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Improving analytics capabilities through crowdsourcing 通过众包提高分析能力
IF 4.2 4区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11633.003.0020
Joseph Byrum, A. Bingham
Syngenta, an agrochemical and seed company based in Basel, Switzerland, was formed in 2000 by the merger of the agribusiness units of Novartis and AstraZeneca. For centuries, plant breeding has been a labor-intensive process that depended largely on trial and error. Luck played a decisive role, as breeders relied heavily on intuition and guesswork to decide which varieties to cross-pollinate. Syngenta set out to use open innovation to harness the power of data analytics so we could identify genetic combinations that unlock desirable characteristics in soybean plants, such as the highest yield. Syngenta's vision was to create a suite of software tools that would replace intuition in plant breeding with data-backed science. The tool Syngenta envisioned would conduct what's known as a residual analysis the calculated difference between the observed value of a genetic trait and the predicted value of that trait based on a statistical model across many locations. Over the past eight years, Syngenta has used open- innovation platforms to develop more than a dozen tools in its data analytics suite.
先正达是一家总部位于瑞士巴塞尔的农用化学品和种子公司,于2000年由诺华和阿斯利康的农业综合部门合并而成。几个世纪以来,植物育种一直是一个劳动密集型的过程,主要依赖于试验和错误。运气起了决定性的作用,因为育种者在很大程度上依赖直觉和猜测来决定哪些品种需要异花授粉。先正达开始利用开放式创新来利用数据分析的力量,这样我们就可以识别基因组合,从而解锁大豆植物的理想特性,比如最高产量。先正达的愿景是创建一套软件工具,用数据支持的科学取代植物育种的直觉。先正达公司设想的工具将进行所谓的残差分析,即根据多个地点的统计模型计算出的遗传性状的观察值与该性状的预测值之间的差异。在过去的八年里,先正达利用开放式创新平台,在其数据分析套件中开发了十多个工具。
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引用次数: 4
Digital today, cognitive tomorrow 今天是数字时代,明天是认知时代
IF 4.2 4区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0004
Ginni Rometty
Enterprises and governments are rapidly becoming digital as they seek to capture the cost savings, agility, and collaboration enabled by cloud, analytics, mobile, and social technologies. However, digital is not the destination. Rather, it is laying the foundation for a much more profound transformation to come. The technologies required for cognitive systems not just artificial intelligence (AI), but a broad spectrum of capabilities that include natural language processing, human-computer interaction, deep learning, neural nets, and more have made exponential advances in recent years.
企业和政府正在迅速实现数字化,因为他们寻求通过云、分析、移动和社交技术实现成本节约、敏捷性和协作。然而,数字化并不是终点。相反,它正在为即将到来的更深刻的变革奠定基础。认知系统所需的技术不仅是人工智能(AI),还包括自然语言处理、人机交互、深度学习、神经网络等广泛的能力,近年来取得了指数级的进步。
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引用次数: 16
Why learning is central to sustained innovation 为什么学习是持续创新的核心
IF 4.2 4区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11858.003.0020
M. Ballé, J. Morgan, D. Sobek
The term lean product development is relatively new, but the underlying concepts have been around for more than three decades. Operational excellence is not achieved by just applying so-called lean practices to every process. More than anything, it requires cultivating an aptitude and an expectation for continuous improvement within every employee. People, not processes, make great products. Rather than being a state, lean is really a process by which companies can simultaneously improve product design, manufacturing capability, and supply chain efficiency. In new product development, lean is about advancing developer skills through technical training and methods of collaboration so that each developer is able to design, develop, and deliver better products and services. What lean does try to specify are the things that should be fixed and the things that should be flexible. By making these determinations early, engineers know where they have flexibility and where they must operate within fixed constraints.
