Social Psychology Quarterly最新文献

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Racism Over Time: Experiences from a Panel Study of Black Americans 长期的种族主义:来自美国黑人小组研究的经验

IF 2.7 2区心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychology Quarterly

Pub Date : 2023-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/01902725231177645

Malissa Alinor, Ronald L. Simons, M. Lei

Existing research demonstrates that racial discrimination negatively affects life outcomes for Black Americans. Yet, it is unknown how exposure to racial discrimination changes over time. To address this gap, we (1) assess the pattern of experiences with racial discrimination from age 10 to 30; (2) test how exposure to discrimination changes within childhood, adolescence, and adulthood; and (3) analyze factors associated with experiencing racial discrimination over time. To accomplish this, we use seven waves of the Family and Community Health Study, a longitudinal data set of Black Americans. We observe a curvilinear relationship between discrimination and age such that exposure initially increases in childhood, peaks in adolescence, then declines in adulthood. Using piecewise growth modeling, we find support for this pattern, marking the period from childhood to adolescence as a critical time period. Finally, factors such as geographical location, criminal justice involvement, and attending college are associated with experiencing greater racial discrimination.

现有研究表明，种族歧视对美国黑人的生活结果产生负面影响。然而，种族歧视是如何随着时间的推移而变化的，这是未知的。为了解决这一差距，我们(1)评估10至30岁种族歧视经历的模式;(2)检验歧视暴露在儿童期、青春期和成年期的变化;(3)分析与经历种族歧视相关的因素。为了做到这一点，我们使用了家庭和社区健康研究的七波数据，这是美国黑人的纵向数据集。我们观察到歧视与年龄之间的曲线关系，如暴露最初在儿童时期增加，在青春期达到顶峰，然后在成年期下降。使用分段增长模型，我们发现支持这一模式，标志着从童年到青少年时期作为一个关键时期。最后，地理位置、刑事司法参与、上大学等因素与经历更大的种族歧视有关。

引用次数: 0

A Relational Approach to Perceived Discrimination: The Case of South Asian Indians 感知歧视的关系研究:以南亚印度人为例

IF 2.7 2区心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychology Quarterly

Pub Date : 2023-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/01902725221121825

Muna Adem, S. Rao, Helen B. Marrow, Melissa J. García, Dina G. Okamoto

Perceived discrimination is often theorized within a bounded social context, and much of this literature focuses on how structural and socioeconomic factors shape minorities’ perceptions of discrimination. However, immigrants exist in varied social contexts given their exposure to both home and destination countries. In this study, we propose a relational framework to understand how stratification systems in one's country of origin and relative group evaluations in new social contexts interact to shape experiences with perceived discrimination for immigrant groups. As a case study, we draw on an original, representative survey (N = 501) and follow-up interviews (N = 58) with Indian immigrants living in Atlanta and Philadelphia. Although respondents report a range of explicit to subtle discriminatory experiences, they often downplay or minimize them. We argue that interpreting these experiences relationally—in relation to Indians’ perceptions of discrimination abroad and toward other U.S. minority groups—is key to explaining this puzzle.

感知到的歧视通常是在一个有限的社会背景下理论化的，这些文献大多关注于结构和社会经济因素如何影响少数群体对歧视的看法。然而，移民生活在不同的社会背景中，因为他们既生活在原籍国，也生活在目的地国。在这项研究中，我们提出了一个关系框架来理解一个人原籍国的分层制度和新社会背景下的相关群体评估如何相互作用，从而形成对移民群体的感知歧视经验。作为案例研究，我们采用了一项原始的、有代表性的调查(N = 501)和对居住在亚特兰大和费城的印度移民的后续访谈(N = 58)。尽管受访者报告了一系列明显或微妙的歧视经历，但他们往往淡化或最小化这些经历。我们认为，将这些经历与印度人对海外歧视和对其他美国少数群体的看法联系起来，是解释这个谜题的关键。

引用次数: 0

Happiness Scholarship and Redistributive Preferences 幸福奖学金与再分配偏好

IF 2.7 2区心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychology Quarterly

