在激进政治中的中心地位。通过这些不同的主张,我们确定了四种关于阶级首要地位的可能立场。在这里,我们关注的是肯定阶级在结构上的首要地位的两种观点。我们所说的“阶级抽象主义”,它假定阶级的政治首要地位来源于对阶级结构首要地位的解释,最终依赖于一个抽象的阶级概念,它有效地预设了阶级的政治首要地位。相比之下,对结构上的首要地位的更充分的解释——我们称之为“阶级动力”——要求我们放弃阶级必要的政治首要地位的前提。
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引用次数: 1
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Sociological Theory
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