精益产品开发这个术语相对较新,但其基本概念已经存在了三十多年。仅仅通过将所谓的精益实践应用于每个流程,并不能实现卓越的运营。最重要的是,它需要培养每个员工的能力和对持续改进的期望。创造伟大产品的是人,而不是流程。精益不是一种状态,而是一个过程,通过这个过程,公司可以同时提高产品设计、制造能力和供应链效率。在新产品开发中,精益是通过技术培训和协作方法来提高开发人员的技能,以便每个开发人员都能够设计、开发和交付更好的产品和服务。精益所要明确的是哪些东西应该是固定的,哪些东西应该是灵活的。通过尽早做出这些决定,工程师们知道他们在哪些方面有灵活性,哪些方面必须在固定的约束条件下进行操作。
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引用次数: 16
Rise of the strategy machines 战略机器的崛起
IF 4.2 4区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0005
T. Davenport
Just as contemporary autonomous vehicles can take the wheel under certain conditions, well see situations in which strategic decision making can be automated. Other situations, however, will require that a human strategist take the wheel and change direction. Big-picture thinking is one capability at which humans are still better than computers and will continue to be for some time. Machines are not very good at piecing together a big picture in the first place, or at noticing when the landscape has changed in some fundamental way. Good human strategists do this every day. In a world of smart, strategic machines, humans need to excel at big-picture thinking in order to decide, for example, when automation is appropriate for a decision; what roles machines and people will play, respectively; and when an automated strategy approach their organization has implemented no longer makes sense. There is a level of sense-making that only a human strategist is capable of at least for now. Its a skill that will be more prized than ever.
就像现代自动驾驶汽车可以在特定条件下驾驶一样,我们也将看到战略决策可以自动化的情况。然而,在其他情况下,将需要一个人类战略家来掌舵并改变方向。大局观思维是人类仍然优于计算机的一种能力,并将在一段时间内继续如此。首先,机器并不擅长拼凑一幅大图,也不擅长注意到环境何时发生了一些根本性的变化。优秀的人类战略家每天都这样做。在一个由智能、有策略的机器组成的世界里,人类需要擅长大局思考,以便做出决定,例如,何时自动化适合做出决定;机器和人将分别扮演什么角色;当他们的组织实施了自动化的策略方法时,就不再有意义了。在一定程度上,只有人类战略家才能做到这一点,至少目前是这样。这一技能将比以往任何时候都更受重视。
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引用次数: 20
Learning the Art of Business Improvisation 学习商业即兴创作的艺术
IF 4.2 4区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11858.003.0021
E. Conforto, E. Rebentisch, D. Amaral
This article discusses findings from a study on improvisation in product development projects and how managers can create a team environment conducive to improvisation. In general terms, improvisation is the ability to create and implement a new or an unplanned solution in the face of an unexpected problem or change. It is often seen as a spontaneous, intuitive, creative problem-solving behavior. The authors of this article examined project and team characteristics related to improvisation practices in product development, software development, and the implementation of software projects. They found that projects with extreme changes in requirements (90% or more changes) employed 41% more improvisation practices than projects that had relatively stable requirements (10% or fewer changes). This suggests that higher levels of improvisation, deliberate or not, are more likely to happen in projects that have fluid and unstable requirements. Based on the research findings, the authors believe that the capacity of a team to improvise can be developed and enhanced.
本文讨论了一项关于产品开发项目中即兴创作的研究结果,以及管理者如何创造一个有利于即兴创作的团队环境。一般来说,临场发挥是在面对意外的问题或变化时创造和实施新的或未计划的解决方案的能力。它通常被视为一种自发的、直觉的、创造性的解决问题的行为。本文的作者研究了与产品开发、软件开发和软件项目实现中的即兴实践相关的项目和团队特征。他们发现需求发生极端变化(90%或更多变化)的项目比需求相对稳定(10%或更少变化)的项目多使用41%的即兴实践。这表明,更高水平的即兴创作(无论是有意还是无意)更有可能发生在具有流动和不稳定需求的项目中。基于研究结果,作者认为团队的即兴发挥能力可以得到发展和提高。
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引用次数: 13
Ethics and the algorithm 伦理与算法
IF 4.2 4区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0018
B. Parmar, R. Freeman
Advances in information technology have made the use of data principally data about human behaviors ubiquitous in the online experience. Companies tailor their offerings based on the technology people employ. News stories are suggested based on previous reading habits and our social network activities. It is important to note that the software code used to make judgments about us based on our preferences for shoes or how we get to work is written by human beings, who are making choices about what that data means and how it should shape our behavior. That code is not value neutral. Despite advances in information technology, data collection, and analysis, judgments about morality and ethics are just as important as ever maybe even more important.