Pub Date : 2023-08-03 DOI: 10.1177/01902725231189258

Tamkinat Rauf, J. Freese

Despite a steep rise in income inequality over the past five decades, Americans’ preferences for redistribution have remained stagnant. Previous research suggests that redistributive preferences are rooted in stable institutional and cultural contexts but can change with exposure to information. We investigate the role of understandings of the link between income and psychological well-being in shaping policy preferences. Further, we consider whether effects differ if similar information is framed in terms of disadvantages for the poor versus advantages for the affluent. In a large, preregistered online experiment (N = 2,751), we examined the effects of three common themes in scholarship on happiness and well-being: Money Prevents Unhappiness, Money Provides Happiness, and Money Doesn’t Matter. Results show that learning that Money Prevents Unhappiness (versus the other two themes) increased egalitarian preferences. Effects were moderated by political ideology, income, and subjective social class but not by race. We discuss the implications of these findings in light of the current cultural discourse about happiness, which often privileges non-income causes and positive emotions.

尽管在过去50年里，收入不平等急剧加剧，但美国人对再分配的偏好仍然停滞不前。先前的研究表明，再分配偏好植根于稳定的制度和文化背景，但会随着信息的暴露而改变。我们调查了对收入和心理健康之间的联系的理解在形成政策偏好中的作用。此外，我们考虑如果类似的信息被框定为穷人的劣势与富人的优势，是否会产生不同的影响。在一项预先注册的大型在线实验中(N = 2751)，我们研究了学术研究中三个常见主题对幸福和幸福的影响:金钱防止不快乐，金钱提供幸福，金钱无关紧要。结果表明，了解到金钱可以防止不快乐(相对于其他两个主题)增加了平均主义偏好。这种影响受政治意识形态、收入和主观社会阶层的影响，但不受种族的影响。我们根据当前关于幸福的文化话语来讨论这些发现的含义，这些话语通常特权非收入原因和积极情绪。

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引用次数: 0

Attitudes toward Immigrants and Partisan Differences in Information Evaluation 移民态度与信息评估的党派差异

IF 2.7 2区心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychology Quarterly

Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.1177/01902725231184201

Victoria S. Asbury-Kimmel

Attitudes about immigrants, though related, are not interchangeable with attitudes about immigration. Much research has examined the latter, yet our knowledge regarding what Americans think about immigrants is lacking. Drawing on an original national survey conducted by NORC (n = 2,132) in 2021, I address shortcomings in the literature by illuminating distinct partisan attitudes about immigrants, revealing that Republicans tend to agree with both anti- and worthy-immigrant narratives while Democrats tend to embrace worthy- and reject anti-immigrant narratives. Further, I show how differences in information evaluation are related to the observed phenomena. That is, Republicans tend to interpret prototypical anti-immigrant political rhetoric as commentary about unauthorized immigrants and prototypical pro-immigrant discourse as messaging about immigrants in general and legal immigrants in particular. Democrats, however, interpret anti-immigrant and pro-immigrant narratives to be about immigrants in general. The results complicate understandings of immigration polarization by showing how social psychological mechanisms may facilitate commonality and divergence on attitudes about immigrants.

对移民的态度虽然有关联，但与对移民的看法是不能互换的。许多研究对后者进行了研究，但我们对美国人对移民的看法缺乏了解。根据NORC（n = 2132）在2021年，我通过阐明对移民的不同党派态度来解决文献中的不足，揭示了共和党人倾向于同意反移民和有价值的移民叙事，而民主党人倾向于接受有价值的反移民叙事。此外，我还展示了信息评估的差异与观察到的现象之间的关系。也就是说，共和党人倾向于将典型的反移民政治言论解读为对未经授权移民的评论，将典型的亲移民言论解读为关于一般移民，特别是合法移民的信息。然而，民主党人将反移民和支持移民的叙事解读为关于移民的一般性叙事。研究结果表明，社会心理机制如何促进对移民态度的共性和分歧，从而使对移民两极分化的理解变得复杂。

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引用次数: 0

The Help-Seeking Paradox: Gender and the Consequences of Using Career Reentry Assistance 寻求帮助的悖论：性别与使用职业重返援助的后果

