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Analyzing antimicrobial resistance as a series of collective action problems 将抗菌药耐药性作为一系列集体行动问题进行分析
IF 4.1 2区 管理学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1111/psj.12552
Isaac Weldon, Kathleen Liddell, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, Steven J. Hoffman, Timo Minssen, Kevin Outterson, Stephanie Palmer, A. M. Viens, Jorge Viñuales
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) causes over 1.27 million deaths annually, making it one of today's most urgent health threats. Given its urgency, there are often calls for large‐scale global initiatives to address AMR. However, theories of collective action have yet to be applied to the problem in a systematic and holistic manner. Fuller engagement with collective action theory is necessary to avoid three risks, namely: mischaracterizing the kinds of challenges that AMR presents; over‐simplifying the problem by reducing it to a single type of collective action problem while ignoring others; and overstating the ability of collective action theory to formulate effective solutions. This article relies on the work of Elinor Ostrom to develop an analytical framework for collective action problems around public and common goods. When analyzed through this framework, we find that AMR poses at least nine distinct collective action problems. This more granular framing of AMR provides, in our view, a better basis to develop policy solutions to address this multifaceted challenge. We conclude with proposals for future research.
抗菌素耐药性(AMR)每年导致超过 127 万人死亡,是当今最紧迫的健康威胁之一。鉴于其紧迫性,人们经常呼吁采取大规模的全球行动来解决 AMR 问题。然而,集体行动理论尚未以系统和全面的方式应用于这一问题。为了避免以下三种风险,有必要更充分地运用集体行动理论:错误地描述 AMR 带来的各种挑战;将问题过度简化为单一类型的集体行动问题,而忽视其他问题;夸大集体行动理论制定有效解决方案的能力。本文以埃莉诺-奥斯特罗姆(Elinor Ostrom)的著作为基础,为围绕公共产品和共同产品的集体行动问题建立了一个分析框架。通过这一框架进行分析,我们发现 AMR 带来了至少九个不同的集体行动问题。我们认为,这种更加细化的 AMR 框架为制定应对这一多方面挑战的政策解决方案提供了更好的基础。最后,我们提出了未来研究的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Learning by proxy: How burdensome policies shape policy implementors' views of government 代理学习:繁琐的政策如何影响政策执行者对政府的看法
IF 4.1 2区 管理学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1111/psj.12554
Patricia Strach, Elizabeth Pérez‐Chiqués, Katie Zuber
Although the literature on political learning has examined the effect of policy on clients and some proximate individuals (family, friends, and community members), it has not examined the effect on professionals who implement programs. What lessons do professionals learn from implementing nominally positive (care) services for negatively constructed populations, and how do they learn them? Drawing on interviews, focus groups, and participant observation in substance‐use disorder services, we demonstrate that policy implementors learn lessons at odds with their advantaged status by proxy, witnessing how government treats clients, experiencing a system designed for negatively constructed, powerless populations, and sometimes the two together. As a result, the effect of policy may be greater than previously demonstrated.
尽管有关政治学习的文献研究了政策对客户和一些近亲(家人、朋友和社区成员)的影响,但却没有研究对实施计划的专业人员的影响。专业人员从为消极人群实施名义上积极的(护理)服务中汲取了哪些经验教训,他们又是如何汲取这些经验教训的?通过对药物滥用障碍服务机构的访谈、焦点小组和参与观察,我们证明了政策执行者通过代理、目睹政府如何对待服务对象、体验专为消极建构、无权无势的人群设计的系统,以及有时将两者结合在一起,学习到了与其优势地位不符的经验教训。因此,政策的效果可能会比以前证明的更大。
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引用次数: 0
Partisan collaboration in policy adoption: An experimental study with local government officials 政策采纳中的党派合作:以地方政府官员为对象的实验研究
IF 4.1 2区 管理学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1111/psj.12551
Yixin Liu
Partisanship plays a central role in the policy process, but its impact on the adoption of collaborative strategy by policymakers remains unknown. To fill this gap, I conducted a conjoint experiment involving municipal officials across the United States, examining the effect of co‐partisanship on policy collaboration and its moderating impact on collaborative attributes such as resource allocation, reciprocal trust, and policy outcome. The findings reveal that a collaborating partner's co‐partisanship status increases the likelihood of local policymakers adopting a program by 12.75 percentage points. Moreover, co‐partisan program proposals generally enhance the favorability of collaborative attributes. Finally, the consistency of the co‐partisanship effect across ideologies and various subgroups demonstrates that party identity is rooted in in‐group loyalty and fundamentally affects the collaborative process.