信息技术的进步使得数据(主要是关于人类行为的数据)在网络体验中无处不在。公司根据人们使用的技术来定制他们的产品。新闻故事是根据以前的阅读习惯和我们的社交网络活动来推荐的。值得注意的是,用于根据我们对鞋子的偏好或我们上班的方式对我们做出判断的软件代码是由人类编写的,他们正在选择这些数据的含义以及它应该如何塑造我们的行为。该代码不是价值中立的。尽管在信息技术、数据收集和分析方面取得了进步,但关于道德和伦理的判断与以往一样重要,甚至更重要。
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引用次数: 11
Unleashing creativity with digital technology 利用数字技术释放创造力
IF 4.2 4区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0014
R. Austin
Technology can be deployed to augment the creative abilities of people and organizations and make new and valuable forms of innovation possible. Today's digital technologies have reached a level of maturation that enables, across many domains, a practical capability that may be called cheap and rapid iteration. To iterate is to try something different from what you tried last time. Iteration is the process that enables most forms of artistry. Painters often create numerous versions of a painting. Processes often become more creative when rapid iteration is affordable. Unfortunately, this is not the case in a lot of business domains. In the next five years, managers will awaken to a wide range of new possibilities. They'll act to improve creative capabilities, by figuring out how to deploy technologies to replace expensive physical trying with cheap virtual trying. In effect, they'll be constructing virtual rehearsal spaces, virtual laboratories, and inexpensive prototyping facilities. The aim won't be to design machines to take over peoples jobs, but rather to augment human capabilities.
技术可以用来增强个人和组织的创造能力,并使新的、有价值的创新形式成为可能。今天的数字技术已经达到了一个成熟的水平,可以跨越许多领域,实现一种可以称为廉价和快速迭代的实用能力。迭代就是尝试与上次不同的东西。迭代是实现大多数艺术形式的过程。画家通常会为一幅画创作多个版本。当可以承受快速迭代时,流程通常会变得更有创造性。不幸的是,在许多业务领域并非如此。在接下来的五年里,管理人员将意识到各种各样的新可能性。他们将采取行动,通过找出如何部署技术,以廉价的虚拟尝试取代昂贵的物理尝试,来提高创造力。实际上,他们将建造虚拟排练空间,虚拟实验室,以及廉价的原型设备。其目标不是设计机器来取代人类的工作,而是增强人类的能力。
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引用次数: 10
Is your company ready to operate as a market 你的公司准备好作为市场运作了吗
IF 4.2 4区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0011
Rita Gunther McGrath
New technologies are eroding transaction costs and in the process creating a world that is increasingly connected. The resulting level of interdependence creates a radically new set of challenges for management. In particular, complicated business situations are being replaced with complex ones. In a complicated system, even though there may be many inputs and outputs, one can predict the outcome by knowing how the system works. Connecting parts of a system that used to be sealed off from one another can create enormous benefits. For instance, companies installing enterprise resource management (ERM) systems benefit from having different operations across silos able to share information. Managing in such a complex environment requires not only traditional management skills such as planning and controlling, but also new ones, such as negotiating complex agreements, quickly detecting the unexpected, accelerating organizational learning, and fostering the creation of trusting relationships among groups and teams.