IF 2.7 2区心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychology Quarterly

Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1177/01902725231180804

Julia L. Melin

This article examines how penalizing men who “do gender” in nonstereotypical ways ultimately maintains the gender system. Leveraging data from an online survey experiment conducted with hiring decision-makers, I develop and test a theory of a help-seeking paradox whereby managers are less likely to interview and hire fathers who used career reentry assistance (CRA) relative to fathers who did not. However, this penalty does not emerge for mothers. A second online survey experiment reveals that two years of full-time employment after reentry diminishes the negative effects of CRA for fathers. Nonetheless, lingering stigma from having previously left paid work for childcare continues to disadvantage fathers relative to mothers, with perceptions of competence and commitment mediating long-term effects. These studies demonstrate how the reinforcement of cultural gender rules punishes both mothers and fathers seeking more equitable career coordination while providing novel insight into the boundaries of penalties for men who violate gender stereotypes.

这篇文章探讨了惩罚那些以非传统方式“做性别”的男性最终是如何维持性别制度的。利用对招聘决策者进行的一项在线调查实验的数据，我开发并测试了一种寻求帮助悖论的理论，即与不使用职业再就业援助（CRA）的父亲相比，管理者不太可能面试和雇佣使用过CRA的父亲。然而，这种惩罚并没有出现在母亲身上。第二项在线调查实验显示，重返社会后两年的全职工作可以减少CRA对父亲的负面影响。尽管如此，与母亲相比，父亲因之前离开带薪工作去照顾孩子而留下的挥之不去的耻辱感仍然处于不利地位，对能力和承诺的看法会对长期影响起到中介作用。这些研究表明，文化性别规则的强化如何惩罚寻求更公平职业协调的母亲和父亲，同时对违反性别刻板印象的男性的惩罚界限提供了新的见解。

引用次数: 0

Gendered Racial Microaggressions and Black Women's Sleep Health. 性别种族微侵犯与黑人女性睡眠健康

IF 2.7 2区心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychology Quarterly

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-17 DOI: 10.1177/01902725221136139

Christy L Erving, Rachel Zajdel, Izraelle I McKinnon, Miriam E Van Dyke, Raphiel J Murden, Dayna A Johnson, Reneé H Moore, Tené T Lewis

Gendered racial microaggressions reflect historical and contemporary gendered racism that Black women encounter. Although gendered racial microaggressions are related to psychological outcomes, it is unclear if such experiences are related to sleep health. Moreover, the health effects of gendered racial microaggressions dimensions are rarely investigated. Using a cohort of Black women (N = 400), this study employs an intracategorical intersectional approach to (1) investigate the association between gendered racial microaggressions and sleep health, (2) assess whether gendered racial microaggressions dimensions are related to sleep health, and (3) examine whether the gendered racial microaggressions-sleep health association persists after accounting for depressive symptoms and worry. Gendered racial microaggressions were associated with poor sleep quality overall and four specific domains: subjective sleep quality, latency, disturbance, and daytime sleepiness. Two gendered racial microaggressions dimensions were especially detrimental for sleep: assumptions of beauty/sexual objectification and feeling silenced and marginalized. After accounting for mental health, the effect of gendered racial microaggressions on sleep was reduced by 47 percent. Future research implications are discussed.

性别种族微侵犯反映了黑人女性所遭遇的历史和当代性别种族主义。尽管性别化的种族微侵犯与心理结果有关，但尚不清楚这种经历是否与睡眠健康有关。此外，很少调查性别化种族微侵犯对健康的影响。这项研究使用了一组黑人女性（N=400），采用了一种类别内交叉的方法来（1）调查性别种族微侵犯与睡眠健康之间的关系，（2）评估性别种族微侵害维度是否与睡眠健康有关，以及（3）在考虑抑郁症状和担忧后，检查性别化的种族微侵犯-睡眠健康关联是否持续存在。性别微侵犯与整体睡眠质量差和四个特定领域有关：主观睡眠质量、潜伏期、干扰和日间嗜睡。两个性别化的种族微侵犯维度对睡眠尤其有害：对美/性客体化的假设以及被沉默和边缘化的感觉。在考虑了心理健康因素后，性别化的种族微侵犯对睡眠的影响减少了47%。讨论了未来的研究意义。