党派之争在政策制定过程中发挥着核心作用,但其对政策制定者采取合作策略的影响仍不得而知。为了填补这一空白,我进行了一项由美国各地市政官员参与的联合实验,研究共同党派对政策合作的影响及其对资源分配、互信和政策结果等合作属性的调节作用。研究结果表明,合作方的共同党派地位会使地方决策者采纳一项计划的可能性增加 12.75 个百分点。此外,共同党派的计划提案通常会提高合作属性的可取性。最后,共同党派效应在不同意识形态和不同亚群体中的一致性表明,党派认同植根于对群体的忠诚,并从根本上影响着合作过程。
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引用次数: 0
Advocacy groups, policy subsidies, and policy change: The case of teacher evaluations 宣传团体、政策补贴和政策变革:教师评价案例
IF 4.1 2区 管理学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1111/psj.12538
Leslie K. Finger
How are powerful interest groups with a stake in the status quo overcome? Policymakers succeed in enacting policies against the preferences of powerful vested interests when they delegate the costs associated with challenging those vested interests to advocacy groups. Advocacy groups can provide information and capacity, freeing allied policymakers from relying on vested interests. Using a 50‐state regression analysis of teacher evaluation policymaking in 2010 and 2011 and case studies of the experiences of Minnesota and Wisconsin, I find evidence that where advocacy groups assist policymaker allies, they can successfully pass and implement policy change against the preferences of powerful vested interests.
如何克服与现状利益攸关的强大利益集团?当政策制定者将挑战既得利益集团的相关成本委托给倡导团体时,他们就能成功地制定出与强大的既得利益集团的偏好相悖的政策。倡导团体可以提供信息和能力,使结盟的政策制定者不再依赖既得利益。通过对 2010 年和 2011 年 50 个州的教师评价政策制定情况进行回归分析,以及对明尼苏达州和威斯康星州的经验进行案例研究,我发现有证据表明,在倡导团体协助政策制定者盟友的情况下,他们可以成功地通过并实施政策变革,从而与强大的既得利益集团的偏好背道而驰。
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引用次数: 0
Nascent policy subsystems in polycentric governance networks: The case of sea‐level rise governance in the San Francisco Bay Area 多中心治理网络中的新生政策子系统:旧金山湾区海平面上升治理案例
IF 4.1 2区 管理学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1111/psj.12549
Tara Pozzi, Elise Zufall, Kyra Gmoser‐Daskalakis, F. Vantaggiato
A policy subsystem is a system of relations between actors within the context of a specific, territorially bounded policy issue. Mature policy subsystems feature well‐established, easily distinguishable, confrontational coalitions. Recent literature has explored the behavior of nascent subsystems, which emerge in response to novel policy challenges and feature developing, rather than fully fledged, coalitions. However, as yet, we lack an empirical approach to identify and analyze the structural characteristics of nascent subsystems and assess their implications for theoretical and subsystem development. How do we recognize a nascent policy subsystem when we see one? What are the drivers of its nascent coalitional structure? We answer these questions using social network analysis in the empirical case of the governance network of adaptation to sea‐level rise in the San Francisco Bay Area, using original data collected in 2018. We find that the network portrays a nascent subsystem developing out of pre‐existing coalitions focused on two facets of environmental advocacy: environmental protection and environmental justice. We conclude with recommendations for future research on policy subsystem development.
政策子系统是指在特定的、有地域限制的政策问题背景下,参与者之间的关系系统。成熟的政策子系统的特点是建立了完善的、易于区分的对抗性联盟。最近有文献探讨了新生子系统的行为,这些子系统是为应对新的政策挑战而出现的,其特点是联盟正在发展中,而不是完全成熟。然而,我们还缺乏一种实证方法来识别和分析新生子系统的结构特征,并评估其对理论和子系统发展的影响。我们如何识别新生政策子系统?新生联盟结构的驱动因素是什么?我们利用 2018 年收集的原始数据,通过对旧金山湾区适应海平面上升治理网络的实证案例进行社会网络分析,回答了这些问题。我们发现,该网络描绘了一个新生的子系统,它是由先前存在的联盟发展而来的,重点关注环境倡导的两个方面:环境保护和环境正义。最后,我们对政策子系统发展的未来研究提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
The dynamics of issue attention in policy process scholarship 政策进程学术研究中的问题关注动态
IF 3.8 2区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1111/psj.12548
E. Fagan, Alexander C. Furnas, Chris Koski, Herschel Thomas, Samuel Workman, Corinne Connor
This article examines the policy topics and theoretical debates found in Policy Studies Journal (PSJ) articles over the last three decades. PSJ is the premier journal for scholars studying policy processes, seeking to create generalizable theories across the spectrum of specific policy areas. To examine trends in PSJ over time, we collected 1314 abstracts from PSJ articles. We identified abstracts that mention major theories of the policy process and stages of the policy cycle. Next, we measured their policy content using the Comparative Agendas Project codebook, as well as their citations in academic journals and policy documents. We then explore these data, finding that changes in the content of PSJ articles over time correspond with other trends in the policy process field and PSJ's increased impact factor.