新技术正在降低交易成本,并在此过程中创造了一个联系日益紧密的世界。由此产生的相互依赖程度给管理带来了一系列全新的挑战。特别是,复杂的业务情况正在被复杂的业务情况所取代。在一个复杂的系统中,即使可能有许多输入和输出,人们也可以通过知道系统如何工作来预测结果。将过去相互封闭的系统的各个部分连接起来可以创造巨大的好处。例如,安装企业资源管理(ERM)系统的公司可以从跨竖井的不同操作中获益,从而共享信息。在这样一个复杂的环境中进行管理不仅需要传统的管理技能,如计划和控制,而且还需要新的管理技能,如协商复杂的协议,快速检测意外情况,加速组织学习,并促进在小组和团队之间建立信任关系。
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引用次数: 40
Developing new products in emerging markets 在新兴市场开发新产品
IF 4.2 4区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11858.003.0012
S. Jha, Ishwardutt Parulkar, R. Krishnan, C. Dhanaraj
For more than a decade, multinational enterprises from developed countries have been moving a substantial part of their research and development (R&D) activity to emerging markets such as India and China. While the location of R&D centers in other developed countries has been driven by lucrative markets or specific expertise available in the local ecosystems of those countries, the location of R&D in developing countries has been driven largely by the availability of skilled manpower at low cost. R&D subsidiaries in emerging markets are uniquely positioned to play an important role in multinational companies innovation strategies. The research method employed for this study was a combination of quasi-participatory action research and the case study method. A large market opportunity combined with unique customer requirements is a key enabler of innovation for emerging markets. While most emerging markets do present a sizable market opportunity, it is the uniqueness of customer requirements that creates a compelling need to innovate. Cisco India's R&D had all three enablers of innovation in place: a critical mass of end-to-end product development capability, a growing market with unique needs, and executive champions.
十多年来,发达国家的跨国企业一直在将相当一部分研发活动转移到印度和中国等新兴市场。虽然其他发达国家研发中心的选址是由有利可图的市场或这些国家当地生态系统中可用的特定专业知识驱动的,但发展中国家研发中心的选址主要是由低成本熟练人力的可用性驱动的。新兴市场的研发子公司具有独特的优势,可以在跨国公司的创新战略中发挥重要作用。本研究采用准参与行动研究与案例研究法相结合的研究方法。巨大的市场机会与独特的客户需求相结合,是新兴市场创新的关键推动力。虽然大多数新兴市场确实提供了相当大的市场机会,但正是客户需求的独特性创造了令人信服的创新需求。思科印度的研发部门具备了推动创新的所有三个因素:端到端产品开发能力的临界质量,具有独特需求的不断增长的市场,以及高管冠军。
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引用次数: 14
Why digital transformation needs a heart 为什么数字化转型需要一颗心
IF 4.2 4区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0019
G. Westerman
Three technology-driven forces are transforming the nature of management. Automation is making it more and more possible for companies to do work without humans involved. Data-driven management supplements intuition and experience with data and experimentation. Resource fluidity matches tasks to the people who can best perform them, whether inside or outside the organization. Taken together, these three forces are helping leaders rethink the way work is organized and managed. Computers can diagnose situations and identify challenges that humans don't see. Real-time information makes it possible to run experiments rather than guessing what might work. On the whole, these forces will help managers to increase productivity, innovation, and customer satisfaction in the coming years. However, if you lead a traditional company, be careful not to let these forces push your management approach to extremes.
三种技术驱动的力量正在改变管理的本质。自动化使公司越来越有可能在没有人类参与的情况下完成工作。数据驱动的管理通过数据和实验来补充直觉和经验。资源流动性将任务匹配到最能执行任务的人,无论是在组织内部还是外部。总之,这三种力量正在帮助领导者重新思考组织和管理工作的方式。计算机可以诊断情况,识别人类看不到的挑战。实时信息使得进行实验成为可能,而不是猜测什么可能有效。总的来说,这些力量将帮助管理者在未来几年提高生产力、创新和客户满意度。然而,如果你领导的是一家传统公司,要小心,不要让这些力量把你的管理方法推向极端。
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引用次数: 38
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Mit Sloan Management Review
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