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引用次数: 0

Nature and/or Nurture: Causal Attributions of Mental Illness and Stigma 自然和/或养育：精神疾病和污名的因果归因

IF 2.7 2区心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychology Quarterly

Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1177/01902725231175279

M. Elliott, James M. Ragsdale

Most medical researchers and social scientists concur that mental illness is caused by “nature” and “nurture,” yet efforts to reduce stigma tend to focus on biomedical causes. This study analyzed original survey data collected from 1,849 respondents in 2021–2022 who were randomly assigned to 16 experimental vignette conditions. Each vignette portrayed a man and varied according to which psychiatric diagnosis his situation resembled (alcohol dependence, depression, or schizophrenia) and what caused it: genetics (nature), environmental stress (nurture), or both. Control conditions included subclinical distress and no explanation. Exposure to the environmental explanation (vs. no explanation) predicted identifying mental illness, reduced expectation of violence toward others, increased willingness to socially interact, and optimism for recovery with treatment. Exposure to the nature and nurture explanation (vs. no explanation) predicted reduced desire for social distance. Implications of these findings for future research and for contact-based anti-stigma efforts are presented.

大多数医学研究人员和社会科学家一致认为，精神疾病是由“先天”和“后天”造成的，但减少污名化的努力往往集中在生物医学原因上。本研究分析了从2021-2022年的1849名受访者中收集的原始调查数据，这些受访者被随机分配到16个实验小场景中。每个小插图都描绘了一个男人，并根据他的情况类似于哪种精神诊断(酒精依赖、抑郁或精神分裂症)以及导致这种情况的原因而有所不同:遗传(自然)、环境压力(后天)，或两者兼而有之。对照条件包括亚临床窘迫，没有解释。接触环境解释(相对于没有解释)可以预测精神疾病的识别，减少对他人暴力的预期，增加社会互动的意愿，并对治疗后的康复持乐观态度。接触先天和后天的解释(相对于没有解释)预示着对社会距离的渴望减少。这些发现对未来的研究和基于接触的反污名化工作的意义提出。

引用次数: 1

The Managed Response: Digital Emotional Labor in Navigating Intersectional Cyber Aggression 有管理的回应：驾驭跨部门网络攻击的数字情感劳动

IF 2.7 2区心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychology Quarterly

Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1177/01902725231166377

Paulina d. C. Inara Rodis

Researchers find abundant racism and sexism online; for many, such harassment is a feature of their everyday experience. Drawing on interviews with Black and Asian women, I investigate the ways individuals negotiate whether and how to respond to cyber aggression. While social media affords users novel resources for responding to hostility, being online does not remove the social expectations imposed. Balancing (sometimes unconsciously) the desire to confront racism/sexism with the digital emotional labor undertaken in responding, women describe how they choose to present themselves and determine when responses are worthwhile. Often, they respond online where in person they would not have been comfortable, while at other times, they choose nonreaction to protect their personal well-being. Elucidating the individual burden that Black and Asian women navigate in response to cyber aggression and the toll that comes from implementing their idealized responses is essential to comprehend the experiences and consequences of modern racism/sexism.

研究人员在网上发现了大量的种族主义和性别歧视;对许多人来说，这种骚扰是他们日常经历的一个特征。通过对黑人和亚洲女性的采访，我调查了个人协商是否以及如何应对网络攻击的方式。虽然社交媒体为用户提供了应对敌意的新资源，但上网并不能消除强加的社会期望。为了平衡(有时是无意识地)面对种族主义/性别歧视的愿望和在回应中进行的数字情感劳动，女性描述了她们如何选择表现自己，并决定什么时候回应是值得的。通常，他们会在网上做出回应，而在其他时候，他们会选择不回应，以保护他们的个人健康。阐明黑人和亚洲女性在应对网络攻击时所承受的个人负担，以及实现她们的理想化回应所带来的代价，对于理解现代种族主义/性别歧视的经历和后果至关重要。