本文研究了《政策研究期刊》(PSJ)过去三十年来的文章中的政策主题和理论辩论。PSJ 是研究政策过程的学者的首选期刊,旨在创建跨越特定政策领域的通用理论。为了研究 PSJ 的发展趋势,我们收集了 1314 篇 PSJ 文章的摘要。我们找出了提到政策过程和政策周期阶段的主要理论的摘要。接下来,我们使用比较议程项目编码手册测量了它们的政策内容,以及它们在学术期刊和政策文件中的引用情况。然后,我们对这些数据进行了探讨,发现随着时间的推移,PSJ 文章内容的变化与政策过程领域的其他趋势以及 PSJ 影响因子的提高相吻合。
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引用次数: 0
Potholes, 311 reports, and a theory of heterogeneous resident demand for city services 坑洼、311 报告以及居民对城市服务的异质需求理论
IF 3.8 2区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1111/psj.12540
Scott J. Cook, Samantha Zuhlke, Robin Saywitz
Understanding the needs of residents is vital in public administration and management, as this helps officials when making choices on policies and service distribution. Increasingly, cities rely on 311 systems to elicit information from residents on emergent needs in particular policy areas (e.g., road quality, pest control). For residents, 311 systems provide a low‐cost means of voicing concerns, whereas for public officials and researchers, they provide low‐cost data on specific, discrete needs. We argue that residents systematically differ in their engagement with 311 systems, with lower‐income, minority communities less likely to participate and, therefore, less likely to receive city services. We test this argument using census‐tract data from the city of Houston and find that 311 reports are significantly less frequent in areas with lower average socioeconomic status, more Black residents, and more Hispanic residents. Furthermore, we find that these same areas are more likely to have potholes. Taken together, our results indicate that despite greater need (more potholes), fewer services are demanded (less 311 reports) in areas with lower socioeconomic status and a higher percentage of minority residents. This suggests that public officials need to carefully consider heterogeneity in 311 participation to ensure these systems do not inadvertently exacerbate inequities in public services.
了解居民的需求对公共行政和管理至关重要,因为这有助于官员在政策和服务分配方面做出选择。越来越多的城市依靠 311 系统向居民征集特定政策领域(如道路质量、害虫防治)的紧急需求信息。对于居民来说,311 系统提供了一种低成本的表达关切的方式,而对于政府官员和研究人员来说,311 系统则提供了有关具体、离散需求的低成本数据。我们认为,居民在参与 311 系统方面存在系统性差异,低收入和少数民族社区参与的可能性较小,因此获得城市服务的可能性也较小。我们利用休斯顿市的人口普查数据检验了这一论点,发现在平均社会经济地位较低、黑人居民较多和西班牙裔居民较多的地区,311 报告的频率明显较低。此外,我们还发现这些地区更容易出现坑洼。综上所述,我们的结果表明,尽管社会经济地位较低、少数族裔居民比例较高的地区有更大的需求(更多的坑洼),但对服务的需求却更少(更少的 311 报告)。这表明,公职人员需要仔细考虑 311 参与的异质性,以确保这些系统不会无意中加剧公共服务的不平等。
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引用次数: 0
How does a focusing event shape public opinion? Natural experimental evidence from the Orlando mass shooting 焦点事件如何影响公众舆论?奥兰多大规模枪击案的自然实验证据
IF 3.8 2区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1111/psj.12543
Youlang Zhang, Xinsheng Liu
Policy process theories posit that focusing events can trigger significant shifts in public attention and policy preferences, thereby reshaping public agenda setting. Prior studies, however, have not clearly defined the scope of public opinion changes induced by these focusing events, leading to inconsistent empirical findings. This study aims to reconceptualize the multiple layers of public opinion and formulate testable hypotheses to investigate the causal effects of a major focusing event—the 2016 Orlando nightclub mass shooting—on public opinion. Using original and unique survey data collected immediately pre‐ and post‐Orlando shooting, we find that this event significantly heightened public attention to terror‐related issues, particularly armed terror attacks on civilians. This increased attention translated into heightened support for augmented government counterterrorism spending. However, the event did not significantly alter public attention or support for government spending on other terror‐related acts less relevant to the Orlando shooting. Moreover, the event did not change individuals' policy preferences regarding specific policy proposals to address mass shootings. Our study enriches public policy and public opinion research and provides fresh insights into the relationship between focusing events and public agenda setting.
政策过程理论认为,焦点事件会引发公众注意力和政策偏好的重大转变,从而重塑公共议程的设置。然而,以往的研究并未明确界定这些焦点事件所引发的舆论变化的范围,导致实证研究结果不一致。本研究旨在重新认识民意的多个层面,并提出可检验的假设,以探究重大焦点事件--2016 年奥兰多夜总会大规模枪击事件--对民意的因果影响。利用在奥兰多枪击案发生前后收集到的原创性独特调查数据,我们发现该事件大大提高了公众对恐怖相关问题的关注,尤其是对平民的武装恐怖袭击。这种关注度的提高转化为对增加政府反恐开支的支持。然而,该事件并没有明显改变公众对其他与奥兰多枪击事件不太相关的恐怖相关行为的关注或对政府支出的支持。此外,该事件也没有改变个人对解决大规模枪击事件的具体政策建议的政策偏好。我们的研究丰富了公共政策和舆论研究,并为聚焦事件与公共议程设置之间的关系提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Staying on the democratic script? A deep learning analysis of the speechmaking of U.S. presidents 按民主剧本行事?对美国总统演讲的深度学习分析
IF 3.8 2区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1111/psj.12534
Amnon Cavari, Ákos Máté, Miklós Sebők
Dynamic agenda representation assumes a linkage between the policy emphases prescribed by various democratic inputs (electoral promises and public opinion polls) and policy agendas ranging from the media to executive orders. An extrapolation of this idea would propose that, in the U.S. context, policy emphasis in major programmatic messages such as State of the Union addresses would be followed by the president's day‐to‐day communication. We investigate this congruence with a new database of presidential speeches that, for the first time, offers a deep learning‐enhanced sentence‐level policy topic coding of various forms of the speeches U.S. presidents made from Truman to Trump (for a total count of 16,523 speeches divided into nearly 2 million individual sentences). Using this database, we demonstrate that presidents' occasional, day‐to‐day remarks strongly correlate with the annual policy messages—in this sense, presidents are staying on the democratic script.
动态议程代表制假定了各种民主投入(选举承诺和民意调查)所规定的政策重点与从媒体到行政命令的政策议程之间的联系。根据这一观点推断,在美国,国情咨文等重大纲领性信息中的政策重点将与总统的日常沟通相一致。我们利用一个新的总统演讲数据库来研究这种一致性,该数据库首次对从杜鲁门到特朗普的美国总统的各种形式的演讲(共计 16,523 篇演讲,分为近 200 万个单独句子)进行了深度学习增强的句子级政策主题编码。利用这个数据库,我们证明了总统们偶尔发表的日常讲话与年度政策信息密切相关--从这个意义上说,总统们一直在按照民主的脚本行事。
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引用次数: 0
Examining emotional belief expressions of advocacy coalitions in Arkansas' gender identity politics 考察阿肯色州性别认同政治中倡导联盟的情感信念表达方式
IF 3.8 2区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1111/psj.12531
Allegra H. Fullerton, C. Weible
Many theories and approaches to policy studies have recently begun to question and research how emotions interact with peoples' understanding and behaviors, especially in policy and politics. This paper builds on and contributes to studying emotions in policy and politics via the advocacy coalition framework (ACF). In applying Emotional‐Belief Analysis, this paper examines the legislative testimony on one of the US' first gender‐affirming care (GAC) bans. It shows that those testifying can be organized in competing advocacy coalitions with distinct emotion‐belief expressions in combination with deep core and policy core beliefs. Moreover, expressions of negative emotions and policy core beliefs display significant and the largest effects in explaining coalition affiliation and shared views of the bill banning GAC. The conclusion summarizes the paper's empirical themes with suggestions for incorporating emotions more into the ACF and the broader policy studies field.
最近,许多政策研究的理论和方法都开始质疑和研究情感是如何与人们的理解和行为相互作用的,尤其是在政策和政治中。本文以倡导联盟框架(ACF)为基础,对政策和政治中的情感研究做出了贡献。本文运用情感信念分析法,对美国首批性别确认护理(GAC)禁令之一的立法证词进行了研究。结果表明,那些作证的人可以组织成相互竞争的倡导联盟,他们的情感信念表达方式与深层核心信念和政策核心信念相结合。此外,消极情绪表达和政策核心理念在解释联盟从属关系和对禁止 GAC 法案的共同观点方面具有显著且最大的影响。结论部分总结了本文的实证主题,并提出了将情绪更多地纳入 ACF 和更广泛的政策研究领域的建议。
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引用次数: 0
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