引用次数: 1

Doing Gender, Avoiding Crime: The Gendered Meaning of Criminal Behavior and the Gender Gap in Offending in the United States 做性别，避免犯罪:美国犯罪行为的性别意义与犯罪中的性别差异

IF 2.7 2区心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychology Quarterly

Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1177/01902725231167845

Kaitlin M. Boyle

Men are overrepresented in criminal offending, arrest, and incarceration rates, resulting in a gender gap in crime data. I use the mathematical structure and propositions of affect control theory to understand how the symbolic meanings society holds for gender and crime relate to this observed difference in women’s and men’s offending. While criminal behaviors are deviant for both men and women, I hypothesize that they produce even more deflection when enacted by a woman actor than by a man actor in computer simulations. This first hypothesis is supported in a dataset containing 109 criminal behaviors drawn from three affect control theory dictionaries collected in English in the United States in 1998, 2002 to 2004, and 2012 to 2014. Second, I hypothesize that when a crime produces a greater gender gap in deflection in simulations, there will be a greater observed gender gap in alleged offending. I test this hypothesis using four sources of crime data: victim self-reports, police reports, arrest data, and juvenile court statistics. I find hypothesis support using all data sources except victim self-reports. Affect control theory provides an explicit social psychological understanding of how gendered meanings of behavior translate into criminal behavior as recorded in offending data (e.g., Uniform Crime Report).

男性在犯罪、逮捕和监禁率中所占比例过高，导致犯罪数据中的性别差异。我使用数学结构和情感控制理论的命题来理解社会对性别和犯罪的象征意义是如何与观察到的女性和男性犯罪的差异联系起来的。虽然犯罪行为对男性和女性来说都是异常的，但我假设，在计算机模拟中，由女性演员扮演的犯罪行为比由男性演员扮演的犯罪行为产生的偏差更大。第一个假设得到了一个包含109个犯罪行为的数据集的支持，该数据集来自于1998年、2002年至2004年和2012年至2014年在美国收集的三本英语情感控制理论词典。其次，我假设，当一种犯罪在模拟中产生更大的性别差异时，在被指控的犯罪中也会有更大的观察到的性别差异。我使用四种犯罪数据来源来检验这一假设:受害者自我报告、警方报告、逮捕数据和少年法庭统计数据。除了受害者的自我报告，我找到了所有数据来源的假设支持。影响控制理论提供了一种明确的社会心理学理解，即行为的性别含义如何转化为犯罪行为，记录在犯罪数据中(例如，统一犯罪报告)。

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引用次数: 1

Educational Expectation-Attainment Gaps and Mental Health over the Early Adult Life Course 成人早期教育期望成就差距与心理健康

IF 2.7 2区心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Psychology Quarterly

Pub Date : 2023-04-08 DOI: 10.1177/01902725231161072

Eun Hye Lee, J. McLeod

We advance research on the association of educational expectation–attainment gaps with mental health by asking two questions that derive from the stress process and life course frameworks: (1) How does the association change over the early adult life course? and (2) To what extent is the association attributable to adult social roles and socioeconomic attainment? Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we find that close to the time when the expectation would have been realized, educational attainment is associated with mental health but expectations and the interaction between expectations and attainments are not, independent of selection factors. As respondents age, expectations themselves become more consistently associated with mental health. Adult social roles and socioeconomic status contribute little to explaining these associations. We discuss the implications for the stress process framework and life course research.

我们通过提出两个来自压力过程和生活课程框架的问题，推进了对教育期望-成就差距与心理健康之间关系的研究：（1）这种关系在成年早期的生活课程中如何变化？（2）这种关联在多大程度上可归因于成年人的社会角色和社会经济成就？利用国家青少年与成人健康纵向研究，我们发现，在期望实现的时候，教育程度与心理健康有关，但期望以及期望与成就之间的相互作用并不独立于选择因素。随着受访者年龄的增长，期望本身与心理健康的联系变得更加一致。成年人的社会角色和社会经济地位对解释这些关联作用不大。我们讨论了压力过程框架和生命历程研究的意义。

引用次数: 0

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